Final Report CF # 13/07

Homestead Plant Biodiversity in the South-

Western Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: Way

Forward to Identification, Utilization and

Conservation

By

M. Mahfuzur Rahman, Principal Investigator M Atikulla, Ph D Student Department of Botany

Jahangirnagar University and Md Giashuddin Miah, Co-Investigator

Department of Agroforestry and Environment Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University

This study was carried out with the support of the

National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme

July 2009 1

This study was financed under the Research Grants Scheme (RGS) of the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP). The purpose of the RGS was to assist in improving research and dialogue within civil society so as to inform and enrich the implementation of the National Food Policy. The NFPCSP is being implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food and Disaster Management with the financial support of EC and USAID.

The designation and presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO nor of the NFPCSP, Government of Bangladesh, EC or USAID and reflects the sole opinions and views of the authors who are fully responsible for the contents, findings and recommendations of this report.

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Acknowledgement

First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Head Office for the approval of the project as well as for allocation fund. I thank the EC and USAID for their financial support to carry out the study. I also appreciate the efforts of the FPMU, MoFDM for their advice and suggestions on policy issues from time to time.

I am highly grateful to Mr. Ad Spikers, FAO Representative in Bangladesh and to Dr. Ciro Fiorillo, Chief Technical Adviser, NFPCSP, FAO, for their sincere help during signing of the agreement.

Sincere thanks are due to Dr Lalita Bhattachajee and Prof. S.A. Sabur, Technical Assistance Team Members, NFPCSP for their continuous monitoring and suggestions during the project period.

I am highly grateful to Dr Nur A. Khondaker, Research Grant Administrator, NFPCSP for regular communication and assistance during the whole project period.

I wish to express my gratitude to the Chairman and other teachers of the Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University for their help especially in providing facilities for use at the Plant Ecology Laboratory.

I am also thankful to the authorities of Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BSS) and Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) for their assistance in procuring some secondary data, plant identification and related information.

I am grateful to Upazilla Nirbahi Officers (UNOs) of Upazillas of Patuakhali and Barguna Districts for their continuous help during field works.

I am also grateful to all the farmers and villagers of the study areas for their support and sincere cooperation during the field work.

i Executive summary

As homestead and homestead products play vital rules on the socio-economy of rural areas, a detailed study was conducted on homestead plant biodiversity in the south-western zones of Bangladesh through the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP), funded by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Three villages (namely, Chawlapara of Aamtali, Barguna; Nayapara of Kalapara and Kalisuri of Bauphal, Patuakhali) were selected for this study. The main focuses of the project included the documentation and characterization of the existing homestead plant species, their utilization and impact assessment on the livelihood of local inhabitants especially, on their food security and alternative or additional income generation through homestead plant products. The study was conducted on the basis of primary data sources, extensive field surveys using questionnaire, species recording and enumeration in different seasons, oral interviews with cross sections of local people, photographs and focus group discussions. Standard methods were followed for data analysis and interpretations. In addition with the survey and recording of homestead plant biodiversity resources, the existing socio-economic status and problems were also identified.

Some of the key findings obtained through the research project include that homestead is the most important natural resource in Bangladesh comprising a huge number of diversified plant species. Records and check-lists obtained during project period pointed out to the fact that homestead plant biodiversity is still rich in south western coastal region of Bangladesh. Livelihood of rural inhabitants in this region is closely related with homestead plant diversity where the people are dependent on plant resources for their food, medicine, timber, house making materials, fodder and other minor products. Some of the homestead species serves as life support species. It is noteworthy that during last devastating SIDR cyclone (on last 15 November, 2007) and post cyclone period the affected people survived only by consuming different homestead plants and plant products.

Homestead plant diversity also playing potential role on the socio-economic development of rural people in coastal region. It is evident through the present research project that in one side homestead plant diversity can ensure food security mainly for landless people, on the other hand homestead products provide alternative or (and) additional income generation which enable rural people for a better livelihood.

ii During the research period, some problems were also identified which play negative impact on homestead and homestead plant diversity. Results show that homestead plant resources are under increasing pressure due to human exploitation on one side and regular natural catastrophes as the other side. A well-planned and organized homestead programme is very important for the utilization and sustainable management of homestead plant resources which will ensure better life of the rural people in the coastal region.

iii Table of contents Contents Page no. Acknowledgement i Executive summary ii Table of contents iv List of tables v List of figures vi List of appendices vi List of photographs vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Rationale 2 1.2 Objectives of the study 3 1.3 Risks of the study 3 2 Methodology of the study 3 2.1 Area of the study- approaches and analytical tools 4 2.2 Salinity status in study sites 4 2.3 Site selection 6 2.4 Survey data collection 6 2.5 Questionnaire 6 2.6 Data collection 6 2.7 Sample size and sampling 7 2.8 Duration of the study 7 2.9 Relative prevalence and species diversity index 7 2.10 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) 8 2.11 Economic plants species 8 2.12 Secondary information collection 8 2.13 Data analysis 8 3 Result and discussion 9 3.1 Age categories of the respondents 9 3.2 Education level of the respondents 9 3.3 Family size of the respondents 10 3.4 Land holding of the respondents 10 3. 4.1 Ownership pattern of land of the respondents 11 3.4.2 Land holding and leasing system of this area 12 3.4.3 Factors for increasing and decreasing of land 13 3.5 Status of homestead space utilization 14 3.6 Trees species richness 15 3.6.1 Vegetable species richness 15 3.7 Relative prevalence of tree species in different saline zone 16 3.8 Species diversity index of different categories of species 17 3.9 Sources of planting materials 18 3.10 Saline tolerant and non-tolerant species 19 3.11 Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species 19 3.11.1 Major economic and profitable fruit-yielding species 22 3.11.2. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate 23 action in these study areas. 3.12 Food security 24

iv 3.12.1 Stored food in the homestead of different farm category 24 3.12.2 Food intake of the household at the study areas 25 3.13. Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying 26 saline areas 3.14 Impact of homestead plant biodiversity in the income generation 26 and livelihood supports 3.15 Management practices of homestead production 27 3.16 Problems faced in homestead production and management 29 3.17 National and International progress on biodiversity 30 3.17.1 The Earth Summit 30 3.17.2 Policy Document 30 3.17.3 Strategy and Action Plan for conservation of biodiversity 31 3.17.4 National Initiatives for ex-situ and in-situ conservation 32 3.17.4.1 The Forest Department Initiatives: 32 3.17.4.2 Bangladesh National Herbarium 32 3.17.4.3 Baldah Garden 32 3.17.4.4 National Botanical Garden 32 3.17.4.5 Deparment of Agriculture Extension (DAE 32 3.17.4.6 Academic institutions 32 3.17.4.7 Research Institutions 33 3.17.4.8 UN Organization Initiatives 33 3.18 Conservation of homestead biodiversity 33 3.19 Women role in homestead biodiversity conservation 34 3.20 Policy implication and Recommendations 34 3.21 Areas for further research 35 5.22 Conclusions 36

List of tables

Table Page no. no. 1 Upazilla wise soil salinity level of Patuakhali and Barguna 5 Districts 2 Education level of the respondents 10 3 Average family size of the respondents 10 4 Household land holdings 11 5 Land ownership pattern 12 6 Factors for increasing and decreasing of land at the study areas 13 7 Status of homestead space utilization in varying saline zones of the 14 study. 8 Higher RP value species in different farm categories 16 9 Species diversity index and equitability of different farm 18 categories 10 Sources of planting materials 19 11 Saline tolerant and non-tolerant species 20 12 Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate 24 action in this study areas 13 Food store in homestead of different farm categories 25

v 14 Cooked food and intake habit 25 15 Role of farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas 26 16 Impact of homestead plant in the income generation and livelihood 27 supports 17 Management practices of homestead production 28

List of figures

Figure Page no. no. 1 Map showing study areas and the Bay of Bengal 4 2 Map showing Upazilas and the location of the study sites 6 3 Age categories of the respondents 9 4 Economic and profitable timber-yielding species in less saline to 22 strongly saline areas of the study 5 Economic and profitable fruit species in less saline to strongly 23 saline areas.

Reference 37 List of appendices Appendices Page no. no. 1 Village transact of the study 43 2 Questionnaire 44 3 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Chaulapara 46 4 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Kalisuri 54 5 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Nayapara 63 6 Homestead plant biodiversity check-list 72

List of photographs: Photo no. Page No. 1 Focus Group Discussion with local people 40 2 Discussion with local experts and elderly people 40 3 Joint photograph with the local people 40 4 P.I. in a presentation session 41 5 Khejur tree (Date plant), Pheonix sylvestris 41 6 Tentul tree (Tamarind), Tamarindus indica in homestead 41 7 Bichi kala (Banan), Musa sp in the homestead 42 8 Chal Kumra, White gourd, Benincasa hispida at the roof 42 9 Small country boat used for selling homestead product (Betel 42 nut)

vi Introduction

Majority of the rural poor in Bangladesh depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Land, water, forests, and livestock are the sources of livelihoods. The rural economy depends on productivity of the natural resources which is initimately linked with the biodiversity in the ecosystem. Biodiversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological system of which they are a part which also includes diversity within the species, between species and ecosystem. Bangladesh is a rich repository of plant genetic pools and has been the abode of 5,000 species of higher plants. Bangladesh consists of 87363 thousand villages (BSS, 2007) with each village encompassing a few hundreds of homesteads. They constitute the centre of socioeconomic activities and traditional cultural heritage of villag (Khan, 1977).

Among the plant resources, many species are treated as “Life support species”. This diversity of species in the homesteads plays a very important role for the livelihoods of millions living in the rural area of Bangladesh. The homestead in Bangladesh is one of the most important natural resources containing a huge of number diversified plant species and it is perhaps the most important production unit in Bangladesh. These homesteads accounted for 21.90 million in the rural areas and occupied about 0.54 million hectares of land (BBS, 2001) and this land is decreasing at the rate of 5m2/ha/year (Anam, 1999). The size (average) of the rural homestead is very small (0.02 Ha) but varies widely according to ecological region and socio economic status of the farmers. A good number of vegetables are grown in the homesteads. A large number of higher plants have also been recorded in homesteads in rural areas.

Latif et al., (2001) identified 148 species of indigenous in the village forests. Similarly Basak (2002) identified 105 trees species and 27 herbaceous species (vegetables and spices) in the 4 ecological regions of Bangladesh. This species provide enormous opportunity for food security to rural people. Homestead production plays an important role in Bangladesh economy and provides 50% cash flow to the rural poor (Ahmed etal., 1999). On the other hand, homestead production systems contribute about 70% fruits, 40% vegetables, 70% timber and 90% fire wood and bamboo requirement of Bangladesh (Miah and Ahmed 2003.). In addition the home gardens are recognized as repositories of non-timber products. The land areas for field crops have declined, while the average homestead area per farm has increased from 0.08 to 0.09 acres. This indicates increased opportunities for home-based farm and non-farm production (Mandal, 2003) but at the same time 1 homestead plant resources are under increasing pressure due to human exploitation. Side by side, recurring natural disasters also caused destroy or damage homestead plants resource.

1.1. Rationale

Bangladesh is situated in the north-eastern part of Asia. The coastline of the country bound by the Bay of Bengal is approximately 480 km in length. Patuakhali and Barguna are two districts of Southwestern part of Bangladesh. These two districts lie contiguous to the Bay of Bengal which is bio ecologically ever dynamic and rich in homestead biological resources. Majority of the people of this region greatly depend on their homesteads. Most of the land of this region is low and suffers from salinity problems. Climatic change i e. rising sea level, cyclone and drought in the Southern region is one of the alarming issues which would be seriously affected homestead biodiversity. A recent study by Miah and Bari, 2002, found that the number and productivity of homestead plantations, particularly sweet water loving fruit species have been declining in recent years due to increasing soil salinity in water which will ultimately affect food security of the inhabitants. The Red Data Book (Khan et al., 2000) on plants listed about 106 plant species as endemic or threatened in Bangladesh. There is no comprehensive study on the existing homestead plants resource and knowledge base for management and conservation of homesteads plants especially in the southwestern region of Bangladesh. Keeping the above facts in mind a study has been proposed to collect systematic information of planer resource and management practices to sustain or enrich the homestead ecosystem as a prime source of livelihood.

Biodiversity and food security

Homestead plants give support direct and indirect benefits to human being and to nature. They supply fruits, fuel, furniture, shelter and all other necessary items and are inextricable with food security. On the other hand, in the saline system homesteads are the only place on which majority of the people depend. During natural disasters such as flood and cyclone, homestead is the only one place where people can get shelter and protect their future. Especially the poor and pro-poor affected during this period, are fully dependent on available plants and vegetables in homestead. The current research initiative was taken to address the problems of plant biodiversity in the southern coastal zone which differs considerably from non-saline areas. A systematic study would

2 be facilitated in find out role of homestead plant diversity in the southern coastal region for addressing food security and their conservation.

1.2. Objectives of the study

The study was conducted with the following objectives.

1. Document and characterize the existing plant species in the homesteads of varying saline coastal zones of Bangladesh. 2. Find out the relative prevalence, and biodiversity of growing plant species in the homestead. 3. Assess the contribution of homestead in household food security. 4. Identify the management system and the problems faced by the households in the growing/cultivating plants in homesteads. 5. Identify recommend strategies for a sustainable/economic homestead production system with diversified plant species.

1.3. Risks the study

Devastating SIDR cyclone held on 15 November, 2007, seriously destructed in the southwestern districts including Patuakhali and Barguna. About 80% of the homestead destroyed fully and natural resources affected including plants, poultry, and livestock. The whole areas were over flowed with saline water which directly affected ecosystem of homestead. During the post sidr it was very tougher to conduct the study. The researchers faced different problems and overcomes it with very sympathetically which was helpful enormously to conduct the study. However, the research team was unable to complete some of the components of the study such as growth of trees. It was inconvenient to carry on the study work during the post sidr.

