sign in sign up
<<
Home , 1945 in poetry, Aaron Shurin, Adrienne Kennedy, Ai (poet), Alan Bernheimer, Alan Friedman

National Endowment for the Arts

NEA Literature Fellowships

40 Year s of Supporting American Writers National Endowment for the Arts

This year, the National Endowment for the Arts marks its 40th anniversary of leadership in the arts. The NEA is a public agency dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all ; and providing leadership in arts education. Established by Congress in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government, the Arts Endowment is the largest national funder of the arts, bringing great art to all 50 states, including rural areas, inner cities, and military bases. National Endowment for the Arts

NEA Literature Fellowships

40 Year s of Supporting American Writers

March 2006 Credits

This publication is published by: Photo Credits : Photo by Vance Jacobs (page 1) National Endowment for the Arts and Ralph Ellison: Photo by R. Philip Hanes, Jr. (page 3) Office of Communications Julia Alvarez: Photo by Bill Eichner (page 12) T. C. Boyle: Photo by Pablo Campos (page 13) Felicia Knight, Director Jared Carter: Photo by Diane Carter (page 14) Don Ball, Publications Manager/Editor Annie Dillard: Photo by Carin Clevidence (page 15) : Photo by Fred Viebahn (page 16) Designed by Nancy Bratton Design Andre Dubus: Photo by Marion Ettlinger (page 17) Cover Photo by Nancy Bratton Ernest J. Gaines: Photo by Dianne S. Gaines (page 18) Christina Garcia: Photo courtesy of Lavin Agency (page 19) Thanks to Amy Stolls, David Kipen, Jon Peede, Paulette Beete, Campbell Kaye Gibbons: photo by Marion Ettlinger (page 20) Irving, Pamela Kirkpatrick, and Garrick Davis for their contributions to : Photo by Peter Iseman (page 21) the publication. : Photo courtesy of author (page 22) : Photo by Dario Acosta (page 23) Voice/TTY: (202) 682-5496 Jane Hishfield: Photo by Nick Rosza (page 24) For individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. : Photo by Peyton Hoge (page 24) Edward P. Jones: Photo courtesy of HarperCollins (page 26) Individuals who do not use conventional print may contact the Arts Suji Kwock Kim: Photo by Jim Saah (page 27) Endowment’s Office for AccessAbility to obtain this publication in an : Photo courtesy of University of Nebraska-Lincoln (page 28) alternate format. : Photo courtesy of author (page 29) Telephone: (202) 682-5532 Bobbie Ann Mason: Photo courtesy of Viking Penguin (page 30) Davis McCombs: Photo courtesy of author (page 31) National Endowment for the Arts Marilyn Nelson: Photo by Fran Funk (page 32) 1100 Avenue, NW : Photo courtesy of author and Basic Books (page 33) Washington, DC 20506-0001 : Photo by Jerry Bauer (page 34) (202) 682-5400 : Photo courtesy of (page 35) : Photo by Philip Simic (page 36) Additional copies of this publication can be obtained free of charge by Jeffrey Skinner: Photo courtesy of author (page 37) contacting the NEA Web site: www.arts.gov. : Photo by Jack Canning (page 38) Cathy Song: Photo by John Eddy (page 39) This publication was printed on recycled paper. Suárez: Photo by Jason Flom (page 40) Larissa Szporluk: Photo courtesy of author (page 41) Nancy Willard: Photo courtesy of author (page 42) Joy Williams: Photo by Rollie McKenna (page 43) Tobias Wolff: Photo by Giliola Christe (page 44) Erdag Göknar: Photo courtesy of author (page 46) David Hinton: Photo courtesy of author (page 47) Lynne Sharon Schwartz: Photo courtesy of author (page 48) : Photo courtesy of author and Curbstone Press (page 49) Donald A. Yates: Photo courtesy of author (page 50)

Poet Laureate photos (page 52):

Billy Collins: Photo courtesy of Rita Dove: Photo by Fred Viebahn Louise Glück: Photo by Sigrid Estrada Ted Kooser: Photo courtesy of University of Nebraska-Lincoln : Photo by Ted Rosenberg : Photo by N. Alicia Byers : Photo by Jim Higgins : Photo courtesy of Library of Congress Years Contents

Preface ...... 1

The NEA Literature Fellowships Turn Forty: An Introduction ...... 3

NEA Literature Fellowships:

Creative Writing Fellows ...... 11

Translation Fellows ...... 45

National Awards and Honors Won by NEA Literature Fellows ...... 51

Chairman Dana Gioia

Preface

efore I assumed my current position, I sup- important, the NEA Fellowships have also recognized Bported my family for 12 years as a full-time many writers years before their talents were acknowl- writer. Although primarily a , I also reviewed edged by a wider audience, including Paul Auster, books and music, edited anthologies, gave readings, T. C. Boyle, Ernest J. Gaines, Tobias Wolff, Kay wrote for radio, and even taught college part-time. I Ryan, Ted Kooser, Oscar Hijuelos, X. J. Kennedy, did what it took to make a living—while always trying , and . to guard a little time for . Making one’s way In the fortieth year of the Arts Endowment’s ex- as a literary writer is hard work. Conse- istence, it seems both proper and timely to celebrate quently, I understand only too well the importance the history of the NEA Literature Fellowship pro- of the NEA Literature Fellowship program. Over the gram. Through this program of competitive indi- past 40 years, these awards have helped new writers vidual grants—3,256 individual grants to date—the find their voices and established authors continue agency has made a direct investment in American their work. The program represents one of the creativity. By helping writers at every stage of their great successes of the Arts Endowment in enriching careers, the National Endowment for the Arts has American culture. supported the excellence and diversity—cultural, Many important authors have been recognized stylistic, and geographic—of American letters. by the NEA. Some of our early grants went to writers The NEA awards also have had an importance whose work is now a permanent part of America’s beyond their immediate financial impact. By recog- literary legacy—, Isaac Bashevis nizing many writers at critical and often early stages Singer, , , Donald of their careers, the Fellowships have brought sig- Justice, , , Denise nificant attention to these individuals—publication Levertov, , and , opportunities, critical reviews, job offers, academic to name only a few immortals. The notable variety of tenure, and especially added self-confidence. Such their talents testifies to the inclusivity of the NEA’s forms of recognition bring enduring benefit to a program. You have to respect any poetry list broad writer’s life long after the fellowship check has been enough to include both and Charles cashed and spent. Bukowski— and . More

NEA Literature Fellowships 1 By helping writers at every stage of their careers, the once claimed that, “The United National Endowment for the Arts has supported States themselves are essentially the greatest poem.” the excellence and diversity—cultural, stylistic, and If that metaphor is true, then the Arts Endowment geographic—of American letters. has helped enrich and enlarge the national poem with 40 years of bold and constant support. I cannot imagine anyone surveying the pages of names that The NEA Literature Fellowship program includes follow without appreciating the enormous investment four award categories—fiction, poetry, creative nonfic- in American creativity represented by our program. tion, and . While the creative writing awards Most of these authors are still writing at the peak of have gathered most of the attention, the importance of their powers. As Whitman observed, “The strongest the translation awards can hardly be overstated. This and sweetest songs yet remain to be sung.” program has been especially significant in a period

when the publication of newly translated works by American presses has become a marginal activity. By supporting translation, the Arts Endowment broad- ens conversations among cultures and provides op- Dana Gioia portunities for Americans to gain perspective on our Chairman, National Endowment for the Arts own national identity by exploring the work of writers from around the world.

2 National Endowment for the Arts Authors John Steinbeck and Ralph Ellison at one of the first National Council on the Arts meetings in Tarrytown, NY.

The NEA Literature Fellowships Turn Forty: an introduction By Amy Stolls, NEA Literature Specialist

ne sweltering summer day in ’s capital, writers find the time and energy to write with night owhen the bureaucratic static of meetings and shifts and dirty diapers and a continual stream of re- deadlines and clerical crises had peaked, I looked jection letters? They struggle, might be one answer. at our wall of fellowship applications and said to our Or they stop, might be another. “If man needs bread hardworking intern we need art. After eight years at the and justice,” wrote , “he also needs agency, I knew the feeling of being buried in thou- pure beauty, which is the bread of his heart.” If it’s sands of folders and files and piles of paper three-hole a struggle to find this bread of the heart because it is punched, boxed in, and taped shut. I knew, too, that not being created and not reaching audiences, then when the job felt like a job, it was time to remind the logical next question for us as Americans should ourselves why we do what we do, and why we love it. We be: how can we best help? grabbed copies of a manuscript from the stacks and For 40 years, the National Endowment for the took a moment to read. And we were transported. Arts has been asking that very question. The answers When the language sings, you can find yourself: haven’t always come easy, but if you look through in a civil war or a morning routine, a filthy fifth- the following list of 2,756 writers and translators floor walkup or of sagebrush and sky, staring and listening and understanding the pain In its noble and unprecedented service to American letters, of a wounded soldier, the rage of a silenced citizen, the Literature Fellowship program has made an invaluable the simple joy of kicking a stone. On this particular contribution to the manifold expression of American culture. afternoon, we were led to a crescendo of a moment, powerful in its subtlety, of an old Jewish woman who have received NEA Literature Fellowships, who, after fifty years of sleeping through suburban you’ll see a varied landscape of the best contempo- afternoons and snapping insults, whispered for the rary literature America has to offer. And if you take first time the circumstances of her horrific capture into consideration that the majority of these writers during . We ended the story with our received their fellowships early in their careers, when hands over our hearts, our breath quickened, and a they most needed financial support and acknowledge- visceral desire to say to everyone in the office read this! ment to keep them writing, you’ll understand why we Then we wanted to know who this writer was. at the Endowment feel we have something to celebrate. Art leads us to the artists because we are curious In its noble and unprecedented service to American creatures. How do they do it? we wonder. If only a letters, the Literature Fellowship program has made an few hundred literary authors in America can make invaluable contribution to the manifold expression of a living from royalties on books alone, how do most American culture.

NEA Literature Fellowships 3 How the NEA Literature A Unique System Fellowship Process Works Today The NEA Literature Fellowship program is argu- ably the most egalitarian grant program in its field. Writers who meet the Endowment’s eligibility The $20,000 fellowships for general writing-related requirements may apply by filling out a form (avail- costs are highly competitive, but unlike most other able on the NEA Web site: www.arts.gov) and send- literary awards, they are selected through an anony- ing in a sample of their best work. In a year when prose is reviewed, applicants submit 30 pages of fic- mous process in which the sole criterion for review is tion or creative nonfiction; in the alternate year for artistic excellence. poetry, they submit 10 pages of poems (translation How, then, is it possible to ensure the diversity is a separate category with different requirements). of of writers to whom we give grants? We To facilitate the process of blind judging, our staff assemble a different panel of judges every year, each assigns a tracking number to each anonymous diverse with regard to geography, ethnicity, gender, manuscript, copies of which are then sent to a panel of distinguished American writers who spend five age, aesthetics, and life experience. This system helps, months evaluating them. but it’s no guarantee; a Latina poet, for example, can speak out for poetry by and about Latinas or be its To ease the workload (and entice panelists to serve), harshest critic. And yet, the NEA’s commitment to we split the panel into teams, each of which receives artistic excellence leads consistently to diversity. Take a portion of the total number of manuscripts (which came in just under 1,600 in FY 2005). Each team the 42 prose Fellows from FY (fiscal year) 2004: picks its favorites, thus creating a pool of manuscripts they hailed from 22 states; 43 percent of them were to be discussed at a meeting all panelists will attend women; and they ranged in age from 27 to 58. Also in Washington, DC. Every chosen manuscript is read, demonstrating the openness and inclusiveness of discussed, and scored by a subset of judges (panelists the program is the fact that 93 percent of them were include a layperson, who acts as a representative of the public and is not in the business of writing books first-time NEA grant recipients. The two things the but is an avid reader and knowledgeable on the genre 2004 Fellows all have in common? They are Ameri- of the manuscripts being reviewed). At this point, can, and their writing made a panel of distinguished any panelist who is in conflict with a manuscript is authors sit up and take notice. removed from the subset of reviewers. The fundamental emphasis of the program has Manuscripts are ultimately rank-ordered according always been on artistic excellence. Despite an anony- to their combined scores. The full panel looks at the mous process, the Endowment has had an outstand- ranked list and makes its final recommendations, ing track record of finding and supporting talent. which then go through two more levels of review: For example, 46 of the 70 recipients of the National the presidentially appointed and Senate-confirmed Book Award, the National Book Critics Circle National Council on the Arts and the NEA Chairman. Award, and the in Poetry and Fiction Fellows are announced to the public at the end of each year. They may use their grant as they wish, since 1990 were previous NEA Fellows. All but three as long as it relates to their writing. They will send received NEA Literature Fellowships before any ma- us a progress report during the grant period and a jor national award, usually at least a decade earlier. final report at the end, usually outlining publishing achievements and speaking engagements. In the Beginning In this ever-changing world, there are always timely In May 1966, eight months after the NEA and its ad- issues that demand attention. What exactly is cre- visory board—the National Council on the Arts—were ative nonfiction? Should certain self-published work established, Council members Ralph Ellison, Paul be eligible? Should we accept manuscripts in other Engle, , and John Steinbeck proposed languages? How do graphic novels or blogs or per- formance poems fit into the picture? At the end of the development of a program to provide grants to every panel meeting, the Endowment holds a public creative writers. policy session in which panelists (who are sometimes While the Endowment awarded individual former NEA Fellows themselves) raise these sorts of grants to all types of artists in 1966—, questions and offer suggestions. This, in fact, is how X. J. Kennedy, Léonie Adams, and W. D. Snodgrass the Endowment arrived at a system that works: by among them—a formal program to support creative listening to the advice of those over the years who sailed, stumbled, or slogged through it all. writers began in 1967 with 23 individual grants to

4 National Endowment for the Arts Initial Goal of the Program in 1967 NEA Literature Program’s first controversy. ’s seven-letter poem—lighght—for which a federally funded effort indirectly paid $750—was To help all writers, but in particular those writers among those selected for the anthology. Though the who were—to use a modern term—underserved, such as: poem was picked by Plimpton rather than an NEA panel, it caused a flurry of agency criticism. Michael · Non-teaching writers; Straight, then deputy chairman of the Endowment, · Women with domestic responsibilities and was personally called to the offices of 46 members of dependent children; Congress to explain the matter. · Talented writers from disadvantaged Other individual grants in Literature made backgrounds, including urban ; an immediate impact on developing writers. The · Young writers who do not yet have the kind Endowment gave grants to writers to visit predomi- of established reputations to appeal to private nantly black colleges in the South. It gave grants to foundations; and help writers and other artists teaching in institutions · Older writers whose reputations have faded, of higher learning to take one-year leaves to pursue but who have made distinguished contributions their creative work. And it gave grants for travel or to the cultural fabric of this country, and whose research or finishing a work-in-progress. Most of productive years may be extended and enriched these grantees were hand-selected by a Literature by aid and recognition. advisory panel. The issue of whether to fund established writers for their accomplishments or help younger writers such writers as , Tillie Olsen, Grace find time and resources to write was at the forefront Paley, , Richard Yates, and Isaac Bashe- of the debates in the early days of the program. For vis Singer. With his grant money, Singer was able to a time, the Endowment gave lifetime achievement focus on completing his novel The Manor; 11 years later, awards designed to attract national attention to writ- he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Similarly, ers of significant accomplishment, writers such as numerous well known today—Hayden Carruth, John Berryman, , Wallace Stegner, , —were awarded NEA and Gwendolyn Brooks. These fellowships never gar- grants that year at a time when their national literary nered enthusiastic support from Congress, and even reputations were still developing. in the arts community one could hear rumblings To facilitate the new program, the Endowment about “aesthetic partisanship.” appointed poet in 1968 as the first NEA Literature Director. From that time to today, Discovery Grants the NEA Literature Program has been committed to The Endowment initially decided it could make the support of the individual writer. a greater contribution through Discovery Awards For the first six years of the program, there were to emerging writers. The Endowment hired “tal- several variations of such support. While most of ent scouts” to find these gifted, financially needy, the NEA’s grants were not controversial, the agency learned early on that it would be criticized for deci- sions, including ones it did not make directly. For NEA’s Lifetime Achievement Awards example, in 1970, the NEA gave a grant in support of The American Literary Anthology, edited by George Plimp- ton. Under the guidelines then in place, editors of In the late 1960s, there were Distinguished Ser- leading literary magazines were asked to submit works vice Awards, worth $10,000; in the 1980s, they of authors presented in their magazines that year. were called Senior Fellowships, worth $15,000 These authors were paid a cash award and included at the start, climbing to $25,000 in 1984 and $40,000 in 1986. They were finally cut in 1992 in the anthology. The program ended in part due due to shifting priorities. to delays in publication of the first volume, con- cerns of self-sustainability, and what became the

NEA Literature Fellowships 5 unknown writers. The response from the scouts was which 120 were awarded grants at $5,000 each (the “overwhelming,” claims a 1967 report to the Council, number of applications escalated to nearly 2,500 citing “a young Negro poet who supports her three the next year). Reflective of the time, most of them children by running a general store in ,” and were from men, and more than half were from poets. another “young Southern writer, blind since birth Four years later, the number of successful fiction and seriously crippled in infancy, who has managed applicants would substantially exceed the number of to struggle through her teacher’s certificate, and is poets. And by the mid-1980s, applicants would come now teaching young children in , and writ- to represent American writers living in all 50 states ing poems and stories for three hours each evening.” and Washington, DC, and women would make up Grants were then awarded according to need: $1,000 a significant portion of each year’s grantees. What to the single writer without dependents; $1,500 to hasn’t changed significantly over the decades is the the writer with one dependent; and $2,000 to the percentage of applicants who are chosen to receive writer with two or more dependents. Among these grants; on average it has been only five percent, with recipients one can find the 25-year-old Alexander recent years showing two or three percent. Theroux and the 26-year-old . The Endowment periodically tweaked the fellow- The Discovery Awards didn’t last long. The first ship process to meet the demands of the times and advisory panel on literature, consisting mostly of edi- the ever-increasing workload. To adjust for cost-of- tors and publishers, held its first meeting in Septem- living, the amount of the grant was incrementally ber 1970 and recommended these awards be terminat- increased over the years. Film and television script- ed. Members voted almost unanimously in opposition writers were transferred to the Endowment’s Media Arts Program; playwrights were sent to the The- The fundamental emphasis of the program has always ater Program. Guidelines were amended to accept been on artistic excellence. manuscripts in languages other than English if they came with an English translation. Eligibility require- to the addition of economic need as a determining ments became more stringent to address the growing factor in making grant selections. In 1972, therefore, number of applications. “Belles lettres” was added the Endowment began what can be called the precur- as a genre eligible for funding and then changed to sor to the current system—a competitive fellowship “creative nonfiction.” And when Congress signifi- program based on artistic merit. cantly reduced the budget in FY 1996, the Endow- ment moved to judging genres in alternate years Creating the Process (prose one year, poetry another). To receive a fellowship in the early 1970s, a writer had to be nominated by an established writer. An oversight Translation Awards committee composed of a broad spectrum of publish- Perhaps the most successful outgrowth of the 1980s ers, editors, agents, critics, and other experts in the was the development of a process to review fellowships field from around the country selected the nomi- in translation, which began in 1981 and flourished nators—among them , Eudora Welty, under the leadership of then Literature Director George P. Elliott, , , Frank Conroy. Translation Fellowships in poetry and and . (The Endowment publicized prose are currently offered to published literary trans- the names of committee members and nominators to lators for specific translation projects from other lan- avoid the perception that decisions were being made in guages into English. Unlike the other fellowships, the secret.) The nominators were to recommend potential Translation Fellowships are not reviewed anonymous- writers who had published a book or at least two short ly, and they can be for either $10,000 or $20,000, stories or poems or essays in magazines, or had a play depending on the scope and merit of the project. To staged. From their recommendations, the NEA Litera- date, the Endowment has awarded 246 Translation ture Fellowship program was launched with 27 awards. Fellowships, bringing to the American public more When the system of nominations was replaced than 200 foreign works in 46 languages from 60 with an open application policy in 1974, the Endow- countries. Among them one can find Khaled Matta- ment received a whopping 1,500-plus proposals, of wa’s (FY 1999) translation of Without an Alphabet, Without a

6 National Endowment for the Arts Translation Fellows: Languages and Countries

The NEA has awarded 246 Translation Fellowships since the program began in 1981, bringing to the American public more than 200 foreign works in 46 languages from 60 countries.

Languages Countries Languages Countries Albanian ...... Albania Japanese ...... ...... , Jordan, Lebanon, Korean ...... Korea ...... Libya ...... Armenian ...... Armenia Lithuanian ...... Lithuania Aztec ...... Malagasy ...... Madagascar Bengali ...... Bangladesh, Malay ...... Malaysia Burmese ...... Burma Nepali ...... Nepal Carib ...... Venezuela Norwegian ...... Norway Catalan ...... Polish ...... Chinese ...... Portuguese ...... , Portugal Tamil ...... India Rajasthani ...... India Cree/ Romanian ...... Romania Swampy Cree ...... Canada Russian ...... Czech ...... Serbo-Croatian ...... Bosnia, former Yugoslavia Danish ...... Denmark, Sinhala ...... Sri Lanka Dutch ...... Holland Spanish ...... Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Finnish ...... Finland ...... , Costa Rica, , French ...... Czech Republic, , ...... Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, ...... Martinique, Romania, ...... Puerto Rico, Spain, ...... Switzerland, Uruguay, ...... Uruguay ...... Vietnam, West Indies, Swedish ...... Finland, Sweden ...... Zaire Turkish ...... Turkey German ...... , Romania Ukrainian ...... Greek ...... Cyprus, Urdu ...... Hebrew ...... Germany, , Spain Vietnamese ...... Vietnam Hindi ...... India Welsh ...... Wales Hungarian ...... Yiddish ...... Poland, Russia Indonesian ...... Indonesia Italian ...... Italy

Face by Saadi Youssef, one of the Arab world’s foremost lobbied for its demise. Some criticism has come contemporary poets who deftly shows us a glimpse into from writers. , for example, modern Iraqi culture; and Howard Goldblatt’s (FY told in 1992 that he “objected to a 1992) translation of Red Sorghum by Chinese author Mo welfare system that would turn wild artists into tame Yan, which received publicity through the critically lapdogs.” Many vocal critics came from the halls of acclaimed 1987 film by the same name. Congress, which exercises legal oversight and budget control of the NEA, as it does with all federal agen- Transition: The 1990s cies. “Aid to individuals is nothing more than a Throughout the life of the fellowship program, subsidy for , , junkies, and Vietniks,” critics have questioned its worth or, in some cases, stated one member of Congress during the Vietnam

NEA Literature Fellowships 7 War. Congressmen with concurring views, if not The Program Today concurring quotes, were successful in moving the Celebrating the discipline from which he emerged, House to curtail the Endowment’s ability to award Chairman Dana Gioia has increased the allocation individual grants. The agency, however, made a for support to writers, thus raising the number of strong case for the restoration of this power. A Con- NEA Literature Fellowships from 42 in FY 2004 to gressional compromise allowed grants to continue, 50 in FY 2006. In addition, he has tightened the as long as the words “of exceptional talent” were conflict of interest requirements for panelists both inserted to describe persons who would be eligible. to ensure the integrity of the process and to prevent A larger threat to the program, and to the agency even the appearance of any conflicts. “The fellowship as a whole, came in 1995 when measures emerged in process for a public agency needs to be fair, open, the House to phase out the Endowment or, at the democratic, and inclusive,” stated Gioia. very least, slash the budget and abolish all grants to Gioia also supported a policy shift in FY 2005, individual artists. The literature field, in pure grass- initiated by Literature Director Cliff Becker, to roots fashion, rose up in protest to the cuts. Hun- separate the review process for fellowships in transla- dreds of writers published opinion pieces and wrote tion from the review process in creative writing to letters. Representatives from literary organizations highlight the importance of translation as its own held meetings every month and brought writers to art form. “The American arts are most vibrant when Capitol Hill to meet with Congressmen, writers such they include the best works of art from other na- as E. L. Doctorow, Wendy Wasserstein, Bobbie Ann tions,” said Gioia. “Through our commitment to Mason, and Walter Mosley. funding translation, the NEA has been an essential “People all across America came together to catalyst for bringing the world’s literature to our prioritize the fellowships,” said Gigi Bradford, country.” NEA Literature Director from 1992 to 1997. “The Since 1996, the number of Literature Fellow- individual fellowships made up 50 percent of our ships has increased overall and the review process budget in literature, so we had a lot to lose.” Ulti- continues to impress its participants. “Scrupulous- mately, Congress voted to eliminate individual grants ness was the watchword of those overseeing our awarded by application in all disciplines, except for discussions and our voting, and scrupulousness was Literature Fellowships in poetry, fiction, creative our guide,” wrote Elinor Lipman, a judge for the FY nonfiction, and translation. (Congress also voted to 2006 Creative Writing Fellowships. “My experience continue two popular lifetime achievement fellow- on the panel, listening and discussing, arguing or ships awarded through public nominations—the NEA defending, restored my faith in level playing fields National Heritage Fellowships and the NEA and art for art’s sake.” Masters Fellowships.) The present-day NEA Literature Division The Congressional decision to continue the administers several other programs in addition to Literature Fellowships affirmed the integrity of the anonymous panel review process and the undeniable excellence of Literature Fellowship recipients. “The $20,000 committee recognizes that a great many of the grants Individual to individuals have been for projects of superior Grant Amounts merit and worth,” states a 1995 majority report on the Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments from the Senate Labor and Human Resources Com- $12,500 mittee. “It was a victory not to have to change policy,” $10,000 said Bradford. “After the cuts, there was intense $7,500 Congressional scrutiny of the process, but it was $6,000 $5,000 always affirmed by both the agency and by erstwhile Congressional critics.” 1972–74 1976 1977 1979 1981 1985–present

8 National Endowment for the Arts NEA Literature Directors The Fellows Carolyn Kizer ...... 1968–69 Fellows are freelance writers and university lecturers. Len Randolph ...... 1970–78 But they are also registered nurses and gardeners, David Wilk ...... 1979–81 diplomats and farmers. One Fellow I called about Frank Conroy ...... 1982–87 winning a grant said she was a mother of 12. Another Stephen Goodwin ...... 1988–90 said he had been volunteering as a subject for medi- cal experiments to make money and he was glad not Joe David Bellamy ...... 1990–92 to have to do that anymore. Gigi Bradford ...... 1992–97 Most Fellows will tell you the money they received Cliff Becker ...... 1998–2005 provided an essential boost to their career. But they David Kipen ...... 2005–present also will tell you the benefits of an NEA grant extend far beyond the cash. They’ll tell you it allowed fam- ily, friends, and colleagues to accept them as serious the Literature Fellowships, all designed to build an writers, that it brought them into first or further infrastructure that can support American writers contact with editors, publishers, and other writers at and connect them with communities nationwide. the national level. It got them invitations to conduct “Through its grants to literary journals and presses, workshops, give readings, or teach. It allowed them literary centers, reading series, festivals, writers-in- to undertake longer or different kinds of work, to the-schools programs, libraries, and other literary take risks, to write with confidence. And it gave them organizations, the Endowment ensures that the writ- a desire to give back to their country. ing of our Fellows is published and preserved,” Gioia In his final report at the completion of his FY stated. “We should remember the words of Whitman 1999 grant, poet Dainis Hazners from who said, ‘To have great poets, there must be great recounted the following anecdote: audiences, too.’” These grants to organizations con- nect Fellows with audiences across the country—from At the feed store, buying grain for my soccer moms to soldiers, radio listeners to subway goats and chickens, I was introduced to the riders, secondary-school students to senior citizens. new owner as Our Local Poet. “He’s the one To further cultivate an audience for literature, got that big award. Quite the honor.” Chairman Gioia announced in December 2005 “I was … shocked,” I offered. the launch of The , headed by Literature “You mean that NBA outfit back East?” Director David Kipen. Modeled after successful “city the new guy asked. reads” programs, is a national initiative “National Endowment for the Arts,” I to encourage literary reading by asking communities said, meekly. “Washington.” to come together to read and discuss one book. In “That’s it. I’m proud to know you!” he partnership with Arts Midwest, the NEA will provide grinned. organizer’s guides, reader’s guides, teacher’s guides, CDs of readings, a Web site, and additional fund- “It’s amazing to me,” wrote Hazners, that “even ing to selected communities to initiate activities and after a year, people remember. I belong to them, in partnerships with schools, arts organizations, and lo- a funny kind of way—like the mountains and the bad cal government. “The NEA’s landmark 2004 study, weather, I’m out there somewhere.” Reading At Risk, showed that literary reading in the U.S. May the bread of the heart be plenty, may the bak- is in steep decline,” said Gioia. “No single program ers be always out there. Happy 40th anniversary, NEA. can entirely reverse this trend. But if cities nationally unite to adopt The Big Read, together we can restore reading to its essential place in American culture.”

NEA Literature Fellowships 9

Creative Writing Fellows The fiscal year(s) NEA Literature Fellows received the award is in parentheses following the name. Residence listed is that of the Fellow at the time of award (for multiple awards, residence of most recent award is used).

Sandra Alcosser (85, 91) Margaret Anderson (84, 91) Encinitas, CA Kent, OH a Daisy Aldan (69) Rodney L. Anderson (80) Chester Aaron (76) , NY New York, NY Moraga, CA Elizabeth Alexander (92) Bruce Andrews (79) Jonathan Aaron (84) Washington, DC New York, NY Cambridge, MA Margaret Walker Alexander Andrews Lee K. Abbott (79, 85) (91) (94) , OH Jackson, MS Chatham, VA Louise Abbott (68) (92) Jeanne Andrews (74) Louisville, GA Wellpinit, WA St. Paul, MN Nelson Algren (76) Thomas Andrews (93) Julia Alvarez (87), born in Raymond Abbott (79) Louisville, KY Hackensack, NJ Athens, OH to Dominican parents, has written 14 books Robert Abel (78) Jody Aliesan (77) Bim Angst (81) Lake Pleasant, MA Seattle, WA Starkville, PA of essays, poetry, short sto- ries, novels, children’s books, Walter Abish (79, 85) Debra Allbery (86, 93) A. Manette Ansay (93) Carlisle, PA Exeter, NH and young adult novels, New York, NY including How the García Girls Thomas Absher (76, 84) Dick Allen (84) Carol Anshaw (95) Lost Their Accents (1991) and Plainfield, VT Trumbull, CT , IL In the Time of the Butterflies Diana Abu-Jaber (94) Mary Allen (02) Robert Antoni (88) (1994). Alvarez has also Eugene, OR Iowa City, IA Iowa City, IA translated the poetry of Diane Ackerman (76, 86) (77) Donald Antrim (02) . St. Louis, MO Cubero, NM , NY Jennifer Ackerman (04) Samuel Allen (79) Gloria Anzaldua (91) Charlottesville, VA , MA Santa Cruz, CA I had been writing for over Duane Ackerson (75) John Allman (84, 90) Max Apple (76) two decades and thinking I Eugene, OR Katonah, NY , TX would never be considered Ralph Adamo (03) Margaret Almon (97) Philip Appleman (75) a true American writer , LA Dunmore, PA New York, NY because I was an immigrant (76) Juan Alonso (73) James Applewhite (75) girl with English as my , CA Somerville, MA Durham, NC second language. But I kept Dock Adams (68) S. Keith Althaus (76) Ricardo Aquilar (89) working at the craft, writ- Charleston, MO Provincetown, MA El Paso, TX ing, revising, trying to keep Glenda Adams (81) Julia Alvarez (87) Ray Aranha (77) faith with the dream inside New York, NY Urbana, IL Stamford, CT me. Every year I’d send off Léonie Adams (66) Bay Anapol (06) Anthony Ardizzone (85, 90) Santa Fe, NM Bloomington, IN my application for an NEA New York, NY grant, hoping that this Mary Adams (05) (79) Linda Arking (76) Albuquerque, NM New York, NY would be the year my work Cullowhee, NC was recognized. When I got Elizabeth Adcock (84) Barbara Anderson (86) Jose Armas (83) Raleigh, NC Tucson, AZ Albuquerque, NM my NEA grant, I felt as if Calvin Anderson (76, 87) Carroll Arnett (75) I was now included among Kim Addonizio (90, 95) San Francisco, CA El Paso, TX Mecosta, MI the storytellers and poets of Chris Adrian (02) Daniel Anderson (03) Craig Anthony Arnold (99) my new country! Norfolk, VA Sewanee, TN Salt Lake City, UT Joel Agee (87) Donald Anderson (96) Alfred Arteaga (95) Brooklyn, NY Springs, CO Berkeley, CA Jonis Agee (78) Jack Anderson (69, 73) Elizabeth Arthur (83, 89) St. Paul, MN New York, NY Waterville, ME Thomas Ahern (79) James Anderson (79) L. S. Asekoff (97) Providence, RI Oxford, IA St. James, NY (79, 85) Jon Anderson (81, 86) (69) Lexington, KY Tucson, AZ New York, NY Ellen Akins (88) K. Douglas Anderson (93) Sandra Asher (77) Chicago, IL Florence, MA Springfield, MO

12 National Endowment for the Arts Renee Ashley (97) Wendy Barker (86) Peter S. Beagle (78) Ringwood, NJ Boerne, TX Watsonville, CA Daphne Athas (68, 74, 79) Bradford Barkley (94) Bruce Beasley (92) Chapel Hill, NC Fayetteville, AR Charlottesville, VA Samuel Atlee (00) Coleman Barks (79) Laura Beausoleil (81) Lancaster, PA Athens, GA San Francisco, CA Alvin Aubert (73, 81) Anna Marie Barlow (76) Geoffrey Becker (95) , MI New York, NY Iowa City, IA Jessica Auerbach (85) Djuna Barnes (80) Robin Becker (89) Ridgefield, CT New York, NY Cambridge, MA Paul Auster (79, 85) (78) Barry Beckham (83) Brooklyn, NY Macon, MO Providence, RI (76) John Beecher (76) T. C. Boyle (78, 83) has Ossining, NY Burnsville, NC written 11 novels and b Rick Barot (01) Ralph Beer (86) seven collections of short Oakland, CA Helena, MT stories, including World’s End (87) (1987), for which he won the Albuquerque, NM Elizabeth Barr (89) Robin Behn (92) , PA Tuscaloosa, AL PEN/Faulkner Award. Boyle Charlotte Bacon (00) founded the creative writing (97) Ben Belitt (66) Lee, NH program at the University of Northridge, CA Bennington, VT William Baer (94) Southern in 1978 Evansville, IL (92) M. Shayne Bell (91) and still directs it. Rochester, NY Salt Lake City, UT Robert Bagg (74) Northampton, MA Carol Barrett (91) Madison Smartt Bell (92) San Antonio, TX , MD Thomas Bailey (94) Binghamton, NY Lynne Barrett (91) (77, 84) Both grants came early in Miami, FL Iowa City, IA my career and were invalu- Julene Bair (04) Laramie, WY Gregory Barron (90) Joe David Bellamy (85) able not only for buying London, England Canton, NY me time to complete two David Baker (85, 05) Granville, OH Anita Barrows (90) Sally Bellerose (95) novels, but as a psychologi- Berkeley, CA Northampton, MA Donald Baker (74) cal boost too—here was a Crawfordsville, IN John Barry (76) Lance S. Belville (80) ratification that what I was Estes Park, CO St. Paul, MN William Baker (81) doing was worthwhile. Nampa, ID Quan Barry (03) Karen E. Bender (02) Madison, WI New York, NY Constantine Bakopoulos (06) I should say, too, that I Madison, WI Frederick Barthelme (79) Dianne Benedict (86) served on the Literature Hattiesburg, MS Scarborough, ME John Balaban (77) Panel under Frank Con- State College, PA Emily Barton (06) Pinckney Benedict (00) Brooklyn, NY Roanoke, VA roy in 1986-87 as a way of (04) expressing my gratitude Hamilton, NY Rick Bass (91) Michael Benedikt (79) Troy, MT Boston, MA for a program that I feel is Angela Ball (91) essential to fostering the Hattiesburg, MS Claire Bateman (91) Dina Ben-Lev (94) Clemson, SC Seattle, WA arts—particularly for begin- (83) ning or out-of-the-way Atlanta, GA Randolph Bates (86) George Bennett (81) New Orleans, LA New York, NY artists whose work is not (78, 83) immediately apprehended Concord, NH Wendy Battin (88) Paul Bennett (73) Syracuse, NY Granville, OH in a commercial way. Stanley Banks (90) City, MO Douglas Bauer (90) Robert Benson (96) Boston, MA Oneonta, NY (81) Newark, NJ Jonathan Baumbach (68) Stephen Benson (90) Brooklyn, NY Berkeley, CA Tom Barbash (04) San Francisco, CA Richard Bausch (83) Beth Bentley (76) Fairfax, VA Seattle, WA Walter Bargen (91) Ashland, MO Charles Baxter (83) Roy Bentley (01) Ann Arbor, MI Granville, OH Joshua Barkan (06) New York, NY