2. Methodology of the study

In any scientific research, methodology plays an important role. Appropriate methodology enables the researcher to collect valid and reliable information. The present study was accomplished by collecting primary data using survey method. The information was collected and compiled following the standard procedures and methods. 3 2.1. Area of the study, approaches and analytical tools

The purposively selected study areas were Patuakhali and Barguna districts n the south western districts across the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1). These districts consist of 7 and 5 administrative upazillas including 882 and 563 villages, and 280980 and 180060 households, respectively (BSS, 2002). The area of these two Patuakhali and Barguna districts were 3221 and 1831 square kilometres, respectively. Total population was 14,64,800 (male 7,42,200, female 7,26,00) and 8,45,060 (male 4,35,220, female 4,09,840). These two districts cover 3.42 % of the total area of the mainland.

Figure 1. Map showing study areas and the Bay of Bengal.

2.2. Salinity status of the study areas

Fluctuation and association of plant community in a particular natural habitat depend on different ecological parameters. Attempts were taken to know the status of salinity in the south-western coastal zones of Bangladesh for section of study areas. Primarily the salinity status of the study area was assessed from different primary sources of data including periodicals, reports and review of literature, and from monitoring records of different organizations. Soil Resources Development 4 Institute studied assessed salinity status of Patuakhali and Barguna districts. Under this districts 11 upazillas salinity status including salinity classes (S1, S2, S3 and S4) was assessed. Accordingly, it was found (Table 1) that the strongly saline affected area was Kalapara (75%) and the less salinity affected area was Bauphal (17%) of Patuakhali district. On the other hand, moderately saline affected area was Amtoli (64%) of Barguna district. Strongly-salin area is affected by different degrees of soil salinity. Soil salinity in the dry season ranges from 12.1 to 16.0 dS/m. or > 16.0 dS/m. Moderately-saline area is the allmost the whole area by different degree of soil salinity. Soil salinity in the dry season ranges from 8.1 to 12.0 dS/m. Soil salinity in less saline ares in the dry season ranges from 2.1 to 8.10 dS/m. Therefore, considerig intensity of soil salinity among the seven upzillas of Patuakhali and Barguna districts three upazillas were selected as strongly saline (Kalapara), moderately saline (Amtoli) and less saline (Bauphal).

Table 1. Upazilla wise soil salinity level of Patuakhali and Barguna districts.

Upazilla Total Total Perce Salinity class dS/m area saline nt S1 S2 4.0- S3 S4 (ha) area (ha) 2.0-4.0 8.0 8.0-12.0 12 >16 PATUAKHALI 1. Bauphal 48,185 8,080 17 4,890 2,630 530 30 2. Dashmina 30,287 13,230 44 6,670 4,180 1,890 380 3. Galachipa 1,19,130 60,420 51 9,870 17,570 13,480 12,470 4. Kalapara 47,194 35,400 75 4,390 12,130 9,090 7,410 5. Mirjaganj 17,552 5,010 29 3,150 1,630 230 0 6. Sadar 45,527 17,210 38 11,140 5,480 590 0 Total 3,07,875 1,39,350 44 40,110 43,620 25,810 20,290

BARGUNA 8. Amtali 69,478 44,310 64 12,480 11,580 11,010 6,650 9. Bamna 10,105 4,870 48 3,540 1,330 0 0 10. Betagi 16,771 8,200 49 5,940 2,240 20 0 11. Patharghata 32,500 20,520 63 5,730 7,780 4.400 2,330 12. Sadar 38,833 26.330 68 8,530 7,840 6.000 3,060 Total 1,67,687 1,04,230 62 36,210 30,770 21,430 12,040

5 2.3. Site selection

Among the three upazillas, one union from each of the upazilla on the basis of salinity was selected and further one village from each of the union was selected as the study site. The selected unions were Latachapali (Kalapara), Karaibaria (Amtoli), and Kalisuri (Bauphal) and the villages were Nayapara, Choulapara and Kalisuri respectively (Figure 2). Village transact of the study is shown in Appendix 1.

Figure 2. Map showing Upazillas and the location of the study sites.

2.4. Survey data collection

A four step survey process was followed : i) homestead plant and vegetable enumeration, ii) secondary information, iii) household survey and iv) discussion meeting.

2.5. Questionnaire

A set of pre-tested precise structured questionnaires (Appendix 2) were used for enumeration of homestead plants and vegetables and data collection from the households.

2.6. Data collection

The enumeration and data collection was completed by the research team member such as Principal Investigate (PI), Co-investigator (CI) and Research Fellow (RF) along with the other associates from Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE). The respondents of the study were categorized into 4 different groups depending on the land size were: i) large household (>2 ha), ii) medium

6 household (1.01-2.0 ha), iii) small household (0.51-1.0 ha) and iv), landless household (0.21-0.51 ha).

2.7. Sample size and sampling

The total number of households in the villages was obtained from the district census report published by BBS, 2001. Total households of Nayapara, Choulapara and kalisuri were 157, 209 and 305 respectively. Considering the big size of sample in the village Kalisuri, it was divided into two sub-blocks. In total 36% of sample was drowned and the total sample size was 240 (80 from each of the upazilla).

2.8. Duration of the study

The study conducted for the period of 12 months from October, 2007 to December, 2008 as per the frame work.

2.9. Relative prevalence and species diversity index i) Relative prevalence of species

To indicate the importance and species richness of different plant species in study areas. The relative prevalence (RP) of species was calculated as follows: RP = Population of the species / homestead X % homesteads with the species. Relative prevalence of all types of trees was calculated by using the above formula. ii) Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index:

To ensure the abundance and diversity of different plant species, Shannon-Wiener species Diversity Index (H) as shown below was used:

H = - ∑ (Pi InPi)

7 Where, Pie is the proportional abundance of ith species such that Pi = n/ N (n is the number of the individuals in ith species and N is the total number of the individuals of all species in the community).

2.10. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

A total of sixteen focus group discussions were held in survey areas to know key information of existing economic species, utilization, and contribution to their livelihoods. Local eminent persons including public representatives, school teachers and old experienced farmers who provided information on homestead plant biodiversity and management practices.

2.11. Economic plants species

Most useful economic plants on the basis of income and uses were listed and prioritized according to their choice. Among them ten species were prioritized from different saline areas f the study.

2.12. Secondary information collection

Secondary information and data were collected from different organizations such as i) Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE), ii) Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), iii) National Herbarium, iv) Botany Department, Jahangirnagar University libraries and v) Non-government Organizations etc.

2.13. Data Analysis

Microsoft excel program was used to process all collected information and in preparing tables, charts and graphs. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software was used to estimate the descriptive statistics of the data.

8 3. Results and Discussion

The results of the study are presented here as per the objectives of the study in the sequence of demographic and land profile, homestead plant identification, utilization and conservation.

3.1. Age categories of the respondents

The respondents were grouped into three age categories (Figure 3). The results showed that youth age, middle age and old age categories of the respondents were 24.6%, 50.80% and 24.6%, respectively. It was found 55% respondents were in the middle age group who is the representative part of the farmers of the society.

24.60 24.60 Youth (<40) Middle (40-55) Old (>55) 50.80

Figure 3. Age categories of the respondents (%) of the study.

3.2. Education level of the respondents

The respondents were grouped into five education levels (Table 2). It was found that above half of the respondents (52.1%) belonged to primary education followed by secondary education (34.2 %) and higher secondary education (7.9%), and only 3% was illiterate. The high education level might be conducive to improve household decision making and livelihood through homestead improve management and production.

9 Table 2. Education level of the respondents of the study.

Education category Number Percent Mean Std Deviation

Illiterate 6 2.5

Primary (1-5) 125 52.1

Secondary (6-10) 82 34.2 5.83 3.99

Higher secondary (11-12) 19 7.9

Above 8 3.3 Total 240 100.0

3.3. Family size of the respondents

The family size of the respondents is shown in table 3. The average family size was 5.35 which almost similar to the national average were 4.9 in 2001. The average size of dwelling household of Barisal division was 5.4 in 1991 and 5 in 2001 (BSS, 2002). This also indicates the decreasing trend of farm size. This is positively linked up with the mass education program and other activities such as birth control, raising awareness.

Table 3. Average family size of the respondents of the study.

Farm Category Family size Male Female Landless 5.15 2.79 2.33 Small 5.27 2.81 2.49 Medium 5.43 3.00 2.43 Large 5.80 2.97 2.83 Total 5.35 2.88 2.49

3.4. Land holding of the respondents

Household average land holding is presented in table 4. Average total farm size of the respondents was 125.42 ha of which homestead land was 21.33 (17.01%) and farm land 104.09 (82.99%). 10 Among the farm categories, it was found that total land holdings of the respondents increased manifold as the farm size increase. The finding showed that the average land holdings of the landless group was 8.77 ha, while it increased to 15.93 ha, 27.40 ha, and 47.65 ha to small, medium and large group respectively. A similar type of variation was found in case of homestead cultivated land. However, average of homestead size of the coastal region was bigger than the other regions of Bangladesh. The bigger homestead size of the respondents in coastal region is due to ecological and social factors. The area remained in high salinity level in most of the years. Therefore, homesteads build raise bed for housing and other activities. These bigger homestead size is an unique opportunity for producing more outputs and making the households more economically solvent.

Table 4. Household land holdings of the respondents.

Farm category Farm land (ha) Total land Homestead land Cultivated land Landless 10.91 (100) 8.77 (80.38) 2.14 (19.62) Small 60.37 (100) 15.93 (26.38) 44.44 (73.62) Medium 170.25 (100) 27.40 (16.09) 142.85 (83.91) Large 440.14 (100) 47.65 (10.83) 392. 49 (89.17) Total 125.42 (100) 21.33 (17.01) 104.09 (82.99)

Figure in the parentheses indicate the percentage of respondents.

3. 4.1. Ownership pattern of land of the respondents

Land is a finite and valuable resource upon which farmers depend for their food, fiber and fuel which is the basic amenities of rural life. In total five major category of ownership pattern of land were identified (Table-5). The majority of land (70.83%) owned inherently from the parents followed by purchase (38.75 %), and rented (14.17%). A 5% of the respondent was the recipient of government land (khas). It is a process of government land distribution by which some the families were settled in this region.

11 Table 5. Land ownership pattern and source

Ownership pattern Number Percent Priority Parents 170 70.83 1 Purchase 93 38.75 2 Rented 34 14.17 3 Government (Khas) 12 5.00 4 Other 2 0.83 5

3.4.2. Land holding and leasing system of the study areas

The land holding and leasing system varied with regard to land availability, local demand and cropping pattern of the areas. The farmers of southwestern zone were critically affected because of clashes and conflicts that occurred between and among the social class of the society. Land tenuring and different leasing systems are described below:

Owned Land: The land has been managed or cultivated by the farmers’ own initiative and did not offer any share to others. The land is inherited by the family members.

Temporary contact (patta or khaikalasi) : This system is commonly used in this region. In this system land is given on a mortgage (khaikalasi) for 7 years. Upon expiry of 2 years, the land owner can claim to get free the land. In this case, the land owner shall be refunded money for the remaining 5 years. After 7 years the land virtually goes back to the land owner without any bargain. This contract system uses for social-economic purposes such as protecting temporary need, crisis, tackling any emergency and risk etc.

Land Agreement: This is another long duration mortgage which is treated as a semi-sale system. There is no time bound expiry until there is further refund of the whole contractual money. The formal deed is signed on a stamped paper between the two parties (seller and purchaser) and in the presence of their witnesses. Farmers use this system for gathering big amount of money in cash. They use the same money for involving with business, manpower migration, job creation, risk

12 coverage etc. However, this is a rigid system and is turning farmers into a landless situation. Use of this system for land mortgage is increasing in southwestern zone of Bangladesh.

3.4.3. Factors for increasing and decreasing of land

In total, seven causes were identified for increasing and decreasing land (Table 6). Farmers’ gained land or volume of land increased through agricultural production was (16.25%) followed by non- farm business (15.83%) and gift or paternal donation (15.0%). On the other hand, to some farmers land were decrease due to deficit and hunger (9.17%) followed by family partition and fragmentation (6.25%), various risks (2.92%) and natural disasters (2.08%), such as cyclone and river erosion. Apart from these the land remained as before (5.83%). The above information implied that apart from agricultural (field crops, livestock, fisheries and poultry birds etc.) non farm business also important for increasing land. On the other hand farmers had lost their land resource because of many socieconomic factors and consequences.

Table 6. Factors for increasing and decreasing of land in the study areas.

Factors for land increasing Number of respondent Percent Priority Agricultural production 39 16.25 1 Non-farm business/ laborious business 38 15.83 2 Donation/gift from Father/Grand father 36 15.00 3 Agricultural business (paddy, livestock, 31 12.92 4 poultry) Small family/less costs for family 20 8.33 5 Fishing business, sale etc. 08 3.33 6 Government settlement (kash land) 05 2.08 7 Factors for land decreasing Deficit, excess cost , hunger, land mortgage 22 9.17 1 Land sharing, family partition, fragment 15 6.25 2 Case/risks coverage/certain death 07 2.92 3 Production hampering/disasters/river erosion 05 2.08 4 No change as before 14 5.83

13 3.5. Status of homestead space utilization

Homestead space utilization included plant density, planting arrangement, and diversified utilization of homestead spaces (Table 7). This table shows that the number of homesteads with space over utilized was 63 (26.25%), those properly utilized were 40 (16.66%), medium utilized were 113 (47.08%) and under-utilized were 24 (10.0%). The 10.0% under-utilized homestead land was left fallow or was used in a very haphazard way. Basher, (1999) observed the spatial arrangement of the homesteads utilization as 15% being overcrowded, 55% was optimumally utilized and 21% was thin (un-utilized). Collectively, 57.08% of homestead which are medium utilized (47.08%) and under-utilized (10.0%) have the potential of using maximum land for increasing production. It was observed that multi-layer tree garden or multi-storied cropping is practiced in and around the homesteads of Bangladesh in an unsystematic manner. Salam et al. (2000) mentioned that there is substantial potential for the improvement of homestead through properly managed agroforestry which can contribute to alleviation of poverty of rural people by increasing overall household income. A comprehensive plantation and vegetable cultivation is necessary to increase the homestead productivity which would also promote homestead biodiversity as well as food security (Saha, 2002).

Table 7. Status of homestead space utilization in varying saline zones of the study.

Salinity Level Homestead space utilization Over utilized Properly Medium utilized Under utilized utilized Less saline 14(22.2) 15 (37.5) 51 (45.1) 0.0 Moderately saline 21(33.3) 11 (27.5) 33 (29.2) 15(62.5) Strongly saline 28(44.4) 14 (35.0) 29 (25.7) 9(37.5) Total 63(100) 40 (100) 113(100) 24(100)

Figure in the bracket denote the percentage

14 3.6. Trees species richness

A total of 189 species was identified from 240 homesteads in 3 study sites. A richness of plant species was found. Species varied from 189 in moderately saline, 152 in highly saline and 147 in less saline areas. The highest number of species distributed in moderately-saline area as were fruit- yielding 44, timber and fuel wood 36, medicine and spices 17, ornamental plants 18, naturally growing plants 14 and woody-non-woody (herbs/shrubs/climbers) 60. Out of 189 plant species 68.25% were tree (timber, fruits, medicinal, ornamental and naturally growing) and 31.75% woody, non-woody (herbs/shrubs/climbers).

The number of species in southwestern coastal region of three locations of the study areas was found higher. Millat-e-Mustofa and Haruni (2002) was identified a total of 162 species from 100 hundred homesteads, Alam and Masum (2005) found 142 plant species in the homesteads of saline areas of Southern Noakhali districts. The large number and wider range of different plants species were found in the Southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh which shows richness of plants in terms of genetic, organismal and ecological diversity. Therefore, the study revealed that the cause of richness in plant species that these areas enjoys ecosystems of floodplain and tidal saline areas. On the other hand some alien tree species, such as Acacia, Eucalyptus, were found introduce in southern homesteads during the last few years which is not helpful especially for homestead plant biodiversity. It is essential to take careful and to stop alien species plantation in the homestead.

These plants are listed (Appendices 3) according to their scientific and family names along with local name followed by their economic uses. A complete check was prepared (Appendices 7).

5.6.1. Vegetable species richness

A total of 62 (48 cultivated and 14 naturally growing) vegetables species were identified in the homesteads of saline zone of Bangladesh (Appendices-4). Chilli and Arum/Yam found as low cost vegetables in homesteads is popular in this region. It is mentionable that wider genetic diversity was noticed to be present within a specific zone apart from wider range of species diversity within a single species. Some low cost but suitable and less common vegetables were Seeded Banana (Musa

15 sylvestris), Hot chilli (Capsicum sp.), Bilati dhaina (Eryngium fortidum), Kamranga seem, Showrd bean (Canavalia gladiata), Buno Kankrol (Momordica cochinchinensis).

Some vegetable naturally grow is important for household food security. These species having multipurpose uses and medicinal value such as seeds, fruits, leaves, stems, petioles, roots, tubers. During the lean season and natural disasters these species supply food to the farmers is called “life supporting species” grown in the southwestern homesteads and adjoining wet land (Appendices- 5).

3.7. Relative prevalence of tree species in different saline zone

The relative prevalence (RP) of all species including timber-yielding, fruit-yielding, medicinal plant and spices, ornamental and naturally growing trees (excluding Banana, Bamboo and other trees inconvenient to count) are shown in table 8. RP of plant species was calculated as per the formula presented in the section 2.9. The most prevalent and top ranked timber-yielding species were Chambol, Mahogany and Rain tree; fruits-yielding species were Mango, Coconut and Khejur, medicinal and spices species were Deshi neem, Arjun and Akon; and ornamental species were Mehedi, Krishnachura and Jabaphul and naturally growing species Shewra, Balgach and Dumur. Some of the species existed in one or more homesteads reduced to few plants which were unable to show its relative prevalence value in number in the table is a burning question to maintain its existence in terms of genetic biodiversity. The southwestern homesteads were seemed to be considered as rich in species but in terms of its prevalence it is understood that lot of local and indigenous species have been gradually decreasing. Side by side, the top prevalent species were Chambol, Mahogany and Raintree which have been chosen greatly by the local people for their fast growing nature and timber value. However, these are not beneficial for other plant existence in homesteads. Other species, apart from top prevalenced species of different categories ranked very poor which is an indication of diminishing trend of homestead plant biodiversity. However, it is essential to promote policy guidelines to maintain a combination of species and motivate farmers to plant other less common and low cost fruits and other varieties in order to increasing diverse genetic base in the homesteads.

16 Table 8. Higher relative prevalent species in different categories.

Species Relative Prevalence Total Landless Small Medium Large Average % of RP all trees Homestead farm with the species Timber-yielding Chambal 17.409 23.243 36.458 44.933 31.56 0.88 27.880 Mahogany 14.910 26.474 31.129 38.670 32.33 0.83 26.672 Rain tree 16.571 22.434 24.525 29.322 24.41 0.93 22.679 Fruit-yielding Aam 9.121 9.771 11.642 16.100 11.92 0.91 10.878 Khejur 3.278 6.198 8.840 12.960 8.92 0.78 6.985 Medicinal Arjun 0.007 0.010 0.046 0.004 0.16 0.10 0.015 Deshi Neem 0.635 0.777 1.242 1.489 1.91 0.49 0.938 Akon 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.073 0.10 0.06 0.006 Ornamental Jabaful/rakta 0.043 0.031 0.062 0.033 0.23 0.18 0.041 Mehedi 0.011 0.014 0.028 0.004 0.12 0.12 0.015 Naturally growing Harra 0.086 0.165 0.090 0.249 0.61 0.23 0.138 Dumur 0.026 0.037 0.021 0.002 0.23 0.11 0.025

3.8. Species diversity indices of different categories of species

The simplest measure of the character of a community that takes into account both the abundance pattern Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) has been presented according to various categories of the respondents (Table 9). The speciediversity indices of all categories were higher in the southern zone of Bangladesh. The diversity (H) was highest for large farm (2.36) and gradually decreased as

17 per farm categories and landless was (2.21). On the other hand there is a positive consequence in between plant diversity and farm categories viz it can be conclude that plant diversity increased as the farm size increased proportionately. Side by side, population of fruit-yielding species followed a negative trend among the farm size in which fruit tree diversity increased as the farm size decreased. The table also showed that the diversity and abundance of timber-yielding species of all farm categories was higher than that of fruits-yielding, medicinal, ornamental and naturally growing species.

Table. 9. Species diversity indices of different farm categories.

Class Pi2 H* Timber- Fruit- Medicinal Ornamental Naturally yielding yielding growing Landless 0.1112 0.0495 0.001 0.0001 0.0004 2.21 Small 0.1117 0.0517 0.0005 0.0001 0.0003 2.22 Medium 0.1066 0.0433 0.0014 0.0001 0.0003 2.27 Large 0.0983 0.0396 0.0004 0.0001 0.0003 2.36

th *H = Shannon-Wiener index, Pi = population of total individuals in the i species.

3.9. Source of planting materials

Seed and seedlings are the sources for improvement of plants and planting in homesteads (Table 10). It is found that rural markets were the best source for the collection of planting materials for all the farm categories. It was notable that the supply of planting materials by GOs and NGOs was not satisfactory. But self growing materials especially, Narikel, Supari, Jujube, Tal and Bamboo plantation played important role as source of planting materials. Regarding quality seedling, huge claims raised against private entrepreneurs especially fruit seedlings which have been sold in rural markets. They produced large number of seedlings for highly demanding Mahogany, Rain tree and Chambole in spite of minor fruits and less common species. However, tree plantation has been gaining momentum in rural areas of Bangladesh but side by side restoration of plant biodiversity in homestead was ignored. Considering the production and quality of timber-yielding and fruits-

18 yielding species over time a policy guidelines for all the growers need to be develop. Some specific attention will need to consider farmer’s choice and plant diversity perspective for ensuring quality planting in the homestead.

Table 10. Sources of planting materials.

Sources Landless Small Medium Large Self/Own production 7 (14.58) 22 (21.57) 12 (20.00) 6 (20.0) Rural market 38 (79.17) 88 (86.27) 47 (78.33) 27 (90.0) NGO Nursery 1 (2.08) 4 (3.92) 4 (6.67) 2 (6.67) GOs Nursery 2 (4.17) 6 (5.88) 10 (16.67) 0.00 Relatives 7 (14.58) 11 (10.78) 13 (21.67) 4 (13.33)

Figure in the parenthese denote the percentage.

3.10. Saline tolerant and less-tolerant species

A total of total of 21 species have been identified as saline tolerant and 33 species as less saline and medium saline tolerant (Table 11).

3.11. Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species

The economic and profitable timber-yielding species existed in the study area are presented in figure 4. A total of 11 timber-yielding species were earmarked as economic and profitable timber species in less saline to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Samanea saman, ii) Artocarpus richardiana, iii) Swietenia mahagoni, iv) Albizia lebbeck, v) Bambusa sp., vi) Azadirachta indica, vii) Pongamia pinnata, viii) Adina cordifolia, ix) Pithecellobium dulce, x) Terminalia catappa, xi)

Cassia fistula,.

19 Table 11 . Saline tolerant and less saline tolerant species.

Local name Scientific name Family Local Scientific name Family name Aam¹ Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Kadam² Anthocephalus Rubiaceae cadamba Akashmoni¹ Acacia Leguminosae Kailla lata¹ Derris trifoliate Leguminosae auriculiformis Amra² Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Kola² Musa sapientum Musaceae Amrul² Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Kamranga¹ Averrhoa Averrhoaceae carambola Atafal² Annona reticulate Annonaceae Kathal² Artocarpus Moraceae heterophyllus Babla Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Kaufal³ Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Bahai¹ Zizyphus Rhamnaceae Kewra¹ Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae mauritiana Barai³ Zizyphus Rhamnaceae Keya pata¹ Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae mauritiana Bash¹ Bambusa vulgaris Gramineae Khejur¹ Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Bel¹ Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Khoia Pithecellobium Leguminiceae Babala ¹ dulce Bilati gab³ Diospyros Ebenaceae Lebu² Artocarpus Moraceae phillipensis heterophyllus Chaila¹ Sonneratia Sonneratiaceae Lichi² Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae caseoloris Chambol¹ Artocarpus Leguminosae Mahogany¹ Swietena mahagoni Meliaceae chaplasha Chatian² Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Mama kala¹ Choto Jam¹ Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae Narikel¹ Cocos nucifera Palmae Dalim² Punica granatum Punicaceae Nim¹ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Deshi Nim¹ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Nona Jhau¹ Tamarix indica Tamaricaceae Golgach¹ Nypa fruticum Palmae Papaya² Carica papaya Caricaceae Harguji¹ Acanthus Acanthaceae Pechi gab¹ Diospyros Ebenaceae illicifolius embrayopteris Jambura² Citrulus grandis Rutaceae Peyara² Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Safeda² Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Rain tree ¹ Samanea saman Leguminosae Sundari¹ Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Sarbat Citrus limettoides Rutaceae lemon² Supari² Areca catechu Palmae Sarifa² Annona squamosa Annonaceae Tal¹ Borasus flabellifer Palmaceae Sisoo¹ Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae

¹ saline tolerant, ² saline non-tolerant and ³ medium tolerant.

20 3.11. Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species

The economic and profitable timber-yielding species existed in the study area are presented in figure 4. A total of 11 timber-yielding species were earmarked as economic and profitable timber species in less saline to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Samanea saman, ii) Artocarpus richardiana, iii) Swietenia mahagoni, iv) Albizia lebbeck, v) Bambusa sp., vi) Azadirachta indica, vii) Pongamia pinnata, viii) Adina cordifolia, ix) Pithecellobium dulce, x) Terminalia catappa, xi)

Cassia fistula,.

Among the identified species, Raintree, Chambol and Mahogony were common and prioritized as the top rank economic and profitable timber-yielding tress across the study areas. The same trend was found in the relative prevalence of species discussed earlier. Considering the economic return, these species is being treated as the poor man species for “poverty reduction”. These species provide rapid economic return to the poor. The species which were common in moderately to strongly saline areas were Indan buch, Jilapi, Telikadam, Kadam, Indian alamond and Indian laburnum which were adopted and performed well for their quick growth and economic return.

Those were also used as pole, agricultural tools, handicrafts, boat making and fodder. Telikodom was preferable in the homesteads of moderately to strongly saline areas. It is used as economic species comply to preserve for more utilization. Jilapi, provides indigenous fruits for the rural children which is a alternative source of nutrition in the southwestern zone of Bangladesh.

21 400 Raintree 350 Chambal Mahogony 300 Karaj 250 Bamboo 200 Country neem Indian buch 150 Telikadam

Priorityand value 100 Jilapi 50 Indian Almond Indian laburnum 0 Specis

Figure 4. Economic and profitable timber-yielding species in less saline to strongly saline areas of the study.

3.11.1. Major economic and profitable fruit-yielding species

The identified economic and profitable fruit-yielding species are shown in figure 5. A total of 14 fruit-yielding species were identified and prioritized as per their economic value and profitability in less saline area to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Mangifera indica, ii) Cocos nucifera, iii)

Zizyphus mauritiana, iv) Borasus flabellifer v) Artocarpus heterophyllus, vi) Psidium guajava, vii)

Tamarindus indica, viii) Areca catechu, ix) Musa sp., x) Citrus sp. xi) Sygygium cumini, xi)

Spondias pinnata, xiii) Diospyros phillipensis, xiv) Citrus grandis.

The top most priority species were Mango, Coconut, Banana, Betel Nut, Bilati gab, Hog palm in less saline area; and Mango, Jujube, Coconut, Palmyra palm, Pummelo, Tamaring, Lemon and

Banana in moderately to strong saline areas. The above-mentioned fruit species play important role as a source of major fruit for the households. Earlier, it has been discussed that poor and small households managed fruit-yielding species for getting fruits, and cash income. Sonamiah Sheikh of

Nayapara under Kalapara of Patuakhali (strongly saline area) had earned tk. 25000.00 in the year

2006 by selling Jujube only. The present investigation found that Mango, Coconut, Palmyra palm, 22 Banana, Tamarind and Jujube should be considered economic and profitable species. A marginal family can ensure their major annual income and livelihood from these fruit-yielding species. The leaves and fruits of some of these species were reported to use for multipurposes such as molasses, juice, handicrafts, shade, mat, business. These have created employment for the rural poor.