NEA Literature Fellowships 13 Sharona Ben-Tov (01) Wayne Biddle (79) Donald Bogen (89) Perrysburg, OH Altamonte Springs, FL Cincinnati, OH Nancy Berg (92) Linda Bierds (88, 96) Nina Bogin (89) Fairfield, IA Bainbridge Island, WA Giromagny, France Stephen Berg (76) (97) Michelle Boisseau (89) Philadelphia, PA Portland, OR Morehead, KY Carol Berge (79) George Bilgere (89) Isabel Bolton (67) Albuquerque, NM Santa Cruz, CA No city listed, NY Linda-Ruth Berger (97) Laurel Bird (66) Joseph Bolton (89) Contoocook, NH Knoxville, TN Gainesville, FL Lou Berger (80) Ann Birstein (81) Bruce Bond (01) Brooklyn, NY New York, NY Denton, TX Jared Carter (81, 91) was Deidre L. Bergson (73) Becky Birtha (88) Harold Bond (76) born in Indiana, where he New York, NY Philadelphia, PA Melrose, MA still lives. He has written four Judith Berke (01) John Bishop (80) Philip Booth (79) books of poetry, the latest— Miami Beach, FL New York, NY Castine, ME Cross this Bridge at a Walk— William Berkson (79) Trim Bissell (68) Audrey Borenstein (76) to be published in 2006. Southampton, NY Detroit, MI New Platz, NY Among the honors he has Lucia (87) David Black (79) Millicent Borges (97) received are a Guggenheim Oakland, CA West Stockbridge, MA Long Beach, CA Fellowship, the Walt Whitman Kenneth Bernard (78) Award from the Academy of Gus Blaisdell (79) Ruth Borson (87) West Winfield, NY Albuquerque, NM Los Alamos, NM American Poets, the New Let- ters Literary Award for Poetry, Pamela Bernard (96) Clark L. Blaise (81) Marianne Boruch (84, 99) Duxbury, MA Saratoga Springs, NY West Lafayette, IN the Indiana Governor’s Arts Award, and the Poets’ Prize. Suzanne Berne (94) Laurie Blauner (90) Phillip Bosakowski (80) Watertown, NY Seattle, WA San Francisco, CA Alan Bernheimer, Jr. (79) Richard A. Blessing (81) Malcolm Bosse (76) In 1985 and 1986, I was San Francisco, CA Seattle, WA New York, NY invited to serve on a variety Charles Bernstein (79) Corinne Demas Bliss Robert Boswell (87, 93) of panels convened by New York, NY (78, 83) Las Cruces, NM South Hadley, MA the Literature Program. I Jane Bernstein (83, 00) David Bosworth (79) , PA Chana Bloch (89) Cambridge, MA witnessed firsthand the hard Berkeley, CA work on the part of the staff Lisa Bernstein (92) David Bottoms (88) San Francisco, CA Ron Block (02) Marietta, GA and the panel members Gina Berriault (86) North Platte, NE Marilyn Boucher (79) that goes into making the Mill Valley, CA Steven Bloom (98) Berkeley, CA grant-giving process as fair Ted Berrigan (79) Heidelberg, Germany Vance Bourjailly (66, 79) and equitable as possible. In New York, NY Laurel Blossom (87) Iowa City, IA retrospect, this experience David Berry (77) New York, NY Kevin Bowen (03) was a valuable complement Providence, RI Michael Blumenthal Dorchester, MA to the welcome financial John Berryman (68) (84, 05) Faubion Bowers (67) assistance provided by the , MN Clarksville, TN No city listed, NY two grants I received, and by Leo Bersani (69) Judy Blunt (04) Neal Bowers (89) serving on the panels, I was New Brunswick, NJ Missoula, MT Ames, IA able to give something in Mei-Mei Berssenbrugge Elaine F. Boatin (81, 86) (78, 80) return. (76, 81) Somerville, MA New York, NY El Rito, NM Alan Boatman (74) Blanche McCrary Boyd (88) James Bertolino (75) Saginaw, MI New London, CT Ithaca, NY Victor Bockris (78) Kay Boyle (80) Alvah Bessie (78) New York, NY San Francisco, CA Terra Linda, CA Deborah L. Boe (81) T. C. Boyle (78, 83) Harvey Bialy (76) Princeton, NJ Tujunga, CA Ile-Ife, Nigeria (68) Barry Boys (68) (76, 85) New York, NY New York, NY Cambridge, MA

14 National Endowment for the Arts Allen Braden (05) Lucie Brock-Broido (84, 99) William Brown (66) Tacoma, WA Cambridge, MA Graham, NC Scott Bradfield (92) Kevin Brockmeier (02) Michael Dennis Browne (77) Storrs, CT Little Rock, AR Minneapolis, MN C. Jane Bradley (92) Harold Brodkey (85) Michael Brownstein (79) Toledo, OH New York, NY Boulder, CO David Bradley (91) Barbara Brody (92) Jane Brox (94) La Jolla, CA Cambria, CA Dracut, MA George Bradley (90) Leslie Brody (81) (74) Chester, CT San Francisco, CA Greenfield Center, NY John Bradley (88) (79) James Brummels (84) Fort Collins, CO San Francisco, CA Winside, NE Joan Brady (86) Esther Broner (79, 87) Thomas Brush (84) Annie Dillard (81) is the New York, NY Detroit, MI Issaquah, WA author of 11 books, often John Brandi (79) Donna Brook (81) C. D. B. Bryan (80) about nature and spirituality, Guadalupita, NM Brooklyn, NY Guilford, CT including the Pulitzer Prize- winner Beth Brant (91) Gwendolyn Brooks (89) Sharon Bryan (87, 96) Melvindale, MI Chicago, IL Salt Lake City, UT (1974). She is currently living and teaching in . Giannina Braschi (95) Chandler Brossard (78) Charlie Elizabeth Buck (98) Santurce, PR La Mesa, CA City, NV James Brasfield (01) J. Alan Broughton (76) Claudia Buckholts (88) State College, PA Burlington, VT Ardmore, OK The grant freed me from Samuel Brasfield (66) Olga Broumas (77) Christopher Buckley (84, 01) teaching and enabled me to Demopolis, AL Eugene, OR Lompoc, CA write two books: a book of Richard Brautigan (69) Joel Brouwer, II (99) Julia Budenz (88) thoughts about contempo- San Francisco, CA East Lansing, MI Cambridge, MA rary fiction, Living By Fiction, Mark Brazaitis (00) Brock Brower (69) Judy Budnitz (02) and a book of essays, Teach- Washington, DC Princeton, NJ New York, NY ing a Stone to Talk. Donald Bredes (79) Alan Brown (98) Andrea Hollander Budy (91) St. Johnsburg, VT New York, NY Mountain View, AR I try to describe what it Sean Brendan-Brown (97) Carrie Brown (04) Frederick Buell (72) feels like to be alive in the , WA Sweet Briar, VA New York, NY . My books Harold Brenna (90) Claude Brown (83) Michael Bugeja (90) are about rural Virginia, San Diego, CA Newark, NJ Athens, OH about Pittsburgh, about Karen M. Brennan (96) James D. Brown (91) (73) the Pacific Northwest Salt Lake City, UT Eugene, OR , CA Coast . . . Literature has all Jack Brenner (68) James M. Brown (95) (74) my heart and mind. That Seattle, WA San Bernardino, CA Bronx, NY the NEA supports litera- Wendy Brenner (00) James W. Brown (80, 95) Jerald Bullis (72) Wilmington, NC South Dartmouth, MA Appleton, WI ture in the United States enhances and confirms our Lee Breuer (80) Kenneth Brown (73) R. Michael Bundgaard (66) New York, NY Brooklyn, NY Colorado Springs, CO cultural status. All civilized Richard Brickner (74) Lennox Brown (76) Michael Burkard (85, 91) nations support artists; New York, NY , NY , NY we know nations by their Kim Suzanne Bridgeford Linda J. Brown (81) (69) works of art. (99) New York, NY Andover, NJ Wallingford, CT Rita Brown (78) Cherly Burket (01) Besmir Brigham (70) Boston, MA San Francisco, CA Horatio, AR Rosellen Brown (73, 81) Derick Burleson (99) John Malcolm Brinnin (83) Peterborough, NH Houston, TX Cambridge, MA Stephanie Brown (01) Deborah Burnham (91) Geoffrey Brock (03) San Clemente, CA Philadelphia, PA Dallas, TX Sterling Brown (80) Gerald Burns (85) James Brock (90) Washington, DC Dallas, TX Nashville, TN

NEA Literature Fellowships 15 Michael Burns (95) Hortense Calisher (68, 89) Steve Carter (80) Willard, MO New York, NY Rego Park, NY Ralph Burns (84, 93) Robert Callahan (77) Xam Cartier (79) Little Rock, AR Berkeley, CA San Francisco, CA Timothy Burns (80) Kathy Callaway (84, 90) Raymond Carver (70, 80) Los Angeles, CA Nome, AK Tucson, AZ Madeleine Burnside (79) Peter Cameron (87) Oscar Casares (06) Great River, NY New York, NY Austin, TX Franklin Burroughs, Jr. (94) Francois Camoin (85) Deborah Ann Casey (88) Bowdoinham, ME Salt Lake City, UT Eugene, OR Janet Burroway (76) Bebe Moore Campbell (80) Jane Casey (76) Tallahassee, FL Takoma Park, MD Charlottesville, VA Rita Dove (77, 89) has writ- Christopher Bursk (87) Ewing Campbell (90) (83) ten eight books of poetry, Langhorne Manor, PA Hearne, TX Charlottesville, VA including the Pulitzer Prize- Frederick Busch (76) James Campbell (77) Cyrus Cassells (86, 05) winning Thomas and Beulah Poolville, NY , NY Austin, TX (1986), as well as books Barney Bush (81) Richard Campbell (94) Turner Cassity (79) of fiction and essays. Her Herod, IL Quincy, FL Decatur, GA numerous honors include the Mary Bush (95) Ethan Canin (88, 95) (90, 95) National Humanities Medal Pasadena, CA San Francisco, CA Gainesville, FL and an NAACP Great Ameri- Naomi Bushman (75) Steve Cannon (81) can Artist Award. From 1993 Anne Caston (99) New York, NY New York, NY Lexington Park, MD to 1995, Dove served as the U.S. . In 2004, Bill Butler (70) Alfred Cantor (88) Rosemary Catacalos (93) Missoula, MT Cambridge, MA Palo Alto, CA she was appointed the Poet Laureate of Virginia. (94) Robert Cantwell (87) Joann Cattonar (68) Lake Charles, LA Gambier, OH Kalamazoo, MI Kathryn Byer (88) Nick Carbo (97) Ann Cavallaro (80) Cullowhee, NC San Antonio, TX West Haven, CT It is impossible for me to Sarah Shun-lien Bynum Alvaro Cardona-Hine (78) Maura Stanton Cecil (74) say what I would have done (06) St. Paul, MN Richmond, VA had I not received a fel- Los Angeles, CA Robin Carey (90) Joseph Ceravelo (72) lowship; I can only say that Robert J. Byrd (90) Ashland, OR Bloomfield, NJ I believe the course of my El Paso, TX David Carkeet (83) (77, 93) literary career would have St. Louis, MO Boulder, CO been markedly different. Henry Carlile (70, 76) Cydney Marie Chadwick (02) Because of my gratitude, I c Portland, OR Petaluma, CA have served on several pan- Mary Cable (78) Ron Carlson (85) May-Lee Chai (06) els for the Endowment—my Santa Fe, NM Salt Lake City, UT Laramie, WY way of repaying, in part, Alison Cadbury (95) John Carpenter (76) Marisha Chamberlain (76) the support and encour- Berkeley, CA Seattle, WA St. Paul, MN agement provided me at a Teresa Cader (88, 94) William Carpenter (84) George Chambers (80) young and tentative age. Lexington, MD Stockton Springs, ME Peoria, IL Michael Cadnum (84) Hayden Carruth Veronica Chambers (98) Albany, CA (67, 69, 75, 88) Brooklyn, NY Munnsville, NY Jack Cady (92) Marianne Halley Chametzky Port Townsend, WA Jared Carter (81, 91) (81) , IN Amherst, MA Shannon Cain (06) Tucson, AZ Lonnie Carter (74) Lan Samantha Chang (98) Lakeville, CT Appleton, WI Anne Calcagno (89) Manhasset, NY Mary Carter (86) Leslie Chapman (70) Tucson, AZ Laguna Pueblo Reservation, AZ Bo Caldwell (04) Cupertino, CA Michelle Carter (87) Jerome Charyn (80, 85) East Palo Alto, CA New York, NY Conyus Calhoun (81) San Francisco, CA Randolph Carter (80) E. Hale Chatfield (74) New York, NY Huntsburg, OH

16 National Endowment for the Arts Julie Checkoway (95) Jan Clausen (81) Phyllis Collier (88) Baltimore, MD Brooklyn, NY Kent, WA Alexander Chee (04) John Clayton (80) (88) Brooklyn, NY Montague, MA Scarsdale, NY Terrence Cheng (06) (83, 89) Kathleen Collins (86) New York, NY Santa Cruz, CA Piermont, NY Kim Chernin (90) Lucille Clifton (70, 73) Martha Collins (90) Berkeley, CA Baltimore, MD Cambridge, MA Thalia Cheronis-Selz (81) Michelle Clinton (92) Jack Collom (79, 90) Columbia, MD Santa Monica, CA Boulder, CO Kelly Cherry (80) Joshua Clover (94) Laurie Colwin (85) Madison, WI Berkeley, CA New York, NY Laura Chester (79) Lawrence Coates (00) Phil Condon (93) Andre Dubus (78, 85) was Berkeley, CA Cedar City, UT Missoula, MT the author of nine works of Alan Cheuse (80) William Cobb (78, 92) Leo Connellan (70) fiction, including the short Knoxville, TN Houston, TX Clinton, CT story collection Dancing After Hours (1996). In 1986, he was Thomas Chiarella (93) Amanda Cockrell (98) Geraldine Connolly (87, 95) Greencastle, IN Roanoke, VA Bethesda, MD struck by a car, but continued to write; his 1991 collection of (74, 80) George Codegan (76) Frank Conroy (68, 69) essays, Broken Vessels, deals Seattle, WA Los Angeles, CA Brooklyn, NY with this accident. Dubus Marilyn Mei Ling Chin Andrei Codrescu (73) Jack Conroy (77) passed away in 1999. (85, 93) San Francisco, CA Moberly, MO La Mesa, CA Judith Ortiz Cofer (89) Mary Conselmann (76) Yvonne Chism-Peace Athens, GA Gadsden, AL In my career I have mostly (74, 84) Lisa Coffman (97) Gerald Constanzo (74, 88) Riverdale, NY Morrisville, PA Mount Lebanon, PA made a living from teach- ing jobs, readings, grants— (00) Helen Degen Cohen (88) Carolyn Cooke (98) Brooklyn, NY Deerfield, IL Point Arena, CA and have rarely made a living from sales of books, Paul Christensen (91) Jonathan S. Cohen (91) Nicole Cooley (96) College Station, TX Swarthmore, PA Atlanta, GA or stories to magazines. John Christgau (83) L. Keith Cohen (78) Clark Coolidge (77) The 1985 NEA grant was Belmont, CA Madison, WI New Lebanon, NY bountiful for me. It was Ann Christie (97) Nan Cohen (03) Bernard Cooper (04) $20,000, an amount I Baltimore, MD Sherman Oaks, CA Los Angeles, CA would have earned had I Nicholas Christopher (87) Valerie Colander (91) Jane Cooper (81) still been teaching, and New York, NY Fairmont, WV Iowa City, IA that year I got a lot of Peter Christopher (91) Charles T. Cole (80) Stephen Cooper (91) work done, finishing a Brooklyn, NY Kent, CT Los Angeles, CA book of four novellas Jill Karen Ciment (95) Henri Cole (93) Robert Coover (85) and two stories called The New York, NY Portland, OR Providence, RI Last Worthless Evening. (81, 88) Lewis Cole (83) (79) Chicago, IL New York, NY Boston, MA David Citino (86) Richard D. Cole (86) Barbara Corcoran (78) Marion, OH New York, NY Missoula, MT Sybil Claiborne (80) James Coleman (78) Robert Cording (91, 05) New York, NY Norwichtown, CT Woodstock, CT George Clark (02) Wanda Coleman (81) Raymond Coreil (76) Lafayette, LA Los Angeles, CA Ville Platte, LA Naomi Clark (87) Katherine Coles (90) (75) Los Gatos, CA Salt Lake City, UT Boston, MA (69, 85) (84, 94) Alfred Corn (79, 91) Berkeley, CA Catonsville, MD New York, NY David Clarke (78) Peter Collier (80) Jennifer Cornell (98) New York, NY Oakland, CA Corvallis, OR

NEA Literature Fellowships 17 Sam Cornish (68) Douglas Crowell (83) Tina Darragh (79) Cambridge, MA Lubbock, TX Mt. Rainier, MD James Corpora (80) Victor Hernández Cruz (81) Mich Daugherty (74) Escondido, CA San Francisco, CA North , CA Mary Corrigan (78) Elizabeth Cullinan (74) Tracy Daugherty (98) Los Angeles, CA New York, NY Corvallis, OR (79, 86) James Cummins (88) Cecil Daukins (76) New York, NY Cincinnati, OH Taos, NM Kathleen Coskran (91) James Cunningham (66) Diana Davenport (92) Minneapolis, MN Waltham, MA Willow Street, PA Gerald Costanzo (88) Laura Cunningham (91) John Davidson (80) Mount Lebanon, PA Stone Ridge, NY Austin, TX Ernest J. Gaines (68) pub- Mark P. Costello (73, 91) (88) (76) lished his first in Champaign, IL La Ca~nada, CA La Jolla, CA 1956, and since has written Sarah Cotterill (90) George Cuomo (76) Peter Ho Davies (98) eight books of fiction that Silver Spring, MD Amherst, MA Eugene, OR examine African-American Henri Coulette (77) Silvia Curbelo (90) Alfred I. Davis (73) life in the American South, Los Angeles, CA Tampa, FL Bronx, NY specifically in his home state Nancy Couto (87, 99) Richard Currey (81, 87) Allen Davis (77) of . A Lesson Before Ithaca, NY Las Lunas, NM New York, NY Dying won the 1993 National Dennis Covington (96) Christopher Davis (74) Book Critics Circle Award. David Curry (76) Birmingham, AL Springfield, IL Philadelphia, PA Vicki Covington (88) Bruce Cutler (89) Cortney Davis (94) Birmingham, AL St. Paul, MN Redding, CT The NEA grant—a thou- Michael Covino (81) Janet Cutler (68) Jon Davis (86, 05) sand dollars at that time— Berkeley, CA Roanoke, AL Santa Fe, NM encouraged me to keep Malcolm Cowley (68) Kathryn Davis (81, 88) writing. I was finally being Milford, CT East Calais, VT recognized by critics and Louis Coxe (77) d Lydia Davis (89) Brunswick, ME Kingston, NY my colleagues. The young Richard Dabney (75) writer needs that. He needs Steven Cramer (84) Arlington, VA Melody Davis (95) Cambridge, MA Brooklyn, NY the money, yes—but he John Dacey (75, 79) also needs a little recogni- Max Crawford (76) Cottonwood, MN Sally Dawidoff (05) Missoula, MT New York, NY tion now and then to keep (66, 73) Stanley Crawford (73, 90) New York, NY Ariel Dawson (89) pushing himself. I know Dixon, NM San Francisco, CA many young, very talented Charles D’Ambrosio (95) Thomas Crawford (74, 85) Los Angeles, CA Jean Day (01) people who gave up out of Cloverdale, OR Berkeley, CA despair. I feel that I was (85, 93) Bobbie Creeley (80) Coralville, IA Richard Day (85) lucky. The recognition by Bolinas, CA Arcata, CA the NEA gave me enough John Daniel (98) (81) Elmira, OR Robert Day (83) push to start my next novel, Buffalo, NY Hays, KS The Autobiography of Miss Jane Rosemary Daniell (74, 81) Frederick Crews (69) Savannah, GA Ann Deagon (81) Pittman. I have not looked Berkeley, CA Greensboro, NC back since. James Daniels (85, 05) Harry Crews (74) Pittsburgh, PA Philip Deaver (89) Gainesville, FL Longwood, FL Ann Darby (04) Moira Crone (90) New York, NY David Deck (70) Baton Rouge, LA San Francisco, CA Oreste D’Arconte (66) Justin Cronin (04) Allentown, PA John Deck (73) Houston, TX Santa Cruz, CA Alice Elliott Dark (95) James Cross (74) Montclair, NJ Lynne H. deCourcy (91) Chevy Chase, MD Oxford, OH Ann Darr (76) Mary Crow (84) Chevy Chase, MD Jonathan Dee (06) Ft. Collins, CO New York, NY

18 National Endowment for the Arts Bill Deemer (68) Deborah Digges (87) Albert Drake (74, 83) Eugene, OR Chevy Chase, MD Okemos, MI Madeline DeFrees (81) Annie Dillard (81) Barbara Drake (66, 86) Amherst, MA Middletown, CT Portland, OR Tom DeHaven (80, 86) Sharon Dilworth (00) John Dranow (92) Jersey City, NJ Pittsburgh, PA Plainfield, VT Constance DeJong (80) Ray DiPalma (79) Joel Dressler (68) New York, NY New York, NY Detroit, MI James DeJongh (78) Stuart Dischell (96) John Driscoll (81) New York, NY Las Cruces, NM Interlochen, MI Nicholas Delbanco (73, 83) Melvin Dixon (84) Merle Drown (93) Bennington, VT New York, NY Concord, NH Rick DeMarinis (76, 83) Stephen Dixon (74, 90) Anthony D’Souza (06) Cristina Garcia (04) was Missoula, MT Baltimore, MD Sarasota, FL born in , Cuba, in Alison Deming (90, 95) Charles Dizenzo (72) Norman Dubie (85) 1958, and emigrated to the Tucson, AZ New York, NY Tempe, AZ U.S. with her family in 1960. She is the author of three James DenBoer (76) Gregory Djanikian (86) Maggie Dubris (01) Santa Barbara, CA Philadelphia, PA New York, NY novels and has been a finalist for the . Deborah DeNicola (97) Patricia Dobler (85) Andre Dubus (78, 85) Garcia’s work has appeared Brookline, MA Pittsburgh, PA Bradford, MA in many anthologies, and she Reuel Denney (66) Stephen Dobyns (74, 81, 86) Gary Duehr (01) is the editor of Cubanisimo: Honolulu, HI Watertown, MA Somerville, MA Readings in Contemporary Candace Denning (88) Susan Dodd (92) Joseph Duemer (84, 92) Cuban Literature. Great Falls, VA Bristol, RI Potsdam, NY (88) Wayne Dodd (84) Laurie Duesing (91) Buffalo, NY Athens, OH Benicia, CA Theodore Deppe (93, 03) Judy Doenges (02) Richard Duggin (92) I had been struggling long Bloomington, IN Fort Collins, CO Omaha, NE and hard on my third Toi Derricotte (85, 90) (02) Denise Duhamel (01) novel, Monkey Hunting, when Potomac, MD Boise, ID Woonsocket, RI I got a call from the NEA Janet Desaulniers (92) Harriet Doerr (83) E. Norman Dukes (79) telling me I had won a fic- Evanston, IL Pasadena, CA Cambridge, MA tion fellowship. It lifted me Alexis DeVeaux (81) Ivan Doig (85) Margaret Dukore (83) from a state of desperate Brooklyn, NY Seattle, WA Honolulu, HI futility (what was I do- James DeVita (04) J. D. Dolan (06) Harris Dulany (74) ing writing a book about Spring Green, WI Kalamazoo, MI Brooklyn, NY a 19th-century Chinese (70) John Domini (77) Adele Dumaran (90) farmer in colonial Cuba, Fort Lauderdale, FL Cambridge, MA Honolulu, HI anyway?) to one of op- Ramola Dharmaraj (05) Matthew Donovan (05) Jeffrey Duncan (78) timistic determination. Arlington, VA Hudson, OH Ypsilanti, MI Thanks to the grant, I was Pietro di Donato (77) D.W. Donzella (77) Robert Duncan (67, 80) Setauket, NY Bridgeport, CT San Francisco, CA able to concentrate exclu- sively on my writing, see Monica Di Emidio (70) Edward Dorn (69) Camille Dungy (03) San Francisco, CA West Newbury, MA Lynchburg, VA my way through the book’s cultural and chronologi- W. S. Di Piero (89) Michael Dorris (89) Stephen E. Dunn (73, 81, 89) Menlo Park, CA Cornish, NH Port Republic, NJ cal obstacles, and do what I (73, 79) Mark Doty (87, 95) Stephen R. Dunn (76) love best: tell a good story. San Francisco, CA Provincetown, MA Anchorage, AK William Dickey (77) Rita Dove (77, 89) Pam Durban (98) San Francisco, CA Tempe, AZ Atlanta, GA John Dickson (90) Philip Dow (79) Flora Durham (90) Evanston, IL Pittsburgh, PA Portland, OR Margaret Diehl (92) Michael Downs (06) David Dwyer (87) New York, NY Missoula, MT Lemmon, SD

NEA Literature Fellowships 19 (81, 94) Mary Engh (83) Larry Fagin (79) Kalamazoo, MI Pullman, WA New York, NY Ted Enslin (76) Ronald Fair (74) Temple, ME Chicago, IL e George Garrett Epps (78) Bertram Fairchild, Jr. Richmond, VA (88, 05) Joan Eades (81) Claremont, CA Grand Forks, ND Phillip Anthony Eprile (83, 94) Nancy Fales (80) Cornelius Eady (85) Del Mar, CA Brooklyn, NY Sweet Briar, PA Daniel Epstein (74) Thomas Farber (78, 83, 94) Patricia A. Eakins (81, 87) Baltimore, MD Berkeley, CA New York, NY Leslie D. Epstein (72, 81) Nancy Farmer (92) Kaye Gibbons (89) has writ- Debra Earling (06) Brookline, MA Arcata, CA Polson, MT ten eight novels, two of which Sandra Epstein (80) Robert Farnsworth (89) were chosen as Oprah Book Robert Early (80) Oxford, CT Lewiston, ME Bowling Green, OH Club selections in 1997: Ellen Pamela Erbe (83) James T. Farrell (78) Foster (1986) and A Virtu- George Economou (88, 99) Kalamazoo, MI New York, NY Norman, OK ous Woman (1989). Gibbons (83) (85) continues to live in North Russell Edson (76, 81, 92) Cornish, NH Eggertsville, NY Stamford, CT Carolina, the state in which Stephen C. Erhart (73) Cheri Fein (81) she was raised. Kim Edwards (94) San Jose, CA New York, NY Pittsburgh, PA Steve Erickson (87) Ross Feld (85) Margaret Edwards (78) Los Angeles, CA Cincinnati, OH Burlington, VT Before I received an NEA (79) Alan Feldman (86) Literature Fellowship in William Edyvean (68) Santa Barbara, CA Framingham, MA Fort Collins, CO 1989, I did not have the Martin Espada (86, 92) Irving Feldman (87) money for the February (91) Boston, MA Buffalo, NY New York, NY rent. But that grant enabled Jill Alexander Essbaum (03) John Felstiner (69) Paul Eggers (02) Austin, TX Woodside, CA me to pay the rent, feed Forest Ranch, CA my children, and work in Barbara Esstman (90) Anita Feng (92) Gretel Ehrlich (81) Oakton, VA Champaign, IL peace. However, I never saw Shell, WY the grant as something to Paul Estaver (86) Beth Ann Fennelly (03) Nancy Eimers (89, 96) Gainesville, VA Galesburg, IL which I was entitled. I felt I Kalamazoo, MI could contribute something (95) David Fenza (95) Jill Eisenstadt (92) New York, NY Washington, DC of value to the American Brooklyn, NY letters and therefore to my David Allan Evans (74) Margaret Ferguson (66) Sergio D. Elizondo (81) Brookings, SD Richmond, VA country. Because of the Las Cruces, NM Elizabeth Evans (98) Carolyn Ferrell (04) book I wrote with the grant (72) Tucson, AZ Bronx, NY and because of subse- Universal City, MO George Evans (84, 89) Robert Ferrell (87) quent books, I have paid Gary Eller (94) Plymouth, CA New York, NY over $750,000 in federal Ames, IA Brian Evenson (95) Lucy Ferriss (88) income tax. The govern- Richard Elman (72) Provo, UT Staatsburg, NY New York, NY ment has been more than Welch Everman (78) Andrew Fetler (76, 83) repaid for its investment in James Scott Ely (92) Philadelphia, PA Amherst, MA Rock Hill, SC my work, and for that, we (81) James Fetler (80) should both be grateful. Lynn Emanuel (84, 92) Davenport, CA Mountain View, CA Pittsburgh, PA Peter Everwine (75) Marlon Lee Fick (05) Carolyn F. Emshwiller (80) Fresno, CA Overland Park, KS Wantagh, NY Julia Fields (68) Susan Engberg (87) Scotland Neck, NC Milwaukee, WI f James L. Files (83) John Engels (84, 92) Glenwood Springs, CO Burlington, VT Kathy Fagan (91) Delaware, OH Warren Fine (72, 80) Lincoln, NE

20 National Endowment for the Arts Donald Finkel (73) Paul Foster (73) St. Louis, MO New York, NY g Caroline Finkelstein (84, 01) Gene Fowler (70) William Gaddis (67, 74) Westport Point, MA Berkeley, CA Piermont, NY John Finlay (66) Karen Joy Fowler (88) Frank Gagliano (73) Tuscaloosa, AL Davis, CA Tallahassee, FL David Fisher (81, 93) Paula Fox (74) Ernest J. Gaines (68) Santa Rosa, CA Brooklyn, NY San Francisco, CA Harrison Fisher (77) Sarah Elizabeth Fox (99) Fred Gaines (72) Bethesda, MD Minneapolis, MN Somerset, WI Molly Fisk (99) George Foy (94) Tess Gallagher (76, 81, 88) Nevada City, CA Osterville, MA Port Angeles, WA John Haines (68) has lived Christina Fitzpatrick (06) Richard France (73, 80) Richard Gallup (79) and worked in the Alaska New York, NY Appleton, WI Boulder, CO Thomas Fitzsimmons (89) Patricia Francisco (95) wilderness much of his life. He Brendan James Galvin has written thirteen volumes Rochester, MN Minneapolis, MN (75, 77, 88) of poetry, and his many prose Robert Flanagan (74) Joseph Frank (69) Everett, MA Delaware, OH Princeton, NJ works include a memoir, James Galvin (77, 86) The Stars, the Snow, the Fire Jane Flanders (77) Sheldon Frank (74) Iowa City, IA Washington, DC Chicago, IL (1989). Haines currently lives Catherine Gammon (80) in Helena, . Kathleen Flenniken (05) Edward Franklin (89) Fredonia, NY Seattle, WA San Anselmo, CA (01) Daniel Fleshler (83) J. E. Franklin (80) Barrington, RI Kalamazoo, MI Saratoga Springs, NY James Gander (89) When one has no bank ac- Roland Flint (70, 81) (02) Providence, RI count for at least ten years, Silver Spring, MD New York, NY Bruce Gans (74) and no money at all to speak Maria Flook (88) Gregory Fraser (05) Iowa City, IA of, when $20 constituted Black Mountain, NC Carrollton, GA John Gantos (86) a fortune to be spent with Mary Florey (86) Kathleen Fraser (70, 77) Boston, MA considerable care, the gen- Hamden, CT San Francisco, CA Eugene Garber (78) erosity of a grant like this Arthur Flowers (91) Kenneth Frederick (93) Bellingham, WA can easily be appreciated. Memphis, TN West Newton, MA Cecilio García-Camarillo Starkey Flythe, Jr. (87) Lynn Freed (87) (81) I doubt that many people Augusta, GA San Francisco, CA Albuquerque, NM have had their lives changed Richard Foerster (95) Stuart Friebert (79) Cristina Garcia (04) as drastically as mine was at York Beach, ME Oberlin, OH Santa Monica, CA the time, but I don’t doubt Alice B. Fogel (97) Alan Friedman (74) Richard Louis Garcia (91) Acworth, NH New York, NY Santa Monica, CA that many others have had some related experience Josephine Foo (01) Carol Frost (81, 93) John R. Gardiner (78) Philadelphia, PA Otego, NY Middleburg, VA and a period free from im- mediate money concerns. Calvin Forbes (81) Richard Frost (92) John Gardner (72) Columbia, MD Otego, NY Carbondale, IL Carolyn Forche (77, 84, 89) Abby Frucht (87, 96) Leonard Gardner (68) Provincetown, MA Oshkosh, WI San Francisco, CA (80, 86) Charles Fuller (76) Thomas Gardner (95) Coahoma, MS Philadelphia, PA Blacksburg, VA Maria Irene Fornes (74) Alice Fulton (05) Rita Garitano (87) New York, NY Ithaca, NY Tucson, AZ Phillip Foss (87, 01) Allison Funk (88) Max Garland (89) San Juan Pueblo, NM Groveland, MA Paducah, KY John Foster (94) Virginia Furtwangler Ruth-Miriam Garnett (92) Columbia, MO (78, 94) New York, NY Sackville, Canada Christine Garren (99) Greensboro, NC