Mango 400 Coconut Jujube 350 Palmyra palm 300 Jackfruit Guava 250 Tamarind 200 Betel nut Banana 150 Lemon

Priority and value Priority 100 Black berry Hogplum 50 Bilati gab 0 Jambura Specis

Figure 5. Economic and profitable fruit species in less saline to strongly saline areas.

3.11.2. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate action in these study areas.

Species need to be nursed and necessary measures to be taken give back its previous status in the southwestern region of Bangladesh. The following species need to be conserved immediately in the study areas as given in table 12.

23 Table 12. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate action in this study areas.

Local name English name Scientific name Abeti Cane Calamus rotung Atafal Custard apple Annona reticulate Bantula ---- Hibicus moschatus Buno Karol Teasle gourd Momordica cochinchinensis Cawaphal Cowa Garcinia cowa Chatian Devils tree Alstonia scholaris Hijal Indian oak barringtonia acutangula Kamranga sheem Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Mewa kathal/Ata Annona muricata Mouseem Sword bean Canavalia gladiata Nagmani ---- Wissadula periploci folia Pechigab ---- Diospyros embryopteris Royna Rohina Aphamixis polystachya Urigab/Bangab ---- Diospyros Montana

3.12. Food security

3.12.1. Stored food in the homestead of different farm category

Food storage is a simple parameter of security in the rural households (Table 13). It was found that about 50.83% of the respondents were not involved with food storage and 52.1% of the respondents used to involved with subsistence food storage. Majority of the farmers of large and medium households were involved with at least one item for subsistence food storage. This food used for the rainy season and other time of a year. The major food stored items were: rice, paddy and pulse and minor items were: chilli, sweet potato, cucumber and molasses. This is a good sign for increasing food security of the people of these areas. But a good number of people living in insecurity of food is a alarming note for the people of this region.

24 Table 13. Food storage in the homesteads by different farm categories.

Farm Categories Not stored Food stored Landless 44 (18.33) 03 (1.66) Small 48 (20.0) 54 (22.5) Medium 23 (9.6) 37 (15.4) Large 2 (0.83) 28 (11.66) Total 115 (50.83) 125 (49.16)

Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.

3.12.2. Food intake by the household

It was observed that cooking and food intake habits have also been changing (Table 14). The table shows that 89.2% of the respondents have had taken three meal a day and 10.8% two meals a day which is a good of changing food intake. The common pattern of food intake having water-soaked rice in the morning and evening is replacing gradually. They generally cook in the morning (8.30 am) and keep it for noon and daily labor class cook their food late at night for supper.

Table 14. Cooked intake by the household.

Farm category Food intake Total Three meals/ day Two meals/ day Landless 35 (72.9) 13 (27.1) 48 Small 91 (89.2) 11 (10.8) 102 Medium 58 (96.7) 2 (3.3) 60 Large 30 (100) 0.0 30 Total 214 (89.2) 26 (10.8) 240

Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.

25 3.13. Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas

Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupations in the livelihoods of the farm families are presented in table 15. Role of on-farm occupation in the study areas were 68.62% and off-farm occupation 31.80%. It was observed the role of farming agriculture still playing immense role in the livelihood of rural farmers. On the other hand, off-farm occupation also playing commendable role in which landless and marginal farmers having new avenue of employment and income generation. It was also observed that the role of farming agriculture was highest in moderately saline area (80.62%) followed by strongly saline area (66.12%) and less saline area (58.35%). The role of off- farm occupation was highest in less-saline area was 41.65% followed by highly saline area (33.88%) and moderately saline area (19.38 %). The farmers of less-saline and strongy saline areas were involved variety of off-farm activities which has been supporting them enormously for leading their livelihood especially in the off-season.

Table 15. Role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas.

On-farm occupation Off-farm occupation Salinity level Contribution % Std Deviation Contribution % Std Deviation Less saline 58.35 30.53 41.65 30.53 Moderately saline 80.62 26.96 19.38 26.96 Strongly saline 66.12 33.48 33.88 34.09 Total 68.62 31.68 31.80 31.92

3.14. Impact of homestead plant biodiversity in the income generation and livelihood supports

Homestead plants as a major natural resource is playing immerse role in providing differents items to the farmers shown in table 16. These are : i) foods are lants vegetables, local fruits, juice/molasses), ii) cash money (family education, family maintenance, repayment of loan, pond excavation), iii) safety Net (risk coverage, medicine, have no option of lend, capital for business, crisis), iv) timber, (house preparations, boat preparation, shade making, shop, agriculture tools), v) social issues, (marriage, dowry, gift, road, bridge and pole), vi) furniture, (household utensils,

26 reading materials, bed stead, house making), viii) environment quality ( wind protection, flood protection, beautification , organic matter deposition, soil erosion), ix) fuel wood, (bark , leaf, bamboo, stem, root).

Table 16. Impact of homestead plant in the income generation and livelihood supports.

Cash Money  Family education Foods  Family maintenance Safety Net  Different vegetables  Repayment of loan  Risk coverage  Local fruits  Case/pond excavation  Have no option of lend  Juice/Molasses  Capital for business

 Crisis period

Fuel Wood Timber

 Bark House preparations  Leaf Homestead plant biodiversity Boat preparation  Bamboo Shade making  Stem, Root Shop/Ag. tools

Environment quality Social Festival  Wind protection Furniture  Marriage  Flood protection  Dowry  Beautification  Household utensils  Gift  Organic matter deposition  Reading materials  Soil erosion  Bed stead  Road, bridge, & pole   House making

3.15. Management practices of homestead production

Proper management practices in the homesteads can augment production and productivity as well as maintaining vegetation properly. Six common management techniques were found to use in this region shown in table 17. The finding shows that above 136 (56.66%) of the farmers of all farm categories used organic manure such as cow dung and compost etc. for vegetable and fruit production. Whereas, use of chemical fertilizers was less in comparison to organic manure which was 47 (19.5%) of all farm families. It was found that farmers’ tendency towards using chemical fertilizers for increasing homestead production was less predominant except large farmers. Usually, 27 the large farmers buy chemical fertilizers for their field crops, but some of them are also interested to use for homestead vegetable production. Another aspect of production management like earthing- up was practiced by 119 (49.58%) farmers of all categories. This earthen-up was important for production used for some common plants during dry season are coconut, lemon, guava, jujube and mango and mahogany etc. Thinning and pruning is important for tree management commonly practiced for increasing homestead production was 21 (8.75%) and 107 (44.58%). These pruning and thinning practices have been commonly used in the Southern zone also to collect fuel wood (Raintree, Chambol, Mahogany, Narikel, Khejur and Tal) and sustainable production of Mango, Jujube, Jackfruit, during the dry season. The present study revealed that they followed indigenous practice which they have learnt traditionally. In general, Coconut and Palm trees managed by cleaning head and cutting leaves were common practice in this zone. Salt is used for protecting insects, especially ants to increase production in Coconut. Table 17 showed that 20% of farmers used fencing for economic vegetable or fruits production whch implied that less effort provided to protect vegetation of homesteads. Apart from these practices, spraying/venting irrigation, especially in the dry season was absent (with a few exceptions). Therefore, scientific management practices along with using surface water are useful to motivate the farmers for commercial agro- sylviculture in this region. Table 17. Management practices of homestead production. Management techniques and practices Landless Small Medium Large 27 61 34 14 Organic manure (56.25) (59.80) (56.67) (46.67) 6 18 12 11 Chemical fertilizer (12.50) (17.65) (20.0) (36.67) 23 51 29 16 Earthing-up (47.92) (50.00) (48.33) (53.33) 5 5 6 5 Thinning (10.42) (4.90) (10.0) (16.67) 18 46 31 12 Pruning (37.50) (45.10) (51.67) (40.0) 5 13 12 4 Fencing (10.42) (12.75) (20.0) (13.33)

Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.

28 3.16. Problems faced in homestead production and management

A total of 6 major problems were identified in the management and production as well as homesteads plant biodiversity. i. Pest and diseases: Damage of fruits and vegetable by pest and diseases was identified as the top most problem especially for coconut, nut, other fruits and vegetables. Ten pest and disease were identified in this region, like- Red pumpkin beetle, Fruit fly, Vein clearing disease (virus disease) of country beans, Cut warm insects of vegetables, Panama wilt of Banana, Stem weevil of Banana, Shoot and fruit borer for Brinjal, Vein clearing disease of Ookra, and Fruits dropping of Cucurbits vegetable; and Leaf eaten and mold of fruit and vegetables. ii. Homestead space planning: Haphazard and irregular locations of homestead have been reducing homestead production. In old homestead areas the canopy of old and large trees covered huge homestead spaces in the ground resulting long time shade and wet habitats ultimately hampering homestead production in these regions. It is noteworthy that villagers are not aware about the time rotation of felling trees in homestead and due to this big trees are reducing overall homestead productivity. iii. Saline water: Saline water and prolonged drought in the coastal zone was one of the emerging and acute problems hampering the all the components of homestead production system such as plants, vegetables, poultry and livestock. iv. High labor cost: Shortage of agricultural labor and high wage also a big problem in these areas. According to the local farmers many of the daily labors migrated to city areas for better job and earning due to which costs of labour was high there. v. Land scarcity: Scarcity of land was a common problem for expansion of homestead. Moreover, homestead areas have been reducing due to conversion of homestead areas into houses. vi. High cost of inputs and seedlings: High price of seeds and seedling along with trend of increased amount of fertilizer and pesticide uses have created very negative impact in growing vegetables and other homestead plants.

29 3.17. National and International progress on biodiversity

The Stockholm Conference held in 1972 is considered as a milestone in the emergence of global environmental movement. The Stockholm Conference promoted creation of environmental agencies and develop policies and action plan.

3.17.1. The Earth Summit

In observance of the 20th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, UN organized UNCED in Rio de Janeiro, in June 1992, which is acknowledged as “Earth Summit”. The summit came to a consensus on the Rio Declaration of 27 principles of which Agenda 21 is important for the environment sector. The immediate output of the summit was to organize Convention of Biodiversity. Through the convension world community bring under a same umbrella for conservaton and regeneration of biodiversity in a reguar manner. Bangladesh signed the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD at Rio in 2992. The Government initiatives to address policy formulation and implication in a multisectoral approaches such as :

3.17.2. Policy Documents

The following national policy and guidelines will directly and indirectly helpful for biodiversity regeneration and conservation in Bangladesh.

 Environment Policy, 1992  National Agriculture Policy, 1999  National Water Policy, 1999  National Forest Policy, 1994  National Fisheries Policy, 1992  Livestock Development Policy, 1992  National Seed Policy, 1998  National Industrial Policy, 1991, 1999  National Health Policy, 2000  National Food Policy, 1988

30  National Tourism Policy, 1992  National Science and Technology Policy, 1986  National Rural Development Policy, 2001  National Education Policy, 2000  National Land Use Policy, 2002  Renewable Energy Policy (Draft), October, 2002  Coastal Zone Policy 2004  Wetland Policy (Draft), 1998  Wildlife Preservation Act  Environment Court Act, 2000.  National Energy Policy, 1995  National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation, 1998

3.17.3. Strategy and action plan for conservation of biodiversity

 1.National Conservation Strategy  2.National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan  3.National Environment Management Action Plan  4.Freshwater Fisheries Strategy  Coastal Zone Development Strategy (Draft)  Forestry Master Plan 1995  National Water Management Plan  Barind Environmental Action Plan 2003  National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)  National Action Plan (NAP)  National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (PRSP)(Draft)  Inland Capture Fisheries Strategy 2005

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of Bangladesh-2006 have been prepared to fulfill the country’s committeement to the CBD. This is one of the successes of the Government. However, a separate national committee and policy on biodiversity need to be finalized would be a national obligation to the convention of biodiversity. 31 3.17.4. National Initiatives for ex-situ and in-situ conservation

3.17.4.1. The Forest Department Initiatives: The following programs initiated by the Forest Departmnet have been helpful for biodiversity conservation.

 Social Forestry and Forestry Sectoe Project  Hill forestation  Nishorga Support Project (NSP)  Arranayak Foundation

3.17.4.2.Bangladesh National Herbarium : About 1500 plant species specimens collected adentified their taxonomic sudies and publication was done as “Flora of Bangladesh”, publication of flora of the Sunderbans. Another milestone in the identification and conservation of biodiversity that “Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh” sponsored and implemented by MOEF and Bangladesh Asiatic Society.

3.17.4.3.Baldah Garden : Baldah Garden, Wari, Dhaka and National Botanical Garden, Mirpur are the two best ex-situ conservation areas of Bangladesh. The collection of the Baldah garden is classified into seven categories. The garden has about 15,000 plants representing 672 species. Many of these are exotic and rare plants, perhaps the richest collection of ex-situ conservation of gene pools (Ahmed, 2003). 3.17.4.4. National Botanical Garden: National Botanical Garden established in 1961 is the store house of nearly 50,000 species of plants, herbs and shrubs including large collection of aquatic plants. Rare plant species found in the garden are white ‘Rangan’ (Ixora superba), little Mussaenda (Mussaenda luteola), white ‘Chandan’ (Santalum album) etc (Ahmed, 2003).

3.17.4.5. Deparment of Agriculture Extension (DAE): DAE has been implemented different types of projects aiming to improve food security and conservation such as Integrated Horticultural Development Project implemented with the assistance of FAO, Biodiversity Conservation unit also working for agrobiodiversity improvement of the country.

3.17.4.6. Academic institutions: There are some Botanical Gardens in the campus of Dhaka University, Dhaka, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. These gardens also working as en-situ conservation of several rare and uncommon

32 plants species adapted to different ecological zones. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Horticulture Department has been established and preserving gene polls playing role as ex-situ conservatory.

3.17.4.7. Research Institutions : Good number of research institutions are also working in the conservation of Biodiversity in Bangladesh : Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI), BFRI has collected and planted some of the threatened species in ex-situ conservation plots.

3.17.4.8. UN Organization Initiatives

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is working for ensuring food security and natural resource management of the country. Mainstreaming gender and establishing womens right as well traditional contribution of women in the conservation and selection of available genetic diversity in homegarden. FAO recognizes and enableing “the vital role that women play in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity” and affirm “the need for the full participation of women in all levels of policy making and implementation for biological diversity conservation“. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) under the country framework is achieving key roles in the institulization, goverence, policy and program support for sustainable environment management. National capacities enhanced through improve management of environt and energy and increasing awerness of environment protection of the country.

3.18. Conservation of homestead biodiversity

Bangladesh has signed and ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and 1994 respectively. Major threats to biodiversity arise from loss of habitat, deforestation, inappropriate water and agricultural management and natural disaster. Homesteads obviously can promote in-situ conservation and gene bank of local and indigenous fruit and vegetable species of Bangladesh. Three main conservation activities: (1) awareness building; (2) protection of existing individuals of rare species; and (3) propagation. Overlaying all of these activities is the inclusion of local communities in the process, who were the ones to retain these species in homegardens in the first

33 place, and the stakeholders who will determine whether homegardens indeed act as long-term repositories to biodiversity conservation.

3.19. Women role in homestead biodiversity conservation

Women role in the overall management including plantation, nursing, protection, felling, decision making and use of homestead resources is very praiseworthy. Women are predominating in plant biodiversity management in their roles as housewives, plant gatherers, home gardeners, herbalists, seed custodians, and informal plant breeders. Because most plant use, management and conservation occurs within the domestic realm, they are largely “invisible to outsiders” and are easily undervalued. Achieving the goals of biological diversity conservation particularly those related to sustainable production, use and benefit sharing of natural resources. A comprehensive attention need to respect and consider women's knowledge, management and rights, and to the domestic sphere. Prioritizing the conservation of plants that are important to women curators and reversing dynamics that lead to their erosion; recognizing, valuing and promoting the inter- generational transmission of women's traditional knowledge and practices; recognizing indigenous rights systems and, within these, women's rights to plants and land resources that sustain these plants; ensuring women's full participation in decisions and policies that affect their plant rights and the status and welfare that they derive from plant resources; and promoting and disseminating research that enhances our knowledge of the above.

3.20. Policy implication and recommendations i. Well planned and organized homestead survey and recording should be done covering almost all rural areas of Bangladesh. Contribution of farmers and their choice for plant diversity conservation shall have to be incorporated. ii. Assistance from government and non-government organizations side should be covered in proper development of homestead space planning and proper utilization of land. iii. Modern low cost, environmentally friendly culticvation methods and increased production system should be introduced. Availability and supply quality seeds, seedlings and other propagating materials should be ascertained.

34 iv. Proper adequate management should be taken to minimize salinity intrusion in coastal area to combat salinity which is a high threat to homestead biodiversity in coastal region. For example construction engeneering structures including sluice gates, inlets, also canel reexcavation. v. Adaption of suitable management practices for homestead tree, vegetable and other life supporting crops should be introduced. vi. Availability of cash flow (loan, microcredit, financial assistance) must be ensured. Adequate and proper agricultural inputs (fertilizer, pesticide, power tiller, sprayer etc, should be available to local people. vii. Safe drinking water from tube wells especially for the poor community of the society will facilitate the development of better livelihood and mini-irrigation to homestead plants and vegetables. viii. Disaster preparedness, management and relief, buffer stock should be ensured specially for poor people live in coastal areas who have been directly or indirectly dependent on homestead biodiversity.

3.21. Areas for further research

 Similar type of studies on different aspects of homestead plant biodiversity should be extended allover Bangladesh where rural inhabitants are directly or indirectly dependent on homestead products for their livelihood.

 Researches on the rural home gardens mainly, suitable vegetable cultivation in saline areas should be intensified.

 Floristic and silvicultural characterization of major salinity tolerant and non-tolerant species of these areas should be done.

 Research in the field of genetic diversity of the threatened plant species of homestead especially naturally growing gene pools such as Atikala, Mamakola etc. should be included.

35  Selection of suitable varieties especially, for fruits, paddy and other vegetables and crops for salinity tolerant zones in coastal areas should be done.

 Appropriate study of land zoning for land utilization in coastal zones should be implemented.

 Development of high yielding tolerant varieties for tidal submerged tolerant season.

 Development of appropriate homestead biodiversity manual and policy guide for sustainable management of homestead resources.

3.22. Conclusions

Through this rsarch project works on the homestead plant biodiversity in the south-western coastal regions of Bangladesh it is clearly understood that homestead plant biodiversity and homestead products are the most important and needful resources for rural people of Bangladesh. The socio- economy of rural people is directly or indirectly linked with homestead production. Emphasizing the importance of homestead plant biodiversity in coastal areas it is thus concluded that-

 Through extensive survey, recording and species check-list, it is noteworthy that homestead plant biodiversity is still very rich in coastal regions of Bangladesh.

 Rural people are directly and indirectly dependent on homestead plants for their food, fodder, medicine, timber, hedge and many other minor purposes.

 In the coastal regions, during natural catastrophes, some times homestead plant are used as ‘Life support species’. It is to be mentioned here that during last devastating Sidr cyclone and post cyclone period there was no relief support for couple of days in Sidr affected areas (including Borguna and Patuakhali). At that time the affected people survived only by consuming different homestead plants. So, proper attention should be given for expansion and sustainable management of homestead plants in the whole costal regions.

36  It is evident through the present research findings that homestead plant biodiversity have been helping in ensuring food security (mainly for landless people).

 Homestead products have been providing alternative or additional income generation to rural people which are enabling them for better livelihood.

 Socio-economic development especially the betterment of livelihood in coastal areas has also been achieved by proper utilizing homestead plants.

 A manual on the planting cultivation and marketing of the homestead plants and homestead production should be prepared and distributed to rural poor.

 During the research period, some problems were also identified which have been hampering the proper growth and development of homestead plant biodiversity. Regular natural catastrophes, salinity intrusion, erosion, plant diseases and loss of fertility are the major hindering for homestead plant diversity in the coastal regions. It is to be mentioned here that due to last serious Sidr cyclone on 15th November, 2007, a huge number of homestead plant diversity destroyed along with the massive habitat loss.

 It is very important to develop a national homestead biodiversity utilization and management strategy which should be implemented through Agricultural Extension Department for the sustainable development of homestead biodiversity in Bangladesh.

37 References

Alam, M. S., and K. M. Masum. 2005. Status of Homestead biodiversity in the offshore island of Bangladesh, Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 1(3):PP. 246-253. Ahmed, M.F.U., 1999. Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh: A case study of Gazipur District. A Master of Science dissertation in Agroforestry and Environment. Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University. Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. PP.59-50.

Anam, K., 1999. Homesteas agroforesty in the level Barind tract: A diagonistic study, M S thesis, Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Muzibur Rahman Agricutural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Basak, N. R., 2002. Study of composition of trees in homesteads at different ecological zones in Bangladesh. MS thesis,Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, BSMRAU, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Basher, A., 1999. Homegarden agroforestry: impact on biodiversity conservation and household food security, a case study of Gazipur district. MS thesis, Centre for International Environment and Development Studies, Noragic, Agricultural University of Norway.

BBS, 2001, Population Census, National Report, Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Gov. of Bangladesh.

BBS, 2001. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning. Govt. of Bangladesh.

BBS, 2002. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning. Govt. of Bangladesh.

BBS, 2007. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of Bangladesh. FAO corporate document repository, 2009. Gender dimension in biodiversity management and food security. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac795E06.htm.

Khan, M. S. (ed.), 1977. Flora of Bangladesh No.4. Commelinaceae. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farm gate, Dhaka. P.2.

Khan, M. S., M. Matiur Rahman and M. A. Arshed , 2000. Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of Bangladesh. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Chiriakhana Road, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0128-0, PP.1-30.

Latif, M. A., M. K. Alam and Millat-e-Mustafa, 2001. Floristic diversity, growth statistics and indigenous management technique of traditional home gardens in Bangladesh. Final report of a contract research project of BRAC, BFRI and IFESCU, Bangladesh.

Mandal, A. S., 2003. Trend in rural economy in Bangladesh: Issue and strategy for development. In: Natural resource management: Towards better integration. A. R. Rahman, N. Haque, and 38 D. Mallick (eds), Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) and Department of International Development (DFID), Bangladesh.

Miah, G. M. and M. M. Ahmed, 2003. Traditional Agroforestry in Bangladesh: Livelihood activities of the rural households. A poster presented at the XII world forestry congress, held in September, Canada, 2003.

Miah, G. M. and Nasimul, Bari., 2002. Traditional Agroforestry in Bangladesh: Livelihood activities of the rural households. A poster presented at the XII world forestry congress, held in September, Canada, 2003. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. p 1 Patuakhali, Program Development Office, Integrated Coastal Zone Planning Program (PDO-ICZM), ISBN: 984-8540-19-9.p

Millat-e-Mustafa, M. and A.K. Osman Haruni, 2002. Vegetation Characteristics of Bangladesh Homegardens. Forestry project, Intercooperation, Rajshahi, Bangladesh and Institute of Forestry & Environmental Sciences, Swiss Forestry Journal. University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. volume: 153 (12),ISSN 0036-7818.PP.445-461. UNDP, 2005. Uiited Nations Development Program Country Program for Bangladesh 2006-2010.

Salam, M. A. Noguchi, T. and Koike, M., 2000. Understanding why farmers plant trees in the homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh. Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Agroforestry Systems. 2000.509(1). PP. 77-93.

Saha, S. 2002. Homestead space planning: a field guide. Strengthening Household Access to Bari Gardening (SHABGE), CARE-Bangladesh, Dnajpur, Bangladesh

SRDI-(Soil Resource Development Institute), 2000.Soil Salinity in Bangladesh, WARPO (Water Resource Planning Organization), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

39 Photographs

Photograph 1: Focus Group Discussion with local people.

Photograph 2: Discussion with local experts and elderly people.

Photograph 3: Joint photograph with the local people.

40

Photograph 4: P.I. in a presentation sessoion

Photograph 5: Khejur tree (Date plant), Pheonix sylvestris.

Photograph 6: Tentul tree (Tamarind), Tamarindus indica in homestead .

41

Photograph 7 : Bichi kala (Banan), Musa sp in the homestead.

Photograph 8: Chal Kumra, White gourd, Benincasa hispida at the roof

Photograph 9: Small country boat used for selling homestead product (Betel nut)

42 Appendices 1. Village transact of the study (Nayapara, Choulapara and Kalisuri) Criteria Nayapara Choulapara Kalisuri Soil Sandy, clay Sandy-near river, clay Sandy, clay land : High 30% 30% 40% Medium High 40% 50% 35% Low 30% 30% 25% Drinking water Tube wells 100 % Tube wells 100 % Tube wells 100 % Pond after SIDR, - Pond after SIDR, - 9 tube wells 8 before& 5 tube wells 3 before& 2 8 tube wells 3 before& 1 after SIDR after SIDR 5 after SIDR Salt water Very high in dry season High in dry season No saline water Homestead and High base (uchu bhiti) , High base (uchu bhiti) , High base (uchu bhiti) , house tin-shade, kacha, one or tin-shade, kacha, one or tin-shade, kacha, one or two storied (ek-tala or do- two storied (ek-tala or two storied (ek-tala or tala) do-tala) do-tala) Homestead High, Medium high 10%, 40 %, 50% 5%, 75 %, 20% 30%, 50 %, 20% & low Coat-yard High and plain Big and plain Big and random Village dimension East-West North – South North-South Village periphery/ North – Alipur Like a island- Village east bank is boundary South-Kachapkhali Kachupatra, Aloki river which is East- Thanjupara andharmanik & connected with Tetulia West- Khajura canel bagirkhal river North – Chakamoiya North- Bhatsala South-Angarpara South-Kabitkati East- Jharakhali East- Aloki river West- Chakamoiya West- Ponahura Pond Mini pond in each Small, medium pond in Small, medium, big in homestead, each pond each homestead, each each homestead. over flow in saline water pond over flow in due to SIDR saline water due to SIDR Communication Tricycle, Honda, bus and Boat, engine boat, Boat, engine boat, walking walking bus,honda, walking Literacy Signed 80% 60% 85% Primary School 1 registered 1 Government 2 Government High school -- -- 1 Village market -- -- 1 Village tea stall Tulatoli road side BWDB embankment -- shade Village hospital 1 newly establishing -- 1 rural dispensary Field water Rainy season Misti pani ( Ashar- Misti pani ( Ashar- Misti pani ( Ashar- Kartik) in rainy season Kartik) Kartik) in rainy and, no Baki Samaya and apart from the season in rainy season and saline water Highly saline ( kachu apart from the season gach –o- mara jai) Highly saline

43 Vegetables Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Barbate, Karala Barbate, Karala Barbate, Karala Fruits Amm, Barai, Tetul, Kala , Amm, Barai, Tetul, Amm, Tetul, Kala , Papaya, Tal, Khejur Kala , Papaya, Tal, Papaya, Gab, Tal, Khejur Khejur Trees Raintree, Mahogany, Raintree, Mahogany, Raintree, Mahogany, Chambol, Babla Chambol, Babla Chambol

Appendices 2: Homestead plant biodiversity in the southwestern coastal zone of Bangladesh: way forward to identification, utilization and conservation Questionnaire- 2007 Sample Code Number: Respondent Category (√ ):

1. Identification of the Household Head

Name : Father’s Name : Village : Upazilla: Age : Education : Tribe(Bangsa) : Occupation : Family(√ ) : Single/ Combined

2. Estimated total farm size of the household i. Homestead land ………….…, ii. Cultivated land …………....,

2.1. Causes for land increasing and decreasing 1. 2.

44 3. Homestead cultivated and non-cultivated trees (herbs, shrubs, climbing and other plants) Name of Trees trees distribution Tot Uses al 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 >20 3.1.Timber Species

Name 3.2.Fruit Species

Name 3.3.Medicinal & spices Name 3.4.Ornamental species Name 3.5.Naturallygrowing species Name 3.6.Other(non-woody, shrubs, herbs etc)

3.2. Cultivated (summer and winter and naturally growing vegetables) Name of vegetables Comments/Use Summer Winter Naturally growing

3.3. Source of planting materials (seedlings) Source Name planting materials Remarks GOs Nursery Private nursery NGOs nursery Own production

45 Local market Relatives

4. Role in Income Generation Farm ……….. and off farm ………………………… 5. Food security 5.1. How many meals do you have per day normally (√ ) 1-2 meal/day 3meal/day Comments

5.2. Do you store foods Yes/not (√ ) Food items Amount Comments

6.Constraints/ limitations to household productivity Constraints /Limitations Way to over come