NEA Literature Fellowships 21 George Garrett (66) John Gilhooley (77) Albert Goldbarth Charlottesville, VA New York, NY (74, 79, 86) William Garrison (95) Laura Gilpin (81) Austin, TX Kensington, MD New York, NY Barbara Goldberg (86, 91) Barbara Garson (77) Allen Ginsberg (79, 87) Chevy Chase, MD New York, NY New York, NY Lester Goldberg (80) Frank X. Gaspar (91) Marisa Gioffre (80) Cranford, NJ Long Beach, CA New York, NY Sidney Goldfarb (70) Tim Gautreaux (93) Nikki Giovanni (70) New York, NY Hammond, LA New York, NY Martin M. Goldsmith (80) Thomas Gavin (80) Cecil Giscombe (86) Sherman Oaks, CA Middlebury, VT Ithaca, NY Jewelle Gomez (97) A member of the Muskogee Joseph Geha (88) Celia Gittelson (93) San Francisco, CA Tribe, Joy Harjo (77, 92) Ames, IA New York, NY Genaro González (90) is the author of six books Jack Gelber (74) (90, 03) Mission, TX of poetry, including In Mad New York, NY St. Paul, MN Rigoberto González (06) Love and War (1990), which Paul Genega (90) Kenneth Glantz (86, 91) Urbana, IL received an American Book New York, NY Portland, OR Ivy Goodman (81) Award. Her poems have been Ted Genoways (03) Elton Glaser (84, 90) Palo Alto, CA included in numerous journals Minneapolis, MN Akron, OH Joanna Goodman (03) and anthologies. Harjo served Diana George (06) New York, NY on the NEA’s National Council Joanna M. Glass (80) Seattle, WA Guilford, CT Stephen Goodwin (72, 83) on the Arts from 1998 to Washington, DC 2003. Sonia Gernes (99) (04) South Bend, IN New York, NY (67) John Gery (92) Michele Glazer (97) No city listed, NJ New Orleans, LA Portland, OR (78, 83, 91) When I received my first Lucia Getsi (92) Myra Glazer (66) Kalamazoo, MI NEA fellowship for poetry, Bloomington, IL Cambridge, MA Charles Gordone (80) I was a single parent with Hollis Giammatteo (93) Gregory Glazner (05) North Bergen, NJ two children who were four Lopez, WA Santa Fe, NM Angeline Goreau (81) and nine years old. With (88, 96) Judith Gleason (83) Princeton, NJ the time the grant bought, Charleston, WV New York, NY Gary Goss (76) I was able to buy child- Robert Alan Gibb (99) Carole L. Glickfeld (91) Centerport, NY care, pay rent and utilities, Homestead, PA Seattle, WA Vincent Gotera (93) and make my car payment Kaye Gibbons (89) Gary Glickman (91) Arcata, CA while I wrote what would be Raleigh, NC Boston, MA Janice Gould (89) most of my second book of Reginald Gibbons (84) Joseph Glover (78) Albuquerque, NM poetry, She Had Some Horses, Evanston, IL Washington, DC Delice Gourdine (78) St. Joseph, MI the collection that actu- Margaret Gibson (85) Louise Glück (70, 79, 88) ally started my career. The Preston, CT Plainfield, VT Paula Gover (96) Mt. Pleasant, MI grant began the momen- Patricia Gibson (78) Tereze Glück (93) New York, NY New York, NY Douglas Gower (77) tum that has carried me San Francisco, CA through these years. I can Barry Gifford (81) Thomas Glynn (94) Berkeley, CA Brooklyn, NY (84) now call myself a poet. Dagoberto Gilb (92) Gail Godwin (74) Iowa City, IA El Paso, TX Stone Ridge, NY Philip Graham (92) Christopher Gilbert (86, 94) Rebecca Godwin (94) Urbana, IL Providence, RI Poestenkill, NY Judith Grahn (79) (74) Patricia Goedicke (76) Oakland, CA San Francisco, CA Guanajuato, Mexico Stephanie Grant (98) Virginia Gilbert (76) Ivan Gold (67) Brooklyn, NY Salt Lake City, UT No city listed, NY Marcus Grapes (84) Gary Gildner (71, 76) Lloyd Gold (76) Los Angeles, CA Des Moines, IA Upper Montclair, NJ David Gravender (03) Seattle, WA

22 National Endowment for the Arts Elizabeth Graver (92) Allen Richard Grossman (85) Judith Hall (97) Williamstown, MA Lexington, MA Oxnard, CA Ernest A. Gray (80) James Grove (78) (77) Milwaukee, WI Cambridge, MA New York, NY Gayle Gray (68) Lee Grue (85) Richard Hall (75) Los Angeles, CA New Orleans, LA Provincetown, MA Spalding Gray (80) Albert Guerard (66) Walter Hall (70) New York, NY Stanford, CA Tigard, OR Stephen Grecco (78) Bruce Guernsey (84) Kathleen Halme (97) Minneapolis, MN Charleston, IL Wilmington, NC Hannah Green (78) (79) Daniel Halpern (73, 74, 87) New York, NY New York, NY New York, NY Alvin Greenberg (72, 92) Keith Gunderson (75) Barbara Hamby (96) Born in 1951 of Cuban parent- St. Paul, MN Minneapolis, MN Tallahassee, FL age in New York City, Oscar Paul Greenberg (06) Stephanie Gunn (83) Sam Hamill (81) Hijuelos (85) is the author of New York, NY North Palm Beach, FL Port Townsend, WA six novels. In 1990, he became the first Hispanic-American Jeffrey Greene (96) Allan Gurganus (76, 85) Jane Hamilton (93) No city listed, France New York, NY Rochester, WI writer to win the Pulitzer Prize in fiction. Jonathan Edward Greene (78) Jeffrey Gustavson (97) Charles Hammer (87) Frankfort, KY Brooklyn, NY Shawnee, KS Robert Greenfield (95) Pedro Juan Gutiérrez (90) Patricia Hampl (76, 90) Goleta, CA Bellaire, TX St. Paul, MN Needless to say, the grant Theodore Greenwald (79) Lee Gutkind (78) James Hannah (88) made an immeasurable New York, NY Pittsburgh, PA Navasota, TX difference to my creative T. Greenwood (04) Allen Hannay (83) life: because of it, over the San Diego, CA Austin, TX next several years, I was able (06) h Julian Hansbarger (94) to complete my Pulitzer San Francisco, CA Purcellville, VA Prize-winning novel, The Barbara Haas (87) Debora Greger (85, 91) Ames, IA Joseph Hansen (74) Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love. Gainesville, FL Los Angeles, CA Marilyn Hacker (74, 85, 94) From a fiscal point of view, Linda Gregerson (85, 92) Gambier, OH Ron Hansen (80, 87) I am proud to say that since Ann Arbor, MI Ithaca, NY Pamela Hadas (84) that book’s critical and Linda Gregg (93) St. Louis, MO Julie Jordan Hanson (99) financial success, I was able Forest Knolls, CA Cedar Rapids, IA Fred Haefele (91) to repay the government’s Debora Gregor (77) Stanford, CA Kenneth O. Hanson largesse back many times Richland, WA (76, 81) (95) Portland, OR over, by way of taxes. Charles Gregory (76) New York, NY New York, NY Pauline Hanson (72) Alyson Hagy (00) Saratoga Springs, NY But beyond that, I have Robert Gregory (92) Laramie, WY Miami Beach, FL C. G. Hanzlicek (76) always felt that the NEA is (86, 92) Fresno, CA an invaluable asset to this Robert Grenier (79, 85) New York, NY Berkeley, CA Robert Harbison (77) country. For in express- Robert Hahn (75) London, England ing its faith in art, in all its Eamon Grennan (91) Great Barrington, MA Poughkeepsie, NY Elizabeth Hardwick (81) diversity, the NEA provides John Haines (68) New York, NY the most vital service, which Susan Griffin (76) Fairbanks, AK Berkeley, CA Donald Harington (80) is the nurturing of this (95) Putney, VT nation’s artistic legacy. Michael Griffith (04) Moscow, ID Cincinnati, OH Joy Harjo (77, 92) Corrinne Hales (87, 93) Albuquerque, NM Patricia Griffith (78) Fresno, CA Washington, DC Joshua Harmon (04) Daniel Hall (95) Portsmouth, RI Lawrence Grobel (81) Amherst, MA Los Angeles, CA James Harms (05) James B. Hall (80) Morgantown, WV Richard Grossinger (76) Lexington, KY Plainfield, VT

NEA Literature Fellowships 23 Michael S. Harper (77) Brooks Haxton (87) DeWitt Henry (80) Taunton, MA Mount Vernon, NY Watertown, MA Stephen Harrigan (80) Josephine Haxton (76, 85) Michelle Herman (86) Austin, TX Charlottesville, VA Iowa, City, IA Grace Harriman (66) John William Hay (66) Luz Hernandez (79) Cambridge, MA Sewanee, TN Oakland, CA James Harris (76) Julie Hayden (78) (79, 85) New York, NY New York, NY San Francisco, CA James W. Harris (97) Terrance Hayes (05) William Herrin (85) Alameda, CA Pittsburgh, PA Ithaca, NY Marie Harris (76) Robert Hazel (69) Robert Hershon (79, 90) Center Barnstead, NH Laurel Spring, NC Brooklyn, NY Jane Hirshfield’s (05) fifth Marina L. Harris (96) Dainis Hazners (99) Alan Hewat (88) collection of poetry, After, is Salt Lake City, UT Story, WY Brandon, VT forthcoming in February 2006. Mark Harris (66) Gwen Head (95) William Heyen (74, 84) Hirshfield has also published San Francisco, CA Berkeley, CA Brockport, NY a collection of essays and has Phyllis Masek Harris (69) Shelby Hearon (83) Arlene Heyman (70) edited and co-translated three Berkeley, CA North White Plains, NY Syracuse, NY anthologies of work by women Barbara Grizzuti Harrison Ernest Hebert (80) James Heynen (75, 85) poets from the past. (81) Keene, NH Port Townsend, WA Brooklyn, NY Anthony Hecht (89) Ben L. Hiatt (70) James Harrison (68) Washington, DC Sacramento, CA A fellowship from the NEA Stony Brook, NY Robert Hedin (76, 85, 94) Leland Hickman (69) is an act of optimism, of Jeffrey Harrison (92) Frontenac, MN New York, NY generosity proffered—not Washington, DC Michael Heffernan Bob Hicok (99) a reward for past work, but (69) (78, 87, 93) Ann Arbor, MI an invitation to the new. Stony Brook, NY Fayetteville, AR Joanna Higgins (89) Mid-year now in the fel- William Harrison (78) Ursula Hegi (90) Little Meadows, PA lowship, I can say that the Fayetteville, AR Spokane, WA John High (96) support the NEA offers Richard Harteis (76) Marcy Heidish (80) San Francisco, CA has brought me time for Washington, DC Arlington, VA Robert Hightower (80) the solitude and silence in Charles Hartman (84) Jack Heifner (77) Philadelphia, PA which I can ponder, write, Cambridge, MA New York, NY Oscar Hijuelos (85) revise, consider, range, Anne Harvey (74) (81, 87) New York, NY experiment, feel, and satu- Maplewood, NJ Chicago, IL Conrad Hilberry (75, 84) rate myself in the neces- Sharon Hashimoto (89) Lloyd Held (05) Kalamazoo, MI Seattle, WA Newtonville, MA sary freedoms out of which Robert Hiles (93) poems arise. There are no Lola Haskins (84, 03) Robert Hellenga (89) Baltimore, MD LaCrosse, FL Galtsburg, IL guarantees that a given time Ingrid Hill (91, 02) Margaret Hasse (93) Steve Heller (80) Iowa City, IA will produce good work, St. Paul, MN Stillwater, OK or any work at all. But it’s Kathleen Hill (90) Linda Hasselstrom (84) Robert Hemenway (78) New York, NY exceedingly rare that the Hermosa, SD South Haven, MI outside world ever says to Pati Hill (76) James B. Hathaway (81) Essex Hemphill (86) Stonington, CT a poet, ‘Please, would you Cincinnati, OH Washington, DC Richard Hill (76) write some new poems?’ Stephen Hathaway (81) Paul Hendrickson (02) St. Petersburg, FL Wichita, KS Takoma Park, MD Roberta Hill (77) James Haug (90) Don Hendrie (78) Oneida, WI Shutesbury, MA South Hadley, MA Brenda Hillman (84) William Hauptman (77) Charles Henley (83) Kensington, CA New York, NY Hattiesburg, MS Dennis Hinrichsen (84) Marianne Hauser (78) Carol Henrie (89, 96) Brookline, MA New York, NY Hayward, CA Edward Hirsch (81) Gary Hawkes (00) Detroit, MI Williamsport, PA

24 National Endowment for the Arts Jane Hirshfield (05) Israel Horovitz (74) Jade Ngoc Quang Huynh Mill Valley, CA New York, NY (98) Harvey Hix (95) Diane Horton (95) Boone, NC Kansas City, MO Manitou Springs, CO Nhuong Huynh (90) William Hjortsberg (76) James D. Houston (76) Columbus, MO Livingston, MT Santa Cruz, CA Lewis Hyde (76, 81, 87) Edward Hoagland (83) Benjamin Howard (93) Watertown, MA New York, NY Alfred, NY Tony Hoagland (87, 94) Maureen Howard (88) Waterville, ME New York, NY i Geary Hobson (81) (87) Karl Iagnemma (04) Alexander, AR New York, NY Cambridge, MA Mark Jarman (77, 84, 92) is Lonnie Hodge (94) Fanny Howe (70, 91) Momoko Iko (76) the author of seven collec- No city listed, China La Jolla, CA Chicago, IL Christie Hodgen (02) Marie Howe (92) tions of poetry, the book- (72, 79) length poem Iris (1992), and Louisville, KY Cambridge, MA Ashland, OR two books of essays on po- William Hoffman (76) Christopher Howell (81, 01) Colette Inez (75, 88) New York, NY Spokane, WA etry. He teaches at Vanderbilt New York, NY University. William Hoffman (76) Edward Hower (76) Lois-Ann Inferrera (94) Charlotte, VA Ithaca, NY Honolulu, HI (86) Bette Howland (81) Elizabeth Inness-Brown (83) I have been the fortunate Minneapolis, MN Albuquerque, NM Ogdensburg, NY recipient of three grants Michael Hogan (76) C. J. Hribal (86) Mikhail Iossel (93) from the NEA. Each of Florence, AZ Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis, MN these grants has helped me James Hoggard (80) David Huddle (78, 87) Thomas Ireland (95) Wichita Falls, TX Burlington, VT find time to complete a Santa Fe, NM book of poetry, but the first Cynthia Hogue (90) Andrew Hudgins (86, 92) (74) Tucson, AZ Cincinnati, OH was the most important. Iowa City, IA When I received the NEA Jonathan Holden (75, 85) Marcus Hudson (84) Mark Irwin (93) Literature Fellowship for , KS Nespelem, WA Amherst, OH Cary Holladay (06) Mary Hughes (78) poetry in 1977, I quit my John Isles (05) onerous teaching job and Memphis, TN Evanston, IL Alameda, CA went with my wife to live in Noy Holland (04) Lynda Hull (89) Richard Ives (86) Heath, MA W. Caldwell, NJ Seattle, WA Italy for the better part of Anselm Hollo (79) Harry Humes (90) a year. There I completed Sweet Briar, VA Breinigsville, PA my second book of poetry. William Holm (87) Terry Hummer (87) We were in our mid-twen- Minneota, MN Mount Vernon, OH j ties and able, at that time, James Holmstrand (74) John Humphreys (80) Marvin, Jackmon (72) to pick up and go. It was a Albuquerque, NM New York, NY San Francisco, CA crucial decision and year Gary Holthaus (90) Del Hunt (75) (80) and would not have been Anchorage, AK San Antonio, TX Chicago, IL possible without the NEA’s Arthur (98) William Hunt (68) Jackson (80) assistance. Omaha, NE Chicago, IL Wabasso, FL A. M. Homes (95) Cynthia Huntington Richard P. Jackson (84) New York, NY (84, 89) Chattanooga, TN Cathy Hong (05) Provincetown, MA Sandra Jackson-Opoku (83) Brooklyn, NY Barbara Hurd (02) Chicago, IL Garrett Hongo (81, 88) Frostburg, MD Gray Jacobik (93) Gardena, CA Anne Hussey (76) Pomfret Center, CT Edwin Honig (77) Cambridge, MA Harvey Jacobs (78) Providence, RI Paula Huston (94) New York, NY Paul Hoover (79) Arroyo Grande, CA Peter M. Jacobs (99) Chicago, IL Madison, WI

NEA Literature Fellowships 25 Lowell Jaeger (86) Willis Johnson (88) Paul Kahn (79) Bigfork, MT Gardiner, ME Arlington, MA Harold Jaffe (83, 88) Bret Anthony Johnston (06) George Kalamaras (93) San Diego, CA San Bernardino, CA Warsaw, IN Joyce James (93) Alice Jones (94) Roberta Kalechofsky (81) Houston, TX Oakland, CA Marblehead, MA Kelvin Christopher James Catherine Jones (77) (92) (96) Columbia, SC Baton Rouge, LA New York, NY Daryl Jones (85) Jerry Kamstra (78) Stewart James (92) Lubbock, TX Aptos, CA Houston, TX Edward P. Jones (86) Lonny Kaneko (81) Eugenia Janis (93) Arlington, VA Seattle, WA Santa Fe, NM Edward P. Jones (86) was Gayl Jones (76) David Kaplan (87) born and raised in Washing- Phyllis Janowitz (74, 88) Providence, RI Iowa City, IA Ithaca, NY ton, DC. He has written one Louis Jones (98) Johanna Kaplan (73) book of short stories and Tama Janowitz (81, 86) Nevada City, CA New York, NY one novel, New York, NY Nettie Jones (89) Karen Karbo (92) (2003), which subsequently Jean Janzen (95) Houghton, MI Portland, OR won the Pulitzer Prize and the Fresno, CA Patricia Spears Jones (94) Wayne Karlin (93, 04) National Book Critics Circle Mark Jarman (77, 84, 92) Brooklyn, NY St. Mary’s City, MD Award in fiction. Nashville, TN Paula L. Jones (85) Kathy Karlson (98) David Jauss (93) Seattle, WA University Park, MD Little, Rock, AR Rodney Jones (84) Pamela Karol (94) I can’t say I really had a Roderick Jellema (79) Bristol, VA Hollywood, CA Bethesda, MD career before receiving Stephen Jones (02) Vickie Karp (94) the NEA Literature Fel- Gish Jen (88) Lubbock, TX Northport, NY Cambridge, MA lowship. I published a few William Jones (80) Mary Karr (84) stories, but had a day job Len Jenkin (80) Lawndale, CA Groves, TX New York, NY summarizing newspaper Erica Jong (73) Laura Kasischke (94, 05) and magazine articles on Laura Jensen (79) New York, NY Chelsea, MI Tacoma, WA taxes, working 10 hours a Barbara Jordan (92) James Kates (84) day four days a week. When (05) Rochester, NY Fitzwilliam, NH Brooklyn, NY I got the grant from the June Jordan (81) Judith Katz (91) Carlos Johnson (90) Brooklyn, NY Minneapolis, MN National Endowment for Astoria, NY the Arts, I stopped going Teresa Jordan (94) Steven Katz (76, 81) Charles Johnson (80) Elko, NV Boulder, CO in every day and worked at Seattle, WA home. This freed up my Ernest A. Joselovitz (80) Janet Kauffman (84) Curtis L. Johnson (73, 81) Washington, DC Hudson, MI time, and I could work the Chicago, IL way I wanted: get up in the Lawrence Joseph (84, 95) Andrew Kaufman (94) (75, 81) New York, NY New York, NY morning and write stories, Phoenix, AZ Allen Josephs (80) Bob Kaufman (81) and then do the summa- Dennis Loy Johnson (93) Pensacola, FL San Francisco, CA ries in the afternoons. I Saratoga Springs, NY Donald Junkins (69, 74, 79) Shirley Kaufman (79) began in earnest writing Fenton Johnson (89, 95) Deerfield, MA Jerusalem, Israel the collection of stories San Francisco, CA Donald Justice (66, 79, 89) Rebecca Kavaler (80, 85) that eventually came out in Halvard Johnson (90) Gainesville, FL New York, NY Baltimore, MD 1992, Lost in the City. Timothy Keane (00) Kimberly Johnson (05) Mt. Vernon, NY West Jordan, UT k Lawrence Kearney (81) Peter Johnson (99) Stonybrook, NY Providence, RI Rachel Kadish (00) Cambridge, MA William Keckler (97) (70, 75) Harrisburg, PA San Francisco, CA Cynthia Kadohata (91) Los Angeles, CA Edmund Keeley (81) Thomas Johnson (76) Princeton, NJ Ithaca, NY

26 National Endowment for the Arts (87) Anthony Kerrigan (88) Gary Kissick (81) St. Paul, MN South Bend, IN Port Richey, FL Anna Maria Keesey (98) John Kessel (80) Vera Kistler (80) Portland, OR Overland Park, KS Darlington, SC Barbara Keiler (77) Wendy Kesselman (80) Judith Kitchen (91) Chico, CA New York, NY Brockport, NY Kirk Keller (88) Brad Kessler (06) Brian Kiteley (91) Moran, WY Sandgate, VT Northampton, MA (00) Jascha Kessler (75) William Kittredge (74, 81) Waipahn, HI Santa Monica, CA Missoula, MT Lewen Kellman (93) Keorapetse Kgositsile (70) Matthew Klam (02) Augusta, GA New York, NY Washington, DC Brigit Pegeen Kelly (85, 95) Faizul Khan (80) Peter Klappert (73, 79) Suji Kwock Kim (01) has had Urbana, IL Bronx, NY Alexandria, VA work published in Poetry, David M. Kelly (70, 76, 92) Faye Kicknosway (85) Edward Kleinschmidt (97) Paris Review, The Nation, The Geneseo, NY Bloomfield, MI San Francisco, CA New Republic, Threepenny Re- view, and other journals. Her (76) Tracy Kidder (74) Irena Klepfisz (88) Annandale-on-Hudson, NY Iowa City, IA Cherry Plain, NY first book, Notes from the Di- vided Country, was the winner Tim Kelly (76) John O. Killens (80) Marshall Klimasewiski (02) of the 2002 Walt Whitman Los Angeles, CA Brooklyn, NY St. Louis, MO Award from the Academy of Charles Kemnitz (04) Richard Kim (78) (88) American Poets. Williamsport, PA Shutesbury, MA Bronx, NY Dolores Kendrick (88) Yong Ik Kim (76, 85) Milton Klonsky (77) Exeter, NH Pittsburgh, PA New York, NY Paul Kennebeck (75) Suji Kwock Kim (01) Stephen Knauth (84, 96) I used the fellowship to do Denver, CO Milton, NY Charlotte, NC research in Asia, neces- (72) James Kimbrell (05) (72, 81) sary to the completion of New Haven, CT Tallahassee, FL Memphis, TN my first book, Notes from Pamela Kennedy (93) Jamaica Kincaid (86) Hillery Knight (68) the Divided Country. Among Allston, MA New York, NY Chicago, IL other things, it explores my Richard S. Kennedy (73) Nanci Kincaid (92) John I. Knoepfle (81) family’s life in North and Merion, PA Tuscaloosa, AL Auburn, IL South Korea during the Sarah Kennedy (05) Chuck Kinder (80) William Knott (69, 79, 85) last century, particularly Fairfield, VA Beckley, WV Iowa City, IA the War (1950-1953) and (81) Molly King (88) Caroline Knox (86) the Japanese occupation Averill Park, NY Woodacre, CA Westerly, RI (1910-1945)… I hope to X. J. Kennedy (66) Douglas King (95) Noelle Kocot (01) honor my family’s memory Medford, MA Grass Valley, CA Brooklyn, NY the only way I know how: by Tamara Kennelly (78, 83) Maxine Hong Kingston (80) Ronald Koertge (91) imagining and giving voice, Chicago, IL Honolulu, HI South Pasadena, CA however subjectively, to Susan Kenney (83) (77, 84) Phyllis Koestenbaum (86) China, ME New York, NY San Jose, CA what they lived through and witnessed. Natalie Kenvin (95) David Kirby (85) John Koethe (96) Chicago, IL Tallahassee, FL Milwaukee, WI Jane Kenyon (81) Karl Kirchwey (96) (73) Danbury, NH New York, NY Wayne, ME Beth Kephart (00) Irina Kirk (81) (81, 88) Devon, PA Mansfield Center, CT Bogalusa, LA David Keplinger (03) Smith Kirkpatrick (73) Hans Koning (78, 85) Harleysville, PA Gainesville, FL Fairfield, CT Jesse Lee Kercheval (89) Patricia Kirkpatrick (92) Ted Kooser (76, 84) Madison, WI St. Paul, MN Lincoln, NE Baine Kerr (83) Arthur Kopit (74) Boulder, CO Peru, VT

NEA Literature Fellowships 27 Henry Korn (77) Peter Leach (83) , NY l St. Louis, MO Joyce Kornblatt (85) Norah Labiner (02) David Leavitt (85) Bethesda, MD Minneapolis, MN New York, NY Tadeusz Korzeniewski (92) Edward Lahey (79) David LeCount (66) New York, NY Butte, MT College, AK Norman Kotker (85) (06) Don Lee (70, 81) Northampton, MA Brooklyn, NY Chicago, IL Zane Kotker (74) Wayne Banks Lainer (77) Karen An-hwei Lee (05) New York, NY Oklahoma City, OK Santa Ana, CA Robert Kotlowitz (83) Michael Lally (74, 81) Lance Lee (76) New York, NY New York, NY Pacific Palisades, CA Ted Kooser (76, 84) is the William Kotzwinkle (74) Ivonne Lamazares (04) Li-Young Lee (87, 95) author of ten collections of Scranton, PA Winter Park, FL Chicago, IL poetry, and was awarded Steve Kowit (85) William D. Lee (86) the Pulitzer Prize in 2005 for Wally Lamb (93) San Diego, CA Willimantic, CT Paragonah, UT his collection Delights and Elaine Kraf (81) Arthur Lange (79) Barbara Lefcowitz (84) Shadows. In 2004, he was ap- Maspeth, NY Bethesda, MD pointed U.S. Poet Laureate. He Chicago, IL Eric Kraft (86) Elinor Langer (76) Diane Lefer (83) is currently a visiting profes- Newburyport, MA New York, NY sor in the English department Chicago, IL Richard Krawiec (92) of the University of Nebraska Joseph Langland (66) (87) Wareham, MA Lansing, NY at Lincoln. Amherst, MA John Krich (80, 91) William Lanouette (87) Lynda Leidiger (90) San Francisco, CA Washington, DC Iowa City, IA Gary Krist (89) Marina LaPalma (84) Alex Lemon (05) I received my first NEA Brooklyn, NY La Jolla, CA St. Paul, MN Fellowship in 1976 and was Judith Kroll (75, 79) (87, 96) Cecile Leneman (88) thrilled to have the recog- New Delhi, India Shelburne Falls, MA San Francisco, CA nition and, of course, the Jim Krusoe (85) Jeremy Larner (67) Cornel Lengyel (76) money. I considered the Santa Monica, CA No city listed, NY Georgetown, CA fellowship to be an encour- Marilyn Krysl (00) Michael Larson (95) Rhoda Lerman (89) agement, and I was encour- Boulder, CO Owatonna, MN Cazenovia, NY aged indeed. I remember Jan Kubicki (89, 95) Peter LaSalle (81) Martin Lesley (86) suddenly feeling like a real Philadelphia, PA Austin, TX Portland, OR writer, and it was both a Kenneth Kuhlken (83) John Latta (79, 01) Naton Leslie (93) heady and productive time. Chico, CA Ann Arbor, MI Loudonville, NY During the next few years Ellen Kullman (80) Lois Lautner (69) Donald Levering (84) New Orleans, LA Santa Fe, NM I published lots of poems New York, NY in the journals and two Maxine Kumin (67) Dorianne Laux (90, 01) Denise Levertov (69, 90) No city listed, MA Seattle, WA collections of poems. Eight Eugene, OR Stanley Kunitz (84) Norman Lavers (81, 91) Dana Levin (99) years later I received my New York, NY Ukiah, CA second fellowship and that Jonesboro, AR Alex Kuo (90) Douglas Lawder (68) Robert Levin (81) one helped me to finish the Moscow, ID Berkeley, CA manuscript of a book pub- Richmond, IN Cleveland Kurtz (76) Allen Levine (73) lished in the following year. Patrick Lawler (91) Providence, RI Liverpool, NY New York, NY Don Kurtz (92) Leslie Lawrence (90) Mark Levine (97) Las Cruces, NM Cambridge, MA Brooklyn, NY Natalie Kusz (95) Naomi Lazard (81) Miriam Levine (98) Jamaica Plain, MA Missoula, MT Arlington, MA Greg Kuzma (81) Jane Lazarre (91) Philip Levine (76, 81, 87) Lincoln, NE New York, NY Fresno, CA (69) (80) Larry Levinger (78) San Francisco, CA St. Paul, MN Missoula, MT

28 National Endowment for the Arts (73, 84, 89) Lucia Lockert (81) Daniel Lyons (94) Columbia, MO East Lansing, MI Ann Arbor, MI Ann Levy (78) Ronald Loewinsohn (78, 86) Eugene Lyons (76) Lexington, KY Berkeley, CA Austin, TX Robert Levy (88) John Logan (79) Jacqueline Lyons (03) New York, NY Buffalo, NY Salt Lake City, UT Grover Lewis (76) (84, 94) Richard Lyons (82) Kanarraville, UT Cambridge, England Eugene, OR Ira Lewis (80) Joan Logghe (91) Andrew Lytle (66) New York, NY Espa˜nola, NM Sewanee, TN James Lewisohn (77) Ralph Lombreglia (87) Portland, ME Morris Plains, NJ John L’Heureux (80, 85) Roy London (74) m Philip Levine (76, 81, 87) Stanford, CA New York, NY was born in 1928 in Detroit, Catherine MacCoun (95) Michigan, where many of his Morton Lichter (77) Barbara Long (77) Chicago, IL New York, NY New York, NY poems are set. He has won Cynthia MacDonald (73, 90) numerous awards for his Todd Lieber (87) David Long (93) Houston, TX Indianola, IA Kalispell, MT writing, including the National David MacDonald (83) Book Award, the National Laurence Lieberman (86) Robert Hill Long (88, 05) Palo Alto, CA Urbana, IL Eugene, OR Book Critics Circle Award, and Susan MacDonald (77) the Pulitzer Prize. He is author Renee Lieberman (78) George Looney (92) Menlo Park, CA of sixteen collections of po- Berkeley, CA Bowling Green, OH Jamie MacInnis (79) ems and two books of essays. Herbert Liebman (80) Phillip Lopate (78, 85) New York, NY New York, NY Houston, TX Donna Mack (78) Kathleen Lignell (84) Ellenora Beth Lordan (93) Anchorage, AK Stockton Springs, ME Carbondale, IL The ’87 grant gave me re- Norman MacLoed (74) Harvey Lillywhite (89) (81, 90) Membroke, NC sources to return to Detroit Reisterstown, MD St. Croix, VI in order to research the Jackson MacLow (79) Lucy Lim (77) David Wong Louie (89) New York, NY poem, ‘A Walk with Tom New York, NY Santa Cruz, CA Ian MacMillan (92) Jefferson,’ the longest and Vicki Lindner (86) Adrian Louis (92) Kailua, HI best poem I’ve ever written. New York, NY Pine Ridge, SD Ben Maddow (69) Frances Lindsay (89) David Low (81) Los Angeles, CA Had such grants existed Cambridge, MA New York, NY Philip Magdalany (80) when I was in my 30s and Kelly Link (06) Beverly Lowry (80) New York, NY early 40s and teaching Northampton, MA Houston, TX James Magnuson (78) too much and writing too R. Zamora Linmark (01) Susan Ludvigson (84) New York, NY little, there’s no knowing Honolulu, HI Charlotte, NC Rosemary Mahoney (06) how much more I might Romulus Linney (74) Edward Lueders (83) Providence, RI New York, NY Salt Lake City, UT have written, but I thank Joseph Maiolo (78, 83) my good fortune that they Peter Liotta (93) Darrell Lum (90) Duluth, MN Burke, VA Honolulu, HI arrived in time to help Nancy Mairs (91) me become, for better Lewis Lipsitz (68) Lynn Luria-Sukenick Tucson, AZ Chapel Hill, NC (74, 79, 86) or worse, the poet I have New York, NY George Malko (68) become. Paul Lisicky (90) New York, NY Cherry Hill, NJ Glenna Luschei (77) San Luis Obispo, CA Henry Malone (68) Leo Litwak (69, 80) Detroit, MI San Francisco, CA Gary Lutz (96) Greensburg, PA Jacquelyn Malone (88) Stephen Liu (81) Lowell, MA Las Vegas, NV William Luvaas (06) Hemet, CA Michael Patrick Malone (83) Margot Livesey (86) Chicago, IL Cambridge, MA Thomas Lux (76, 81, 88) West Newton, MA Paul Malone (90) Christina Llewellyn (88) Wimberley, TX Washington, DC (88) Milford, MI

NEA Literature Fellowships 29 F. S. Manalli (70) Dionisio Martinez (97) Bruce McAllister (91) Santa Rosa, CA Tampa, FL Redlands, CA Marvin Mandel (74) Michael Martone (83, 88) Mary McAnally (82) , MA Cambridge, MA Tulsa, OK Frederick Manfred (76, 83) Mary Marvin (78) Sara McAulay (85) Luverne, MN San Francisco, CA Mountain Lakes, NJ Freya Manfred (77) Donna Masini (91) James McAuley (72) Sioux Falls, SD New York, NY Four Lakes, WA Renee Manfredi (92) Carole Maso (88) Mekeel McBride (78, 85) McMurray, PA New York, NY Princeton, NJ Frank Manley (95) Bobbie Ann Mason (83) Regina McBride (93) Decatur, GA Mayfield, KY New York, NY Bobbie Ann Mason (83) grew Linda Mannheim (00) Clifford Mason (80) Jane McCafferty (94) up in rural , the set- Miami, FL New York, NY Pittsburgh, PA ting of much of her fiction. Carl Marcum (03) Nicola Faith Mason (00) Donald McCaig (80) She has written a memoir, Chicago, IL Baton Rouge, LA Williamsville, VA novels, and short-story Adrianne Marcus (68) Tim Mason (76) Janet McCann (89) collections, including Shiloh San Rafael, CA Minneapolis, MN College Station, TX and Other Stories (1982). Ben Marcus (00) Harry Mathews (82) Richard McCann (95) Providence, RI Paris, France Washington, DC Laura Marello (83) Louis P. Mathews (92) Linda McCarriston (84, 89) I wanted to do something Reseda, CA Los Angeles, CA Chelsea, VT that would be rich and last- Paul Mariani (84) Anita Mathias (98) James McCartin (76) ing, but I never expected it to Montague, MA Williamsburg, VA Wayne, NJ have such popular appeal and Peter Marin (76) Cleopatra Mathis (85, 03) J. D. McClatchy (87) tangible social effect. Yet this Santa Barbara, CA Hanover, NH New York, NY novel [In Country] was a sur- Stephen Daniel Marion (00) Dennis Mathis (83) Michael McClure (75) prising commercial success, Dandridge, TN Petersburg, IL San Francisco, CA and it has affected the lives of Wallace Markfield (67) Ted Mathys (05) Davis McCombs (03) many people. No city listed, NY New York, NY Fayetteville, AR Corey Marks (03) Holly Matter (98) James McConkey (69) The NEA grant helped me Denton, TX Seattle, WA Trumansburg, NY write the novel, which I did David Markson (90) David Matthew (66) Frank D. McConnell (69) for my own artistic reasons. I New York, NY New York, NY Ithaca, NY report these unexpected ben- Julia Markus (80) William Matthews (75, 84) Malcolm McConnell (75) efits that In Country brought Washington, DC Seattle, WA Albany, NY to the community—from the Jack Marlando (76) Jessica Maxwell (82) Patricia McConnell (83, 88) classroom to the veterans’ Pasadena, CA Santa Barbara, CA Moab, UT group to the economy to the Stefanie Marlis (94) Bernadette Mayer (79) Howard McCord (76, 83) San Anselmo, CA Lenox, MA Bowling Green, OH morale of my own home- town—because I think they Charles Marowitz (80) Frances Mayes (88) James McCorkle (97) New York, NY San Francisco, CA Geneva, NY are significant in reminding people that what may look (68, 78) Lee Maynard (95) Mairi MacInnes McCormick New York, NY Cochiti Lake, NM (84) like self-indulgence in its Charles Martin (96) Wendell Mayo, Jr. (00) Princeton, NJ beginnings can turn out to Brooklyn, NY Haskins, OH Elizabeth McCracken (92) have long-reaching, positive James Martin (76) Gail Mazur (77) Philadelphia, PA effects on the culture. Cambridge, MA Cambridge, MA Peggy McCreary (90) Lee Martin (00) Cris Mazza (00) Bellingham, WA Denton, TX Elmhurst, IL Kenneth McCullough (74) Richard Martin (82) James McAfee (76) Bozeman, MT Avon, NY Columbia, MO Emily McCully (80) Valerie Martin (90) Thomas McAfee (69) Brooklyn, NY Montague, MA Columbia, MO