Signature Date

46 Appendices 3: ENUMERATION OF HOMESTEAD PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND THEIR UTILIZATION Study area- Dist.- Barguna, Thana- Aamtali, Union- Koroibaria and Vill.-Chawlapara 1. Fruits Species Planted fruit plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiacea Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture e 2.Jamrul Syzygium samarangense Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiacea Fruits, fuel e 4.Amloki Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiace Fruits, timber, dye, medicine ae 6.Ataphal Annona reticulata Annonaceae Fruits, timber 7.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools, fuel 8.Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 9.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Fruits 11,Jalpai Elaeocarpus robustus Elaeocarpace Fruits, oil ae 13.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 14.Deuwa Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 15.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 16.Loqut Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel 17.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 18.Kathal Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder 19.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket 20.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 21.Kamla Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits 22.Kamranga Averrhoa carambola Averrhoacea Fruits, herbal medicine e 23.Kadbel Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 24.Lichu Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel 26.Lebu Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 27.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence, handicrafts 28.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 29.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, pole, window rod 30.Sarifa Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits 32.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber, fuel 33.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice, timber, hand fan

47 1.2. Naturally growing fruit plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 34.Bilati gab Diospyros phillipensis Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg 35.Buno amra Fruits for wild animal 36.Choila Child fruits, fuel, birds animals fruits 37.Deshi gab Diospyros Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing net embrayopteris dying 38.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 33.Bahal Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits 40.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing 41.Ban-kathal Artocarpus chaplasha Moraceae Fruits for wild animal 42.Khurma Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Fruits for wild animal, pole khejur 43. Kharkhara Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof jam materials 44.Urmail Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio-pesticide, repellant

Timber Species Planted timber plants

Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole 4.Sada Karoi Albizia procesera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood 6.Akashmoni Acacia auriculiformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 7.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole, timber 8.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 9.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Gramineae Pole, fuel 10.Talla Bash Bambusa Gramineae Basket, fence, fuel, fishing longispiculata 11.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry 14.Kalo Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel karoi/sirish 18. Ipil-ipil Leucaena Leguminosae Timber, fuel, pole, industry leucochephala 19.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Cart, plough, boat, furniture, medicine, handicrafts, fuel 17.Kafula/Jhiga Lannea Anacardiaceae Fence, pole, fodder, coromandelica medicine 21.Sonail/Sonalu Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 23.Pahari-tula Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Quilt

48 24.Kat-tula/simul Bombax ceiba Bombacaeae Industry, oil, pillow, herbal 27.Tula ( Gossypium harbacium Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made materials Karpash) 28.Tula (Kat) Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Pillow, mat 29.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Fuel, Furniture

Naturally growing timber plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 29.Bal-gach Hydnocarpus Kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 30.Khoia-babala/ Pithecellobium dulce Leguminosae Jilapi phal 31.Madar Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder 33.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Timber, fuel 35.Pakur Ficus infectoria Moraceae Shade, puja, fuel 36.Pitali Trewa polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Fuel 38.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture products 40.Sundari Heritiera fomes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole 41.Bat Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Basket, furniture, handicraft 42.Bet Calamus rotung Palmae Shade, aesthetic, puja, fuel 43. Kewra/Karrak Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel 45. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish trap 46.Balai-gach/ Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae Bhola

2. Medicinal plant Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1. Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat 2. Deshi Neem Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine,furniture,cosmeti cs 3. Pahari neem Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine, timber 4. Daruchini Chinnamomum Lauraceae Spice, Herbal medicine zeylanicum

4. Ornamental Plants 4.1. Trees Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Bagan-bilash Bougainvillea spectabilis Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower 2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Jaba ful Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja 4. Seuli ful Nictanthes arbortristis Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower 5. Gandha raj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower,

49 7. Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puza 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caesalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower Ikjora/Rangon 12. Rangan Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower, 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,

4.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 14. Nayantara Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Two color flower 15. Ganda Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puja 16. Jhankaful Daily prayer & Puja 17. Patabahar Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness 18. Kalabati Canna indica Cannaceae Beautifulness 19. Morog ful Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Flower 20. Polianthus tuberose Amaryllidaceae Flower Rajanigandha 21. Dibanishi Flower 22. Timeful Portulacha sp. Portulacaceae Flower 23. Titbegun Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Vegetables, herbal medicine 24. Nakful

5. Non-Woody Plants

5.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2. Arhar dal Cajanus cajan Leguminosae Pulse 3. Kathali kala Musa sapientum Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 6. Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 7. Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 8. Anaji/Kacha kala Musa paradisiaca Curry, soup, smash 9. Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiacea Oil, lubricants e 10. Ankh Saccharum Juice, herbal medicine officinarum 11. Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine, tooth brush 12. Katabor Fruits 13. Ithali/Athali Glycosmis Rutaceae Fuel, tooth brush pentaphylla

5.2. Shrubs: Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance

50 16.Koiakacha Fuel 17.Nisinda Vitex negundo Verbinaceae Medicine, herbal use 18.Paddaguruj Tinospora cordifolia Menispermiac Herbal use, sarbat eae 19.Bhaitgach/Bhatial Clerodendrum Verbinaceae Herbal medicine i viscosum 21.Hargoza Acanthus illicifolius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence 22.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 23.Murta/ Sitalpati Clinogyne Marantaceae Luxury mat dichotoma 24.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus Euphorbiacea Herbal use, fuel reticulatus e 25.Basak Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal use 26.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulace Fuel, fence ae 27. Bonpat Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Fence, rope

5.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 21.Durba Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Medicine 22.Banmula Herbal medicine 23.Ouidda choppa Vegetable soup, fence, fuel 24.Biskatali Ploygonum Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel hydropiper 25.Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Medicine, smash , vegetable 26.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 27.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel 28.Botolgash Fence, fodder 29.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine 30.Dalgash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 31.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 32.Heugegach Fence, herbal medicine 33.Chirata Swertia chirata Gentianaceae 34.Shati Curcuma zedoarea Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine , baby food 35.Dhekisak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetable 36.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 37.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetna nask 38.Buno chaia Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 39.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal medicine 40.Chini Kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 41.Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash 42.Mithakachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash 43.Bontulsi Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 44.Bathua sak Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Vegetable

51 album 46.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Papilionaceae Vegetable 47.Maska lata Herbal medicine 48.Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae herbal medicine

6. Vine plants Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Herbal medicine 2. Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreacea Vegetable, smash e 3. Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae medicine, fodder, rope 5. Banna lata Mikania cordata Compositae medicine, fodder 6. Murmuira lata 8. Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Medicinal use 9. Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae medicinal use

7. Pond-wetlands plants Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio- fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 3. Bottle gash fodder, 4. Pani kachu Colocasia Araceae vegetable nymphifolia 5. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae fodder, fuel 6. Heus/chus Alternanthera Amaranthaceae fuel philoxeroides 7. Kachuripana Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae fuel/fodder 8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Tilak/Guripana Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae fish meal 10. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 11. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 12. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae vegetable, fish meal fuel 13. Bonkachu Colocasia sp. Araceae vegetable 14. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae fuel 15. Lajjya bati Mimosa pudica Leguminosae 16. Bis/Kanta kachu Lasia spinosa Araceae herbal medicine 17. Binnachopa Vetiveria zizanioides Gramineae fence, thatching, fhan 18. Ban kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae herbal medicine 19. Chau Imperata cyllindrica Gramineae Fuel, Making house-roof 20.Ban barali Vegetables, herbal medicine 21. Sakhorkhora spices, smell 22. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae medicinal plant, sarbat 23. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae fence, fodder, medicine 24. Helipata Fence,

52 25. Gool pata Nypa fruticans Palmae Fence, roof

8. Vegetables

8. 1. Cultivated vegetables Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name Round the year 1. Bombai marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, Salad, jhal 2. Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 3. Begun Solanum Solanaceae Vegetables, curry melongena 4. Chuna/Chal Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables kumra 5. Dharosh Abelmoschus Malvaceae Year round vegetables esculentus 6. Tomato Lycopersicon Solanaceae Year round vegetables lycopersicum Planted in summer period 7. Puisak Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine 8. Sashsa Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine, morobba 9. Rekha Fruits 10. Data Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem vegetables 11. Bilati dhane Spices, curry masla, smash 12. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable, curry, 13. Kara marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal 14. Khuitta marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal Planted in winter period 15. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 16. Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry, smash 17. Khiroi Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruits 18. Pat sak Corchorus Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables granatum 19. Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 20. Dhane pata Coriandrum Umbelliferae Spice sativum 21. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables 22. Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables

53 23. Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24. Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 25. Begun Solanum Solanaceae Fruit vegetables melongena 26. Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables 27. Lalsak Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetable tricolor 28. Tamato Lycopersicon Solanaceae Fruit vegetables lycopercum 29. Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables

8. 2. Naturally grown vegetables Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 3. Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Leafy vegetables, smash 4. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 5. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Used as vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera Amaranthaceae vegetable sessilis 7. Tit begun Solanum Solanaceae Vegetable used by the filicifolium MOG 8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables, curry 9. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 10. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leafy vegetables 11. Bathua Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae vegetables album 12. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 13.Gima sak Glinus Muluginaceae Vegetables oppositifolius 14. Dheki sak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetables 15. Kalai sak Lathyrus sativus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables

54 Appendices 4: ENUMERATION OF HOMESTEAD PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND THEIR UTILIZATION Study area- District- Patuakhali, Thana- Bauphal, Union- Kalisuri and Village- Kalisuri

3. Fruits Species Planted fruit plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture 2.Jamrul Syzygium Myrtaceae Fruits, timber samarangense 3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel 4.Ataphal Annona reticulata Annonaceae Fruits, timber 5.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools, mauritiana fuel 6.Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 7.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Fruits 8.Chalta Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Fruits, Herbal medicine, boat, fuel Jam-jelly 9. Golap jam Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae Fruits, Fuel 10.Jalpai Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil robustus 11.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 12.Deuwa Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 13.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 14.Loqut Eriobotrya Rosaceae Fruits, fuel japonica 15.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 16.Kathal Artocarpus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, heterophyllus fodder 17.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket 18.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 19.Kamla Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits 20.Kamranga Averrhoa Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal medicine carambola 21.Kadbel Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 22.Ltkon Baccaurea Euphorbiaceae Fruits ramiflora 23.Lichu Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel 24.Lebu Citrus aruntifolia Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 25.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence, handicrafts

55 26.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 27.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, pole, window rod 28.Sharifa Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits 29.Sharbati lebu Citrus limettoides Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine, drinks 30.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber, fuel 31.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice, timber, hand fan

1.2. Naturally growing fruits plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 32.Bilati gab Diospyros Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, phillipensis peg 33.Deshi gab Diospyros Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, embrayoopeteris fishing net dying 34.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 35.Bahal Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits 36.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing 37.Kharkhara jam Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof materials

4. Timber plants 2.1. Planted timber plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Mahogany Swietena mahagoni Meliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole chaplasha 4.Sada Korai Albizia procesera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood 6.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole, citriodora timber 7.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 8.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Graminae Pole, fuel 9.Talla Bash Bambusa Graminae Basket, fence, fuel, longispiculata fishing 10.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry 11.Kadam Anthocephalus Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, industry, cadamba medicine 12.Kali koroi Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house,

56 tools 13.Sada korai Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 14.Akashmoni Acacia Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, fuel auriculiformis 29.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Fuel, Furniture 16.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough, boat, fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts 17.Kafula/Jhiga Lannea Anacardiaceae Fence, pole, fodder, coromandelica medicine 18.Sonail/Sonalu Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 19.Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind breaker 20.Pahari-tula Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Quilt 21.Kattula/simul Bombax ceiba Bombacaeae Thread, oil, pillow, herbal 22.Chatian/Chatim Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Box, bark for disease 23.Rubber gach Ficus elastica Moraceae Beauty, fuel 27.Tula ( Karpash) Gossypium Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made harbacium materials

2.1. Naturally growing timber plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 26.Bal-gach Hydnocarpu kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 27.Madar Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder 28.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Palmae Timber, fuel 29.Nauasonail/Sona Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Timber, fuel, Medicinal 30.Pakur Ficus infectoria Shade, puja, fuel 31.Chatian Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Fuel. timber 32.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture products 33.Sundari Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole 34.Bat Ficus benghalensis Basket, furniture, handy craft 35.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Shade, aesthetic, puja, fuel 36. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish trap 37.Hijal Beringtonia Myrtaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish acutangula trap 38. Royna Aphanomixis Meliaceae Fuel, timber, handle, polystachya boat, Medicinal

57

5. Medicinal plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat 2.Deshi Nim Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine 3.Pahari nim Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine 4.Lot-pipal Litsea monopetala Lauraceae Herbal medicine 5.Olot-Kambal Abroma agusta Sterculiaceae Herbal medicine 6.Hartaki Terminala chebula Combrataceae Furniture, medicine, tools 7.Urmail Excoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Botanical pesticide, repellant 8.Tejpata Cinnamomum Louraceae Cocking, cent, spice tamala 9. Elachi Eletaria Zingiberaceae Fuel cardamomum

4. Ornamental plants 4.1. Trees Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Baganbilash Bougainvillea Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower spectabilis 2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Rakta Jabaful Hibiscus rosa- Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja sinensis 4. Seliful Nictanthes Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour arbortristis flower 5. Gandharaj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower, 5.Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puja 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caesalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Lythraceae Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,

4.2. Shrubs: Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 11.Ganda Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puza 12.Patabahar Codiaeum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness variegatum 13.Kalabati Canna indica Cannaceae Beautifulness

4.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance

58 name 14.Morogful Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Flower 15.Timeful Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Flower

5. Non-woody plants 5.1. Trees Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2.Kathali kala Musa sapientum? Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 3.Hetal/Hintal Phoenix paludosa Palmae Fuel, shade for animal 4.Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 6.Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 7.Anaji/Kacha Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash kala 8.Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Oil, lubricants 9.Akh Saccharum Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine officinarum 10.Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine , tooth brush 11.Katabor Fruits 12.Ithali/Athali fuel, tooth brush