30 National Endowment for the Arts Jeffrey McDaniel (03) Robert McNamara (87) W. S. Merwin (69, 77) Los Angeles, CA Seattle, WA New York, NY W. A. McDonald (94) Duncan McNaughton (87) Joanne Meschery (80, 85) No city listed, Chile Santa Cruz, CA Truckee, CA Walter McDonald (84, 89) Tom McNeal (06) Sarah Messer (99) Lubbock, TX Fallbrook, CA North Marshfield, MA Jill McDonough (05) Martha McPhee (98) Deena Metzger (78) Jamaica Plain, MA New York, NY Studio City, CA Tom McDonough (85) James McPherson (72) Michael Mewshaw (74) New York, NY Berkeley, CA Austin, TX Karen Salyer McElmurray Sandra McPherson Thomas Meyer (79) (93) (74, 79, 85) Highlands, NC Weaverville, NC Portland, OR Kent Meyers (92) Davis McCombs’s (03) first Colleen McElroy (77, 91) Robert McQuilkin (84) Spearfish, SD book, Ultima Thule, was Seattle, WA Simsbury, CT Lucas Meyers (68) chosen by W. S. Merwin as David McElroy (66, 76) Janet McReynolds (77) Sewanee, TN the winner of the 1999 Yale Missoula, MT Series of Younger Poets. Boulder, CO Robert Mezey (85) Joseph McElroy (73, 86) Kat Meads (03) Claremont, CA Published in April 2000, the New York, NY book focused on Kentucky’s Santa Cruz, CA Peter Michelson (76) Mammoth Cave where he Lynne McFall (90, 95) Mary E. Mebane (83) Boulder, CO Syracuse, NY grew up. Sixteen of his recent Shorewood, WI Christopher Middleton (79) “tobacco poems” won The Dennis McFarland (91) Pablo Medina (91) Austin, TX Watertown, MA Washington, DC Review’s 2005 Larry Barton Midwood (68) Levis Editor’s Prize. Michael McFee (87) Ruben Medina (82) Coral Gables, FL Durham, NC Minneapolis, MN (66, 80) Jean McGarry (87) Murray Mednick (69) Berkeley, CA Columbia, MD Brooklyn, NY Sara Miles (82) The poems of my first Thomas McGrath Jay Meek (73) Brooklyn, NY book, Ultima Thule, like (74, 82, 87) Manlius, NY the eyeless fish found in Minneapolis, MN Joseph Millar (03) Emily Meier (98) Eugene, OR Mammoth’s Echo River, Heather McHugh (74, 82) St. Paul, MN evolved in the silence and Eastport, ME Benjamin Miller (96) Peter Meinke (74, 89) Brooklyn, NY darkness of the cave. The Christopher McIlroy (87) St. Petersburg, FL Tucson, AZ Brown Miller (69) poems I am writing now William Meissner (75) Daly City, CA begin to venture out into Kevin McIlvoy (83) St. Cloud, MN Las Cruces, NM Heather Ross Miller (68, 73) the world of light, into the Michael Mejia (06) Elizabethtown, NC vanishing communities of Ralph McInerny (83) Rome, GA South Bend, IN Jane Miller (85, 95) tobacco farms above the (74) Tucson, AZ cave. With the help of the Vestal McIntyre (06) Richmond, CA New York, NY Leslie Miller (89) NEA, I can now devote my- Charlotte Mendez (87) Houston, TX self fully to writing them. David McKain (82) Wells Bridge, NY Norwich, CT Susan Miller (76) Only in that way do I have Ifeanyi Menkiti (77) Los Angeles, CA Irene McKinney (86) Cambridge, MA any hope of writing half the Clinton, NY (86) book I want. Mary E. Merchant (83) Mamaroneck, NY Reginald McKnight (91) Hamlin, NY Pittsburgh, PA Arthenia Millican (76) Don Meredith (83, 89) Norfolk, VA Paula McLain (01) Occidental, CA Madison, WI Pamela Millward (68) William Meredith (72, 84) San Francisco, CA James McManus (79, 85) Washington, DC Winnetka, IL David Milofsky (89) Louise M. Meriwether (73) Denver, CO Terry McMillan (88) Bronx, NY Laramie, WY John Milton (76) Anne Hamilton Merkley (66) Vermillion, SD Wesley McNair (79, 89) Pocatello, ID Farmington, ME Katherine Min (92) James Mersmann (76) Campton, NM Thomas McNally (94) Birmingham, AL Rockford, IL

NEA Literature Fellowships 31 John Minczeski (84) Pat Mora (94) Jacqueline Pierce Mungai St. Paul, MN Cincinnati, OH (83) Stephen Minot (76, 82) Alejandro Morales (82) Philadelphia, PA Simsbury, CT Santa Ana, CA Manuel Mun~oz (06) Gary Miranda (76) Fred Morgan (78) New York, NY Cambridge, MA Albemarle, NC David Mura (85, 93) Stephanie Miskowski (90) Richard Morgan (82) St. Paul, MN Seattle, WA Portland, OR Stephen Murabito (91) Judson Mitcham (88) Robert Morgan Slickville, PA Macon, GA (68, 75, 82, 87) Morna Murphy (76) Roger Mitchell (86, 01) Freeville, NY Los Angeles, CA Bloomington, IN (79) Roberta Murphy (88) Marilyn Nelson (82, 90) has Susan Mitchell (82) New York, NY Washington, DC written six books of poetry, Charlottesville, VA (90) Yannick Murphy (88) several of which have been James Masao Mitsui (76) Columbia, MO Staten Island, NY finalists for the National Book Seattle, WA Helga Morpurgo (75) Joan Murray (89) Award, and two collections of Wendy Mnookin (99) New York, NY Rochester, NY poetry for children. She is Chestnut Hill, MA Catherine B. Morris (93) Matthew Murrey (95) Professor Emeritus at the Uni- Tony Moffeit (92) Kansas City, MO Urbana, IL versity of Connecticut, Storrs, Pueblo, CO Mary Morris (78) Carol Muske-Dukes (84) and was named Connecticut Judith Moffett (84) New York, NY Studio City, CA Poet Laureate in 2001. Media, PA (86) Bernard Myers (80) Carol Moldaw (94) Mill Valley, CA Washington, DC Santa Fe, NM Madison Morrison (79) Jack Myers (82, 86) In 1982 I had a teaching Ursule Molinaro (82) Norman, OK Dallas, TX position in a department Blacksburg, VA David Morse (92) Walter Myers (82, 89) in which I was junior, Dorothy Monet (78) Storrs, CT Jersey City, NJ one of few women, and New York, NY John Mort (92) the only person of color. Joseph Monninger (87, 94) Kansas City, MO My department weighed Bridgewater, NH Howard Frank Mosher (87) n the value of poems toward Irasburg, VT Nicholas Montemarano (02) Peter Najarian (00) tenure and merit pay Warrensburg, MO Barbara Klein Moss (06) Berkeley, CA increases by their length: Haverford, PA Robert Montgomery (74) Rochelle Nameroff (92) a 3-page free-verse poem New York, NY Howard Moss (84) Berkeley, CA New York, NY was worth more than a Jose Montoya (82) Sena Jeter Naslund (78) , and both were Sacramento, CA Thylias Moss (89) Louisville, KY Andover, MA worth much than an Michael Moody (76) Lawrence Naumoff (70) about commas in New York, NY Nikki Moustaki (01) Carrboro, NC Ft. Lauderdale, FL the work of Beauregard Susan Moon (93) (85) Wadsworth (1796 – 1861). Berkeley, CA Julian Moynahan (66) Hollis, NY New Brunswick, NJ With the fellowship I Michael M. Mooney (82) Phyllis Naylor (87) became not the African Milwaukee, WI Daniel Mueller (96) Bethesda, MD Provincetown, MA Americanist who hadn’t Alison Moore (93) Jessica Neely (90) Tucson, AZ (90) Washington, DC published, but the award- Lake Forest, IL winning poet. By freeing Dinty Moore (92) Janet Neipris (80) Altoona, PA Bharati Mukharjee (86) Winchester, MA me from teaching respon- Long Island City, NY Honor Moore (82) Antonya Nelson (89) sibilities it allowed me to New York, NY Laura Mullen (88) start the painful inner Evanston, IL Lorrie Moore (89) Palo Alto, CA growth necessary for a Kent Nelson (78, 91) Madison, WI Robert Mullen (76) Exeter, NH new project. New Haven, CT Rod Moore (80) Marilyn Nelson (82, 90) Cayey, PR Sheila Mulligan-Webb (02) Mansfield Center, CT Gettysburg, PA Michael Moos (75) Paul Nelson (77) Moorhead, MN Plainfield, VT

32 National Endowment for the Arts Richard J. Nelson (80) Alan D. Nurkse (84, 95) (72) Brooklyn, NY Brooklyn, NY Provincetown, MA Richard K. Nelson (91) Robert Olmstead (93) Sitka, AK Mt. Holly, PA Jay Neugeboren (73, 89) o Lance Olsen (06) Northampton, MA New Meadows, ID (69) Michael Neville (77) Windsor, Canada Tillie Olsen (67) Bronx, NY No city listed, CA Achy Obejas (86) Susan Neville (78, 88) Chicago, IL William Olsen (96) Bowling Green, OH Kalamazoo, MI Dan O’Brien (76, 83) Margaret Newlin (76) Whitewood, SD (69) Secane, PA Gloucester, MA Dorene O’Brien (04) Ishmael Reed (75) is the au- Charles H. Newman (73) West Bloomfield, MI Merle Olson (85) Evanston, IL Philadelphia, PA thor of nine novels, six plays, John A. O’Brien (80) Leslea Newman (97) one opera libretto, six books Roxbury, MA Kevin O’Morrison (80) Northhampton, MA New York, NY of poetry, and six books of John C. O’Brien (83) Fae Myenne Ng (90) essays, and he is the editor Oswego, NY John Omwake (66) Brooklyn, NY Chambersburg, PA of numerous anthologies and William O’Brien (76, 88) magazines. His honors include Maris Nichols (85) Boxford, MA Robert Onopa (85) Pittsfield, MA Kailua, HI the Chancellor’s Award for Edwin Ochester (84) Community Service from the Joseph Nicholson (80) Shelocta, PA (80) , Berke- Loch Haven, PA San Francisco, CA Vanessa Ochs (91) ley, where he taught creative Ann Nietzke (87) Morristown, NJ (79) writing for 35 years, retiring Los Angeles, CA New York, NY emeritus as of January 2005. N. Michael Niflis (74) Regina Ochsner (06) Keizer, OR Sally Ordway (77) He is also founder of the Tillamook, OR New York, NY Shaun O’Connell (76) Before Columbus Foundation, Nona Nimnicht (84) Steven Orlen (75, 79, 85) which annually presents the Oakland, CA Sudbury, MA Tucson, AZ , and John Frederick Nims (66) Wendy O’Connor (87) Washington, DC John M. Orlock (80) the Oakland chapter of PEN. Chicago, IL St. Paul, MN Hugh Nissenson (78) Mary O’Donnell (75) Madison, WI (79) New York, NY New York, NY Chris Offutt (93) I received a National Cornelia Nixon (92) William O’Rourke (82, 90) Endowment Fellowship in Bloomington, IN Iowa City, IA South Bend, IN 1975. This assistance and Sheryl Noethe (90) Hugh Ogden (93) Glastonbury, CT Daniel Orozco (06) a small advance from a Salmon, ND Moscow, ID publisher gave me the time James Nolan (78) Timothy O’Grady (92) London, England Gregory Orr (78, 89) to conduct research and New Orleans, LA Charlottesville, VA Bink Noll (74) Diana O’Hehir (86) to write my fourth novel, Oakland, CA Julie Orringer (04) Beloit, WI San Francisco, CA Flight To Canada, which was John Ford Noonan (72, 80) Louis Ohle (78) a parody of 19th-century Austin, TX Simon J. Ortiz (70, 82) New York, NY Pueblo of Acoma, NM fugitive slave novels. This Howard Norman (91) Pamolu Oldham (87) novel is still in print! Cameron, NC Mark Osaki (82) College Park, MD Berkeley, CA Harold Norse (75) (82) New York, NY Brenda Osbey (90) San Francisco, CA Los Angeles, CA Charles North (79, 01) Carole Oles (76) Newton, MA Jacqueline Osherow (99) New York, NY Salt Lake, City, UT (79, 95) Carole Oligario (81) Los Angeles, CA Jena Osman (91) No city listed, France New York, NY Craig Nova (71, 74, 85) Eve Olitsky (77) New York, NY Alicia Ostriker (76) West Dover, VT Princeton, NJ Josip Novakovich (91, 02) Juan Oliver (86) La Jolla, CA John L. O’Toole (81) Blue Creek, OH Washington, DC Beth Nugent (95) Boulder, CO NEA Literature Fellowships 33 Ron Overton (76) Michael Paterniti (02) John F. Pfeil (82) Lake Grove, NY Portland, ME Corvallis, OR (79) William Patrick (79) Roger Pfingston (77) Guilford, CT Arlington, VA Bloomington, IN (89) Lindsay Patterson (68) Arthur Pfister (70) Sandia Park, NM New York, NY New Orleans, LA Rochelle Owens (74) Raymond R. Patterson (70) Robert D. Pharr (82) New York, NY Merrick, NY Richmond, VA Cynthia Ozick (68) John Pauker (79) Mari E. Phemster (82) New Rochelle, NY Washington, DC Indianapolis, IN Molly Peacock (91) Leila Philip (94) New York, NY Brooklyn, NY Norman Rush (86) was raised p Harry Pearson (67) Jayne Anne Phillips (78, 85) in Oakland, California, and No city listed, NC Jamaica Plain, MA graduated from Swarthmore (69) Middlebury, VT Janet Peery (92) Matthew Phillips (91) College in 1956. He has been Wichita, KS Iowa City, IA an antiquarian book dealer, a Ann Packer (93) Eugene, OR Kathleen Peirce (05) Constance Pierce (83, 90) college instructor, and, with his Wimberley, TX Brookville, IN wife Elsa, he lived and worked Nancy Packer (83) Ted Pejovich (90) James F. Pierce (73) in Africa from 1978 to 1983. Stanford, CA New York, NY Bryan, TX They now reside in Rockland Charlotte Painter (72) County, New York. He received Berkeley, CA William Pelfrey (73) Marge Piercy (78) Roseville, MI Wellfleet, MA the National Book Award for Pamela Painter (88) his novel Mating and has pub- Boston, MA Theodore Pelton (94) Drury Pifer (80) Sheboygan, WI Wilmington, DE lished a book of short stories (67, 87) and a second novel. New York, NY Jonathan Penner (76, 83) John Pijewski (84) Tucson, AZ Brookline, MA Karen Palmer (00) Boulder, CO Mindy Pennybacker (80) Bonnie L. Pike (96) Davis, CA Tempe, AZ The NEA grant, coming (75, 85) San Francisco, CA Victor Perera (80) Joyce Pinchbeck (92) closely after one from the Capitola, CA New York, NY New York State Council on Ann Pancake (96) Seattle, WA David H. Perkins (73, 83) Wang Ping (95) the Arts, gave me confi- Kansas City, MO New York, NY dence that I might truly be Eric Pankey (88, 05) Fairfax, VA Richard Perry (89) Robert Pinsky (84) able to devise a viable liter- Tenafly, NJ Berkeley, CA ary life. We lived modestly, Suzanne Paola (02) Bellingham, WA Joyce Peseroff (84) Nancy K. Piore (82) and the material contribu- Lexington, MA Brookline, MA tion the grant made was Greg Pape (77, 84) Tuscaloosa, AL Bette Pesetsky (80) Lawrence Pitkethly (81) significant. It also encour- Dobbs Ferry, NY New York, NY Ronnie Paris (76) aged me to apply for other New York, NY (75) Allen Planz (77, 92) grants while I worked on Irvine, CA East Hampton, NY Michael Parker (04) my first novel, Mating, whose Greensboro, NC Allan Peterson (92) Donald Platt (96) positive reception changed Gulf Breeze, FL Carrollton, GA John Parras (04) everything for me. New Milford, NJ Quintin Peterson (77) Richard Plattz (76) Green Bay, WI East Haven, CT Alexander Parsons (04) Portsmouth, NH Robert Peterson (67) Stanley Plumly (77, 84) No city listed, CA Houston, TX Roy Parvin (04) Fortuna, CA Catherine Petroski (78, 83) Carlene Hatcher Polite (68) Durham, NC Detroit, MI Linda Pasten (72) Rockville, MD Anthony Petrosky (85) Eileen Pollack (93) Pittsburgh, PA Belmont, MA Kenneth Patchen (67) No city listed, CA (78) Katha Pollitt (84) Old Saybrook, CT New York, NY Jeff Pate (77) Vermillion, SD Michael Pettit (85) Marie Ponsot (79) Austin, TX Jamaica, NY