5.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 28.Choukudani Medicine, fuel 29.Elachi Cinnamomum sp. 30.Koia-kacha Fuel 31.Bhait/Bhatiali Clerodendrum Herbal medicine viscosum 32.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 33.Murta/ Clinogyne Luxury mat Sitalpati dichotoma 34.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus Herbal use, fuel reticulatus 35.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence

5.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 36.Durba Cynodon dactylon Gramineae Medicine 37.Banmula Herbal medicine 38.Biskatali Ploygonum Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel hydropiper 39.Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Medicine, smash, vegetable

59 40.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 41.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel 42.Botolgash Fence, fodder 43.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scropholariaceae Herbal medicine 44.Heuge-gach Fence, herbal medicine 45.Shati Curcuma zedoaria Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine, baby food 46.Dheki shak Dryopteris sp. Vegetable 47.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 48.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetana nasak 49.Buno chai 50.Gol/Bon roson Herbal medicine, fodder 51.Amrulsak Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herbal medicine, smash 52.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Herbal medicine 53.Chini Kachu Vegetable 54.Goch alu Vegetable, smash 55.Mitha-kachu Vegetable, smash 56.Bontulsi/Tulsi Ocimum basilicum Herbal medicine 57.Bathua sak Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Vegetable album 6. Vine plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Leguminosae Vegetable 2.Maska lata Herbal medicine 3.Biralkata Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Herbal medicine 4.Kanai Commelina sp. Commelinaceae Fuel 5.Bispan Herbal medicine 6.Kumarilata Smilax zeylanica Lilliaceae Herbal medicine, 7.Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae Medicine, fodder, rope 8.Bhui Kumara Ipomoea Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine mauritiana 9.Banna lata Mikania cordata Compositae 10.Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use 11.Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae Medicinal use

7. Pond-wetland plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 3. Bottle gash fodder, 4. Pani kachu Colocasia Araceae vegetable nymphifolia 6. Heus/chus Alternanthera Amaranthaceae fuel philoxeroides

60 7. Kachuripana Eichhornia Pontederiaceae fuel/fodder crassipes 8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 10. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 11. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae vegetable, fish meal fuel 12. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae fuel 13. Binnachopa Vetiveria Gramineae fence, thatching, fhan zizanioides 14. Sakhorkhora spices, smell 15. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae fodder, fuel 16. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae medicinal plant, sarbat 17. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae fence, fodder, medicine

8. Vegetables 8. 1. Cultivated vegetables Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 8.1.1. Round the year 1.Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 2.Begun Solanum Solanaceae Vegetables, curry melongena 3.Chuna/Chal Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables kumra 4.Bombai marich Cucurbita spp. Cucurbitaceae spices, achar, jhal 5.Dheros Abelmoschus Malvaceae year round vegetables esculentus 6.Misti alu Solanum tuberosum 8.1.2. During summer period 7.Puisak Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine 8.Sasha Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine, morobba 9.Rekha Fruits 10.Data Amaranthus viridis Leafy and stem vegetables 11.Bilati dhane Spices, curry masla, smash 12.Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable, curry, fruit 13.Khara marich Capsicum Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal frutiscens 14.Khuitta marich Capsicum Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal frutiscens 8.1.3. During winter period 15.Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 16.Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae vegetables, curry, smash 17.Khiroi Cucurbita Cucurbitaceae Fruits moschata

61 18.Pat sak Corchopus Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables granatum 19.Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 20.Dhane pata Coriandrum Umbelliferae Spice sativum 21.Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables 22.Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 23.Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24.Begun Solanum Solanaceae Fruit vegetables melongena 25.Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables 26.Lalsak Amaranthus spp. Crusiferae Leafy vegetable 27.Tamato Lycopersicon Solanaceae Fruit vegetables lycopercum 28.Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables

1. 2. Naturally growing vegetables Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Leafy vegetables, smash 3. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 4. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Used as vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera Amaranthaceae vegetable sessilis 7. Titbegun Solanum Solanaceae Vegetable used by the MOG filicifolium 8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables, curry 10. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 11. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leafy vegetables 12. Bathua Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae vegetables album 13. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 15.Gima sak Glinus Muluginaceae Vegetables oppositifolius 16. Dheki sak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetables 17. Kalai sak Lathyrus sativus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables

62 Appendices-5: Enumeration of homestead plant biodiversity and their utilization Study area- Dist.- Patuakhali, Thana- Kalapara, Union- Latachapali and Village Nayapara

Fruits Species Planted fruits plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture 2.Jamrul Syzygium Myrtaceae Fruits, timber samarangense 3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel 4.Amloki Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Fruits, timber, dye, medicine embelica 5.Angur Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruits 7.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools, fuel mauritiana 9.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae fruits 11.Jalpai Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil robustus 13.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 14.Deaw Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 15.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 16. Loqut Eryobotrya Rosaceae Fruits, fuel japonica 17.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 18.Kathal Artocarpus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder heterophyllus 19.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket 20.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 22.Kamranga Averrhoa Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal medicine carambola 24.Lichu Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae fruits, fuel 26.Lebu Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 27.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, handicrafts 28.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 29.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, fence, pole, window rod 32.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber, fuel 33.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae fruits, fuel, juice, timber, hand fan

63 1.2. Naturally growing fruit plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 34.Bilati gab Diospyros Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg phillipensis 35.Buno amra Fruits for wild animal 36.Choila Child fruits, fuel 37.Pechi gab Diospyros Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing embrayopteris net dying 38.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 40.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing 41.Ban-kathal Artocarpus Moraceae Fruits for wild animal chaplasha 42.Ban khejur Phoenix aqualis Palmae Fruits for wild animal, pole 43. Kharkharajam Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof materials 44.Urmail Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio-pesticide, repellant 45.Khurma-kejur Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Fuel, timber, fence handle, boat

6. Timber plants 2.1. Planted timber plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni Miliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole chaplasha 4.Sada Korai Albizia procera Furniture, fuel, pole, wood 6.Akashmoni Acacia moniliformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 7.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole, citriodora timber 8.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 9.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Graminae Pole, fuel 10.Talla Bash Bambusa Graminae Basket, fence, fuel, fishing longispiculata 11.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combrataceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry 13.Segun Furniture, fuel 14.Kalo Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house korai/sirish 15.Sada Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole karoi/sirish 16.Akashmoni Acacia Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, fuel auriculiformis

64 17.Jhau Casuarina littoria Casuarinaceae Fuel, wind breaker 18.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, pole, industry 19.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough, boat, fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts 21.Sonail Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 22.Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind breaker 23.Pahari-tula Bombax Bombacaeae Quilt 24.Kat-tula/simul Bombax sea Bombacaeae Industry, oil, pillow, herbal 27.Tula ( Hibiscus spp. Quilt, cotton made materials Karpash) 28.Tula (Kat) Hibiscus spp. Pillow, mat

2.2. Naturally growing timber plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 29.Bal-gach Hydnocarpu kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 30.Khoia- Pithecellobium Leguminiceae babla/Jilapi dulce 31.Madar Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder Fruits 32.Bain Avicennia Verbanaceae Timber, fuel, honey officinalis 33.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Palmae Timber, fuel 35.Pakur Ficus infectoria Shade, puja, fuel 36.Pitari Trewa polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Fuel 38.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture products 39.Uri-am Mangifera sylvatica Anacardiaceae 40.Sundari Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole 41.Bat Ficus benghalensis Basket , furniture, handicraft 42.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Shade, aesthetic, puja, fuel 43. kewra/Karra Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel 45. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish trap 46.Balai- Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae Fuel gach/Bhola

7. Medicinal plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat 2.Deshi Nim Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine 3.Pahari nim Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine

65 4.Lot- Litsea monopetala Lauraceae Herbal medicine pipal/Kharajora 6.Hartaki Terminala chebula Combretaceae Furniture, medicine, tools 1.Daruchini Chinnamomum Lauraceae Medicine, Spice zeylanicum 2.Tejpata Cinnamomum Lauraceae Medicine, cocking, scent, tamala spice

8. Ornamental plants 4.1. Trees Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Jabaful Hibiscus rosa- Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja sinensis 4. Seliful Nictanthes Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower arbortristis 5. Gandharaj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower, 5.Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puja 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caisalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Lythriceae Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,

4.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 11.Nayantara Catharanthus Apocynaceae Two coloured flower roseus 12.Gada Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puza 13.Jhankaful Daily prayer & Puza 14.Patabahar Codiaeum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness variegatum

4.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 15.Timeful Portulaca Flower grandiflora 16.Titbegun Solanum nigrum Solanaceae vegetables, herbal medicine 17.Piajful Zephyranthes sp. Flower

5. Non-woody plants

66 5.1. Trees Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1.Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2.Kathali kala Musa sapientum? Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 3.Hetal/Hintal Phoenix paludosa Palmae Fuel, shade for animal 4.Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 6.Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 7.Anaji/Kacha Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash kala 8.Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Oil, lubricants 9.Akh Saccharum Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine officinarum 10.Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine , tooth brush 12.Ithali/Athali Fuel, tooth brush

5.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 13.Bhaitgach/Bha Clerodendrum Verbinaceae Herbal medicine tiali viscosum 14.Banjui Clerodendrum Verbinaceae Fuel, fence, herbal medicine inerme 15.Hargoza Acanthus illicifolius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence 16.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 17.Murta/ Clinogyne Luxury mat Sitalpati dichotoma 18.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus Herbal use, fuel reticulatus 19.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 20. Bonpat Corchorus Tiliaceae Fence , rope fascicularis

5.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 21.Durba Cynadon dactylon Gramineae medicine 22.Banmula herbal medicine 23.Ouidda choppa vegetable soup, fence, fuel 24.Biskatali Ploygonum Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel hydropiper 25.Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae medicine, smash , vegetable 26.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae herbal medicine

67 27.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae herbal medicine, fuel 28.Botolgash Fence, fodder 29.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine 30.Dalgash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 31.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae fuel, fence 32.Heugegach fence, herbal medicine 33.Chirata Swertia chirata Gentianaceae 34.Shati Curcuma zeodarea Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine , baby food 35.Dhekisak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetable 36.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 37.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetna nask 38.Buno chaia Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 39.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal medicine 40.Chini Kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 41.Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash 42.Mithakachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash 43.Bontulsi Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 44.Bathua sak Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Vegetable album 45.Bailla lata 46.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Papilionaceae Vegetable 47.Maska lata Herbal medicine 48.Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae Herbal medicine

6. Vine plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae Medicine, fodder, rope Bhui Kumra Ipomoea Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine mauritiana Banna lata Mikania scandens Compositae Herbal medicine, fodder Abeti Flagellaria indica Flagellariaceae Basket, handicraft Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae Medicinal use

7. Pond-wetland plants Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 4. Pani kachu Colocasia Araceae Vegetable nymphifolia 5. Dalgash Fodder, fuel 6. Heus/chus Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Fuel

68 philoxeroides 7. Kachuripana Eichhornia Pontederiaceae Fuel/fodder crassipes 8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Tilak/Guripana Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae Fish meal 10. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 11. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 12. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae Vegetable, fish meal fuel 13. Bonkachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 14. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae Fuel 15. Bis/Kanta Lasia spinosa Araceae Herbal medicine kachu 16. Binnachopa Vetiveria Gramineae Fence, thatching, fhan zizanioides 18. Mankachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Herbal medicine 19. Sakhorkhora Spices, smell 20. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 21. Shoti Curcuma zeodaria Zingiberaceae Baby food, medicine 22. Felun Vigna sp. Leguminosae Pulse, fuel 23. Barly Hordeum vulgare Gramineae Baby food, medicine 24. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Medicinal plant, sarbat 25. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae Fence, fodder, medicine 26. Helipata Fence, 27. Golpata Nypa fruticans Palmae Fence, roof

8. Vegetables 8. 1. Planted vegetables Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 8.1.1 Round the year 1. Bombai marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal 2. Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 3. Begun Solanum Solanaceae Vegetables, curry melongena 4. Chuna/Chal Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables kumra 5. Dheros Abelmoschus Malvaceae Year round vegetables esculentus 6. Tomato Lycopersicon Solanaceae Year round vegetables lycopersicum 7.Sajna Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 8.1.2. During summer period 7. Pui shak Basela alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine 8. Sashsa Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine, morobba

69 9. Data Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem vegetables 10. Bilati Spices, curry masla, smash dhane 11. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable, curry, 12. Khara Capsicum Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal marich frutiscens 13. Khuitta Capsicum Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal marich frutiscens 8.1.3. During winter period 14. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 15. Khet Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry, smash kumra 16. Khiroi Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 17. Pat shak Corchorus Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables capsularis 18. Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 19. Dhane Coriandrum Umbelliferae Spice pata sativum 20. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables 21. Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables 22. Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 23. Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24. Begun Solanum Solanaceae Fruit vegetables melongena 25. Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables 26. Lalsak Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetables 27. Tamato Lycopersicon Solanaceae Fruit vegetables lycopercum 28. Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables

8. 2. Naturally growing vegetables Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance name 8.2.1. Round the year 1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables 3. Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Leafy vegetables, smash 3. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 4. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Vegetable sessilis 7. Tit begun Solanum Solanaceae Vegetable filicifolium 8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables,

70 curry 8.2.2. During summer period 10. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 11. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leaf vegetable 8.2.3. During winter period 12. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables 13. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 15.Gima shak Hydrocotyle Umbeliferae Vegetables potundifolia 16. Dheki shak Vegetables 17. Kalai shak Lathyrus sativus Leaf vegetables

71 Appendics 6. Homestead Plant Biodiversity check-list. Name K- C- N- Scientific Name Family Uses S1 S2 S3 FRUITS Aam √ √ √ Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber, furniture Amrul/Ruail √ √ √ Phyllanthus acidus Euphorbiaceae Fruits, timber Amra √ √ √ Spondias Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel mangifera Amluki √ √ Embelica Euforbiaceae Fruits, timber, dye, officinalis medicine Angur - - √ Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruits Atafol √ √ Anona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits, timber Baroi/Kul √ √ √ Zizyphus Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture mauritiana tools, fuel Bel √ √ Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine Chapeda √ √ √ Achras sapota Sapotaceae fruits Chalta √ - - Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Fruits, herbal medicine, beautification, fuel Jalpai √ √ √ Elaeocarpas Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil robustus Golapjam √ - - Syzygium zambos Myrtaceae Fruits, fuel-wood Deshi Jam √ Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber Dewa √ √ √ Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel Dalim √ √ √ Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use Amrul/lokat √ √ √ Eriobotrya Rosaceae Fruits, fuel japonica Jambura √ √ √ Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine Kathal √ √ √ Artocarpus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, hetrophyllus fodder Khejur √ √ √ Phoenix sylvestris Pamaceae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket Sajna - √ - Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine Kamla √ √ Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits Kamranga √ √ √ Averrhoa Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal carambola medicine Kadbel √ √ Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine Lichu √ √ Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel Latkon √ - - Citrus fruits Lebu √ √ √ Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine

72 Narikel √ √ √ Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence, handicrafts Peyara √ √ √ Psidium guava Myrteceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools Supari √ √ √ Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, fence, pole, window rod Sarifa √ √ - Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits Sarbati lebu √ - - Citrus limetoides Rutaceae Fruits, drinks Tetul √ √ √ Tamarindus Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, indicus timber, fuel Tal √ √ √ Borassus flebellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice, timber, hand fan Fruits N/G Bilati gab √ √ √ Diospyros Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof phillipensis timber Buno amra - √ √ fruits for wild animal Choila - √ √ Child fruits, fuel, fruits eaten by birds, animals Pechi gab √ √ √ Diospyros Evenacieae Fruits, fuel, timber, embrayoopeteris fishing net dying Kaufal √ √ √ Garcinia cowa Guttuferae fruits Bahai/Bahal √ √ - Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits Bet √ √ √ Calamus rotung Arecaceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing Khurma √ - Phoenix dactylifera Palmae fruits for wild animal, khejur pole Lohakara √ √ √ Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, jam/kharkhary fence/roof materials a jam Urmail √ √ - Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio- pesticide, repellant Khurma-keja √ √ √ Fuel, timber, fence handle, boat TIMBER Mahogany √ √ √ Swietena mahagoni Miliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood Raintree √ √ √ Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wind breaker Chambal √ √ √ Artocarpus Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole chaplasha Sada Korai √ √ √ Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood Kali/ patrhure √ √ √ Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, kori wind anima Akashmoni - √ √ Acacia Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, auricoliformis wind anima

73 Eukalyptus √ √ √ Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Furniture, electric citriodora pole, timber Minjiri √ √ √ Cassia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole Basni Bash √ √ √ Bambusa vulgaris Graminae Pole, fuel Talla Bash √ √ √ Bambusa Bamboca-ceae Basket, fence, fuel, longispiculata fishing Katbadam √ √ √ Terminalia catappa Combrataceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry Kadam √ - - Anthocephalus Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, industry, chinensis fuel, medicine Segun - - √ Tectona grandis Verbinaceae Furniture, fuel, find breaker Kali √ √ √ Albizia Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house, korai/sirish odoratissimus tools wind breaker Jhau - - √ Casuarina littoria Casuarinaceae Fuel, wind breaker Telikadam √ √ √ Leucaena Leguminosae timber, fuel, pole, leucocephala industry Babla √ √ √ Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough, boat, fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts Kafula √ √ - Odina wodier Anacardiaceae Life fence, pole, fodder, medicine Sonail √ √ √ Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole Sissoo √ - √ Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind breaker Pahari-tula √ √ √ Bombax sp. Bobacaeae quilt Kat-tula/simul √ √ √ Bombax ceiba Bobacaeae Industry, oil, pillow, herbal Chatian/Chati √ - - Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Box, bark for disease m Rubber gach √ - - Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae Beautification, fuel Tula ( - √ √ Gossypium Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made Karpash) harbaceum materials TIMBER – N/W Bal-gach √ √ √ Hydnocarpus kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood Khoia- - √ √ Pithecellobium Leguminoceae babala/Jilapi dulce adar √ √ √ Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, Fruits fodder Bain - - √ Avicennia Verbaceae Timber, fuel, honey officinalis Goma/Gaua - √ √ Exoecaria Euphorbiaceae Timber, fuel agallocha Nauasonail √ - - Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Timber, fuel Pakur √ Ficus infectoria Moraceae Shade, Puzza, fuel

74 Pitali - √ √ Trewia polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Palti-mandar - √ √ Erythrina Leguminoceae Timber, agriculture ovalifolia products Uri-am √ - - Mangifera longipes Anacardiaceae Sundari √ √ Heriliera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole Bat √ √ √ Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Basket , furniture, handi -craft Bet √ √ √ Calamus sp. Arecaceae Shade, aesthetic, Puzza, fuel kewra/Karra - √ √ Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel Harra √ √ √ Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish trap Balai-gach - √ √ Hibiscus tiliacius Malvaceae Fuel Hijal √ - √ Beringtonia Myrtaceae Fuel, timber, handle, acutangula fish trap Royna √ - - Aphanamoxis Meliaceae Fuel, timber, handle, polystachya boat MEDICINAL Arjun √ √ √ Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat Deshi Nim √ √ √ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine Pahari √ √ √ Melia sempervirens Meliaceae Herbal medicine nim/Gora nim Lot-pipal √ Piper longum Piperaceae Herbal medicine Olot-Kambal √ Abroma augusta Sterculiaceae Herbal medicine Hartaki √ - √ Terminala chebula Combretaceae Furniture, medicine, tools SPICES Daruchini - √ √ Chinnamomum Lauraceae Spice verum Tejpata √ - √ Cinnamomum Louraceae Cocking, scent, spice tamala Elachi √ Elettaria Zingiberaceae Spice, medicine cardamomum ORNAMEN- TAL TREES Bagan-bilash √ Boungallia sp. Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower Bakulful √ Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber Jabaful √ Hibiscus rosa- Malvaceae Daily prayer & sinensis Puza Seuliful √ Nictanthes Oleacea Smell, Puza, color arbortristis Gandharaj √ √ √ Gardenia Rubiaceae Flower, jasminoides

75 Krisnachura √ Delonix regia Caesalpineae ornamental Karabi - - √ Nerium oliender Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puza Mendi √ Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Color, herbal , luxury Ikjora/ √ Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower Rangan Beli √ √ √ Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower, SHRUBS Nayan tara √ Catheranthus Apocynaceae Medicinal, roseas Ornamental Gada √ Tagetes erecta Compositae Daily prayer & Puza Jhumkaful √ Hibiscus Malvaceae Daily prayer & scizopetalus Puza Patabahar √ √ √ Codiaeum Euphorbiaceae Beautification variegatum Kalabati √ √ - Canna indica Cannaceae Beautification HERB Morogful √ √ - Celosia sp. Amaranthaceae Flower Rajanigandha - √ - Polyanthus Amaryllidaceae Flower tuberose Dibanishi - √ Flower Timeful √ √ √ Portulaca Portulacaceae Flower grandiflora Titbegun - - √ Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Vegetables, herbal medicine Nakful √ Piajful - - √ Zephyranthes sp. Amaryllidaceae Flower NON- WOODY Trees Bichi/Daya √ Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder kala Arhar dal √ √ - Cajanus cajan Legminosae Pulse Kathali kala √ Musa sapientum Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder Dhaincha √ - - Sesbania canabina Leguminosae Fodder, organic manure Hetal √ Phoenix pallucida Palmae Fuel, shade for animal Anaras √ √ √ Anona squamosa Amaryllidaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal Amjam/Hamj √ √ √ Polyalthya Annonaceae Fuel, timber am suberosa Anaji/ Kancha √ √ √ Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash kala

76 Bharon/ √ √ √ Ricinus communis Euphorbia-ceae Oil, lubricants Bhenna Akh Saccharum Gramineae Juice, herbal officinarum medicine Zaitan/Akon √ √ √ Gyrocarpus Gyrocarpaceae Herbal medicine , ameracana tooth brush Katabor √ √ √ Fruits Ithali/Athali √ √ √ Fuel, tooth brush SHRUBS Choukudani √ - - Medicine, fuel Koiakacha √ √ - Fuel Nisinda √ Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Medicine, herbal use Paddaguruj √ Tinospora Menispermiaceae Herbal use, sarbat tomentosa Bhaitgach/ √ √ √ Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Herbal medicine Bhatiali gach viscosum Banjul - - √ Fuel, fence, herbal medicine Hargoza √ Acanthus illicifoius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence Keyapata √ Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts Murta/ √ Clinogyne Marantaceae Luxury mat Sitalpati dichotoma Siptipin/Chitk √ Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Herbal use, fuel i reticulatus Basak √ Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal use Dholkalmi √ √ √ Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence Bonpat/Jangli √ Corchorus Tiliaceae Fence , rope pat aestuans HERBS Durba √ Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Medicine Banmula √ Herbal medicine Ouidda - √ √ Vegetable soup, choppa fence, fuel Biskatali Ploygonum Herbal use, fuel hydropiper Thankuni √ Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Medicine, smash , vegetable Apang √ Achyranthes Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine aspera Bansarisha √ Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel Botolgash √ Fence, fodder Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine Dalgash √ Hydrilla Hydrocharitaceae Fodder, fuel

77 verticillata Heugegach √ Justicia gnnderosa Acanthaceae Fence, herbal medicine Halud √ Curcuma Zingiberaceae Spices, medicine, domestica used in fesital Chirata √ Swertia chirata Acanthaceae Shati √ Curcuma zeodaria Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine , baby food Dhekirsak √ Dryopteris sp. Dryopteridaceae Vegetable Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Labiatae herbal medicine Dhutra √ - - Datura Solanaceae Herbal medicine, stramonium Poisonous Buno chai √ Gorashun/Bon √ Crinum latifolium Amaryllidaceae Herbal medicine, roson fodder Amrulsak √ Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herbal medicine, smash Chini Kachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable Goch alu √ √ Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash Mithakachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash Bontulsi/ Ocimum basilicum Labiatae Herbal medicine Babutulsi Bathua sak √ Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Vegetable album Bailla lata √ Mouchim √ √ Canavalia gladiata Leguminosae Vegetable Maska lata √ Herbal medicine Biral kata √ Callicarpa arborea Verbenaceae Herbal medicine Kanailala √ Fuel Climber Bispan √ Herbal medicine Kumarilata √ √ Smilax zeylanica Liliaceae Herbal medicine, Kailla lata √ Derris trifoliata Leguminosae Medicinal, fodder, rope Bhui Kumar √ Ipomoea Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine mauritiana Banna lata Mikania scandens Compositae Cattle food, fuel Murmuira lata √ Abeti √ Flagellaria indica Flagillariaceae Basket, handicraft Telakucha √ Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use Dadhi √ Cassia alata Leguminosae Medicinal use pata/Dadmard an Pond-Wet land Topapana √ Pistia stratiotes Araceae Cattle food, fuel,

78 organic fertilizer Khudipana √ Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fish food Bottle gash √ Fodder, Panikachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable Heus/chus √ Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Fuel philoxiroides Kachuripana √ Eicchornia Ponterderiaceae Fuel/fodder crassipes Tagarpana √ Fuel/fodder Kalmi √ Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Tilakpana √ Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae Fish meal Hoglapata √ Typha angustata Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope Sapla √ Nymphaea Nympheaceae Vegetables, fruits nouchali Bonkachu √ Colocasia Araceae Vegetable nymphaefolia Chachkata √ Trapa bispinosa Trapaceae Fuel Biskachu √ √ Medicinal Binnachopa Vetiveria Gramineae Fence, thatching zizanioides Banbarali √ √ Vegetables, herbal medicine Felun √ Pulse, fuel Lajja bati √ Mimosa pudica Leguminosae Barly √ Hordeum vulgare Gramineae Pathar kuchi √ Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Medicinal plant, sarbat Nalkhagra Phragmites karka Gramineae Fence, fodder, medicine Helipata √ √ Fence, Golpata √ √ √ Nypa fruticans Palmae

CULTIVATED VEGETABLES Name K Ch Na Scientific Name Family YEAR ROUND Bombai √ √ √ Capsicum sp. Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot marich Papaya √ √ √ Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash Begun √ √ √ Solanum Solanaceae Vegetables, curry

79 melongena Chuna/ Chal √ √ √ Bennincasa Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables kumra hispida Dharosh Hibiscus Malvaceae Year round esculentus vegetables Tomato Lycopersicon Soloanaceae Year round lycopersicum vegetables SUMMER Puisak(sada) Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine Sashsa Cucumis sativus cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine, morobba Rekha Fruits Data Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem viridis vegetables Bilati dhane √ Eryngium Umbelliferae Spices, curry foetidum masala, smash Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable, curry, fruit Khara marich Capsicum Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot frutescens Khuitta Capsicum Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot marich frutescens WINTER Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry, flour Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry, smash Khiroi Cucurbita Cucurbitaceae Fruits moschata Pat sak Corchorus Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables oletorius Dhundul Luffa cylindrical Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Winter Dhane pata Coriandrum Umbelliferae Spice sativum Gol alu Solanum Solanaceae Vegetables tuberosum Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Lau Lagenaria Cucurbitaceae Vegetables vulgaris Mula Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae Vegetables Lalsak Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Vegetables tricolor Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Vegetables

80 HouseMoneyentFestivalplanth -DifferentHouseholBaRisk TentulDeshi qualityrk bBananatree iodiversityWind (AtiaaS.N. LeafFamilyMarriagevpreparatiegetable- dcov  BambooDowrsons eduuteneraproty TamarinduKola) ectio sS.N.Boat Stem,GiftLocalindica- Musa ncatisilsge

VEGETABLES NON-CULTIVATED

Name K Ch Na Family Use YEAR ROUND Kalmi - √ √ Ipomoea alba Convolvulaceae Leafy vegetables Thankuni √ √ √ Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Leafy vegetables, smash Kachu √ √ √ Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables Kachur √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Used as vegetables lati/boi Haicha √ √ Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Vegetable sissilis Mankachu √ √ √ Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables Surmadani Leafy vegetables sak SUMMER Sapla √ √ Nyphaea nouchalli Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits Helencha √ √ Enhydra fluctuans Compositae Leafy vegetables WINTER Bathua √ √ Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Vegetables album Ghagra √ √ √ Xanthium indicum Boraginaceae Vegetables, soup, curry Nonta/ √ √ Portulaca oleracea Portulacaeae Vegetables nunuia sak Gima sak √ √ √ Glinus Molluginaceae Vegetables oppositifolius Dheki sak √ - - Dryopteris sp. Dryopteridaceae Vegetables Kalai sak √ √ Lathyrus odoratus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables Chata sak √ √ Leafy vegetables

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