34 National Endowment for the Arts Robert Pope, Jr. (89) John Rechy (76) Akron, OH Los Angeles, CA Melinda Popham (66) q Ronald (79) Shawnee Mission, KS George Quasha (75) Washington, DC Bernard H. Porter (80) New York, NY Victoria Redel (88) Belfast, ME Sister M. Bernadetta Quinn New York, NY Joe Ashby Porter (80, 85) (67) Eugene Redmond (78) Durham, NC No city listed, MN Madison, WI Andrew Potok (83) (78) Spencer Reece (05) Plainfield, VT El Paso, TX Lantana, FL Nancy Potter (78) Ishmael Reed (75) West Kingston, RI Berkeley, CA Kay Ryan (01), a lifetime Alfred Poulin, Jr. (75) r Arthur Reel (80) Brockport, NY New York, NY Californian, was born in 1945 Lawrence Raab (72, 84) and grew up in small towns Charles E. Poverman Williamstown, MA Marshall Reese (79) (80, 88) Baltimore, MD of the San Joaquin Valley and Tucson, AZ Thomas Rabbitt (97) the Mojave Desert. Known Tuscaloosa, AL Patricia Reeves (88) for her compressed poems D. A. Powell (03) St. Joseph, MO Somerville, MA Arnold M. Rabin (80) and use of , Ryan has Maplewood, NJ Tova Reich (85) published five books. She has Dannye G. Powell (93) Chevy Chase, MD Charlotte, NC Anna Rabinowitz (01) received an Ingram Merrill New York, NY Jan Reid (83) Foundation award, and her J. Mark Powell (04) Austin, TX Mountain Rest, SC Emily Raboteau (06) poems have been published in New York, NY Louis Reile (78) , Paris Review, (90) San Antonio, TX and numerous anthologies. In Washington, DC Nahid Rachlin (80) New York, NY Nancy Reisman (98) 2004, she received the Ruth John Price (04) Providence, RI Lilly Poetry Prize from the Fort Dodge, IA Louise Rafkin (95) San Clemente, CA James Alan Reiss (74) . Reynolds Price (66) Oxford, OH Durham, NC Carl Rakosi (72, 79) San Francisco, CA Thomas Reiter (03) Richard Price (82) Neptune, NJ New York, NY Jerold Ramsey (76) My fellowship made me Rochester, NY Paisley Rekdal (03) less intolerant. No lon- Robert Earl Price (91) Laramie, WY Atlanta, GA Belle Randall (05) ger could I automatically Seattle, WA Ettore Rella (68) disregard anyone who had William Price (74) New York, NY Brooklyn, NY (82, 86) enjoyed a smidgeon of suc- Detroit, MI John Repp (87) Robin J. Prising (80) Pittsburgh, PA cess. Here I was, with my New York, NY Julia V.N. Randall (82) own smidgeon. As time has Glen Arm, MD Lisa Ress (84) Melissa Pritchard (83) Ithaca, NY passed since my award, I Evanston, IL (68) have found myself becom- Gambier, OH Donald Revell (88, 95) Samuel Pritchard (91) Salt Lake City, UT ing disturbingly open- Ames, IA William Ransom (76) minded about the possible Port Townsend, WA Kenneth Rexroth (77) Frederic Prokosch (78) relationship between talent Cambridge, MA Katherine Rao (80) Santa Barbara, CA New York, NY and recognition. Francine Prose (80, 86) David S. Reynolds (96) Krumville, NY Ron Rash (94, 06) Washington, DC Cullowhee, NC Susan Prospere (97) Richard Reynolds (94) Houston, TX Barbara Raskin (82) Denton, TX (91) Washington, DC John Rezmerski (73) Vershire, VT Michael Rattee (84) St. Peter, MN Eric Puchner (06) Tucson, AZ Jewell Parker Rhodes (82) San Francisco, CA David E. Ray (83) College Park, MD Lia Purpura (04) Kansas City, MO Richard Rhodes (78) Baltimore, MD Shreela Ray (76) Kansas City, MO Rochester, NY Joseph P. Ribar (73) Claverack, NY

NEA Literature Fellowships 35 Ronald Ribman (73) Doris Rochlin (90) Jill Allyn Rosser (99) New York, NY Chevy Chase, MD Athens, OH Stanley Rice (66, 72) Peter Rock (00) Charles Rossiter (97) San Francisco, CA Philadelphia, PA Oak Park, IL Mark Richard (90) Carolyn M. Rodgers (70) Michael Rossman (76) New York, NY Chicago, IL Berkeley, CA Caroline A. Richards (80) Aleida Rodríguez (82) (76) Richmond, IN Los Angeles, CA Salamanca, NY Susan Richards (83) William A. Roecker (73) Michael Rothschild (74) Sadieville, KY Missoula, MT Strong, ME Robert Riche (74) Pattiann Rogers (82, 88) David Rounds (78) Wilton, CT Stafford, TX Angwin, CA Charles Simic (75, 79) was Elliot Richman (93) Thomas N.R. Rogers Jess Row (04) born in Belgrade, Yugosla- Plattsburgh, NY (82, 92) Bronx, NY via, and came to the United Janine Richman (95) Iowa City, IA Ann Rower (82) States as a teenager. Simic has San Francisco, CA Edwin Romand (94) New York, NY published more than 60 books Pen Argyl, PA Gibbons Ruark (79, 86, 93) of poetry, prose, memoirs, and Boyer Rickel (01) Tucson, AZ Leo Romero (82) Newark, DE essays, and has twice won the Las Cruces, NM PEN International Translation Noel Rico (77) Mark Rubin (95) New York, NY Burlington, VT Award for his . He Orlando Romero (80) Santa Fe, NM received the Pulitzer Prize in David Rigsbee (84) Michael Rubin (78) poetry in 1990 for The World Baton Rouge, LA David Romtvedt (87) San Francisco, CA Buffalo, NY Doesn’t End (1989). Since James A. Riley (91) Rick Rubin (70) 1973, he has taught at the Pikeville, KY John J. Ronan (99) Portland, OR University of New Hampshire. Sherry Rind (86) Gloucester, MA Mark Rudman (95) Redmond, WA Leon Rooke (78) New York, NY Steven Rinehart (95) London, England Mary Ruefle (84) Did my fellowship make Fayetteville, GA Bill Roorbach (02) North Bennington, VT a difference? You bet! It Alberto Ríos (79) Farmington, ME Matthew Ruff (06) allowed me to take time Tucson, AZ William Pitt Root (73) Seattle, WA Mendocino, CA off my work and write and David Rivard (86, 91) Eugene Ruggles (70) gave me confidence that Somerville, MA Robert Roper (86) Bodega Bay, CA Berkeley, CA my peers value what I’m Edward Rivera (72) Muriel Rukeyser (66) doing. I was a poor man, New York, NY (77) New York, NY New York, NY overworked, with a family Andrés Rivero (80) Jim Ruland (04) Miami, FL Daniel Asa Rose (06) Playa del Rey, CA and children to support. Rehoboth, MA Where else would I find Anthony Robbins (92) Norman Rush (86) Monroe, LA Jennifer Rose (93) New City, NY money? I don’t know about Waltham, MA the others, but we poets are Richard Robbins (92) Joshua Thomas Russell (06) Mankato, MN Joel Rose (86) Newnan, GA grateful for the miracle of New York, NY the Endowment. John Roberts (87) Paul Russell (93) Boulder, CO Louise B. Rose (80) Rosendale, NY Leonard Roberts (84, 89) New York, NY Thomas Russell (86) Bethlehem, PA Wendy Rose (82) Memphis, TN Jill Robinson (75) Richmond, VA Vern Rutsala (75, 79) New York, NY Michael Rosen (84) Portland, OR John Robinson (77) Columbus, OH Kay Ryan (01) San Francisco, CA Jessie Rosenberg (68) Fairfax, CA (79) New Orleans, LA Michael Ryan (76, 85) San Francisco, CA Joseph Ross (97) North Garden, VA Ronald Robinson (93) Washington, DC Patrick Ryan (06) Tahlequah, OK Robert Ross (88) New York, NY Roxana Robinson (87) Long Pine, NE Katonah, NY

36 National Endowment for the Arts Cheryl Savageau (93) Sandra Scofield (89) Worcester, MA Ashland, OR s Teo Savory (78) Carolynne Scott (78) Ira Sadoff (82) Greensboro, NC Springville, AL Waterville, ME Julia Randall Sawyer (66) Herbert Scott (84) Nubia Kai Salaam (86, 92) Hollins College, VA Kalamazoo, MI Washington, DC Valerie Sayers (92) James Scully (76, 90) J. R. Salamanca (78) Brooklyn, NY Willimantic, CT Potomac, MD Nora Sayre (77) Brenda Seabrooke (94) Floyd Salas (78) New York, NY Hedgesville, WV Berkeley, CA (76, 86) Allan Seager (67) I. L. Salomon (67) Oakland, CA No city listed, MI No city listed, NY Jeffrey Skinner (87) has Harris Schiff (79) Jan L. Seale (82) Mary Jo Salter (84) New York, NY McAllen, TX published five collections , Japan of verse and with his wife Richard Schmitt (02) David Searcy (02) Benjamin Saltman (69, 87) Sparr, FL Dallas, TX Sarah Gorham, he edited an anthology, Last Call: Poems Northridge, CA Dennis Schmitz (76, 85, 92) Maureen Seaton (94) on Alcoholism, Addiction, & Nicholas Samaras (97) Sacramento, CA Chicago, IL Deliverance. His poems have New Port Richey, FL Gjertrud Schnackenberg (86) Peter Seaton (79) appeared in The New Yorker, Rosaura Sánchez (82) Tacoma, WA Portland, ME Leucadia, CA The Nation, and other publica- Philip Schneider (86) Roberta E. Sebenthall (70) tions. He is a professor in the Saul O. Sanchez (80) Wichita, KS Mount Horeb, WI creative writing program at Laredo, TX Nancy Schoenberger (84) Carolyn See (74) the , (77) New York, NY Topango, CA and is co-founder of Sara- Philadelphia, PA Michael Scholnick (79) Lore Segal (68, 82, 87) bande Books. Thomas Sanchez (78) New York, NY New York, NY Santa Barbara, CA Peter Schrag (76) Timothy Seibles (90) (87) Oakland, CA Dallas, TX Woodstock, NY When I received a Fel- Ronald Schreiber (93) Michael Seide (67) lowship from the NEA, I Scott Sanders (83, 04) Cambridge, MA No city listed, NY Bloomington, IN had a wife and two small (82) Fredrick Seidel (69) Lisa Sandlin (94) New York, NY children. I had made the New York, NY decision to quit my long- Santa Fe, NM Robert Schultz (98) Hugh Seidman (70, 72, 85) term job in business, and Stephen Sandy (88) Decorah, IA New York, NY North Bennington, VT to use our limited savings Michael P. Schulze (82) Barbara Selfridge (91) to finance two years of Reginald Saner (76) Kalamazoo, MI Oakland, CA Boulder, CO James Schuyler (72) searching for a teaching Heather Sellers (00) position. In our second Annette Sanford (74, 87) Southampton, NY Holland, MI Ganado, TX Jane Schwartz (89) year, as our money ran out, Richard Selzer (88) we were given the blessing Christy S. Sanford (92) Brooklyn, NY New Haven, CT Gainesville, FL of the NEA, which kept my Leonard Schwartz (97) Ramon Sender (83) (82) New York, NY San Francisco, CA family afloat for another Wichita, KS year, until I secured a Lloyd Schwartz (90) (99) Sherod Santos (87) Somerville, MA Brooklyn, NY university job. I know this Columbia, MO Lynne Sharon Schwartz (85) sounds dramatic, but what Robbie Clipper Sethi (95) Yvonne Sapia (86) New York, NY Skillman, NJ can I do—it’s the truth. Lake City, FL Ruth L. Schwartz (93) The NEA, for me, was life Fred Setterburg (83) Aram Saroyan (69) Gladwyne, PA Oakland, CA altering, if not life saving. New York, NY Sheila M. Schwartz (93) Lisa Sewell (99) May Sarton (67) Cleveland Heights, OH No city listed, NH Fort Worth, TX Steven Schwartz (93) Bob Shacochis (82) Catherine Sasanov (97) Fort Collins, CO Cambridge, MA Lone Tree, IA Armand Schwerner Anders Shafer (66) Roger Sauls (70) (73, 79, 87) St. Paul, MN Chapel Hill, NC Staten Island, NY

NEA Literature Fellowships 37 Rosa Shand (00) Aleda Shirley (88) Mina Lewiton Simon (68) Spartanburg, SC Louisville, KY Stanfordville, NY Ntozake Shange (82) Louise Shivers (86) (66) New York, NY Augusta, GA Berkeley, CA Robert Shapard (87) Lynn Shoemaker (90) Mona Simpson (86) Salt Lake City, UT Whitewater, WI New York, NY Alan Shapiro (84, 92) Elizabeth Sholl (94) Patsy Sims (80) Chapel Hill, NC Portland, ME Washington, DC David Shapiro (79) Enid Shomer (89, 96) (67) New York, NY Brooklyn, NY New York, NY Gerald Shapiro (95) Jane Shore (77, 87) Margot Singer (06) Lincoln, NE Cambridge, MA Granville, OH Jane Smiley (78, 87) has Loretta M. Sharp (93) Susan Shreve (83) Sean Singer (05) published 11 books of fic- Boulder, MT Washington, DC New York, NY tion, including A Thousand Paula Sharp (95) (83) Donald Singleton (81) Acres (1991), which won the Mount Kisco, NY New York, NY Benton, AR Pulitzer Prize and the National Appachana Anjana Sinha Book Critics Circle Award. The Angela Shaw (03) Peggy Shumaker (89) Arlington, MA Fairbanks, AK (95) settings of her stories follow Phoenix, AZ her own migration from the Richard Shaw (78) Aaron Shurin (95) Minneapolis, MN San Francisco, CA Hal Sirowitz (94) rural Midwest to California. Flushing, NY She writes regularly for Robert Shaw (87) Bapsy Sidhwa (87) Joseph Skibell (02) magazines, including The New South Hadley, MA Houston, TX Atlanta, GA Yorker, The Nation, and Vogue. Cynthia Shearer (00) Robert Siegel (79) Oxford, MS Whitefish, WI Robert Skillings (78) Provincetown, MA Laurie Sheck (82, 96) Eleni Sikelianos (95) Princeton, NJ San Francisco, CA Jeffrey Skinner (87) I received my first NEA Easton, CT fellowship in 1978. I got Marc Sheehan (84) Richard Siken (05) Grand Rapids, MI Tucson, AZ Knute Skinner (75) $7,500, which was a tre- Bellingham, WA Evelyn Shefner (80) Joan Silber (86) mendous amount at the New York, NY New York, NY Myra Sklarew (82) time and enabled me to Bethesda, MD Marsha Sheiness (80) Edgar Gabriel Silex (95) write my first novel, Barn Waterford, CT College Park, MD John Skoyles (76, 87) Blind. The pat on the back Black Mountain, NC Richard Shelton (76, 91) (74) was worth as much as the Tucson, AZ Ketchikan, AK Dashka Slater (04) money. For the first time Oakland, CA Reginald Shepherd (95) (79, 03) I felt rewarded rather than Chicago, IL Paoli, PA Lauren Slater (04) Somerville, MA just allowed to proceed. Michael Sheridan (84) Roberta Silman (83) Geneseo, IL Ardsley, NY Robert A. Slater (73) Kansas City, MO I received my second fel- Martin Sherman (80) Jeff Silva (87) lowship in 1987, after I New York, NY La Honda, CA Tom Sleigh (87, 94) Cambridge, MA had established myself as Steven Sherrill (02) Randall Silvis (83, 88) a promising young writer. Altoona, PA Rimersburg, PA Mark Slouka (00) New York, NY In both instances, money Judith Johnson Sherwin (82) Lazarre Seymour Simckes from the NEA smoothed New York, NY (66, 80) Kate Small (02) Kirkland, WA my passage through dif- Frances Sherwood (90) New Haven, CT ficult transitional moments South Bend, IN Charles Simic (75, 79) Jane Smiley (78, 87) Ames, IA in my career, and helped Susan Shetterly (93) Strafford, NH Arthur E. Smith (84) Surry, ME James Simmerman (84) me move forward. Houston, TX David Shevin (94) Flagstaff, AZ Bruce Smith (84, 89) Tiffin, OH Lydia Simmons (80) Andover, MA David Shields (82, 91) New York, NY C. W. Smith (76, 90) Seattle, WA Maurya Simon (99) Dallas, TX Mt. Baldy, CA Peter Shippy (03) Charlie Smith (01) Jamaica Plain, MA New York, NY

38 National Endowment for the Arts Christina Smith (90) Helen Sorrells (73) Sue Standing (84) Bainbridge Island, WA Pacific Palisades, CA Allston, MA David Smith (76) Robert Sorrells (78) Ann Stanford (75, 82) Nevada, MO Clemson, SC Northridge, CA David J. Smith (82, 99) (74, 83) (69) Fresno, CA New York, NY San Francisco, CA Dinitia Smith (83) (82, 91) Maura Stanton (82) New York, NY Albany, CA Tucson, AZ Ebbe Smith (77) David Southern (68) Maureen Stanton (06) San Francisco, CA Chapel Hill, NC Georgetown, ME Gregory Smith (88) Marcia Southwick (84) Claude Stanush (78) Northfield, MN Iowa City, IA San Antonio, TX Cathy Song (97) was born Jordan Smith (84) Debra Spark (90) Donald Stap (86) Schenectady, NY Cambridge, MA Casselberry, FL in Honolulu, , and maintains a permanent home Mark Smith (78) Ronald Spatz (82) Laurence Stapleton (72) Durham, NH Anchorage, AK Bryn Mawr, PA there. She is the author of four books of poetry and Mason Smith (74) Roberta Spear (82, 93) Bradford Stark (77) her work has been widely Nicholville, NY Fresno, CA Binghamton, NY anthologized in many publica- Rodney Smith (91) Michael Spence (90) Sharon Stark (86) tions, including The Norton Opelika, AL Seattle, WA Lenhartsville, PA Anthology of Modern Poetry Tima Smith (89) Elizabeth Spencer (83, 88) Stephen Stark (93) and The Best Pomfret Center, CT Chapel Hill, NC Houston, TX 2000. William Jay Smith (72) Peter Spielberg (80) Pat Staten (76) Washington, DC New York, NY New York, NY Young Smith (05) Maureen Spike (83) Mark Steadman (80) Richmond, KY El Paso, TX Central, SC A Literature Fellowship from the National Endow- Mark Smith-Soto (05) Paul Spike (74) Arjyra J. Stedman (82) Greensboro, NC Cambridge, MA Shreveport, LA ment for the Arts means a great deal to me. It means Priscilla Sneff (93) Richard Spilman (87) Jack Steele (78) State College, PA Provincetown, MA Englewood, CO I live in a country that refuses to be shut down, Susan Snively (84) Elizabeth Spires (82, 92) Lynn Stegner (00) Shutesbury, MA Baltimore, MD Santa Cruz, CA numbed, silenced, and W. D. Snodgrass (66) Kathleen Spivack (78) Page Stegner (80) party-lined by the rant- Detroit, MI Watertown, MA Santa Cruz, CA ing and raving of the truly Carol Snow (97) Madelon Sprengnether (87) Wallace Stegner (90) timid—those who in their San Francisco, CA Oakland, CA Los Altos Hills, CA fear of life and living seek Peter Snow (76) Philip St. Clair (94) Charles Stein (79) to make it their mission to Berkeley, CA Ashland, KY New Paltz, NY obstruct the voices of its Anthony Sobin (74) Sheryl St. Germain (91, 96) Kevin Stein (91) artists. It means I live in Salt Lake City, UT Galesburg, IL Dunlap, IL a country that chooses to Roland Sodowsky (89) David St. John (76, 84, 94) Meredith Steinbach (78) hear the vital singing—the Alpine, TX Los Angeles, CA New York, NY pulsations, the life blood, Rebecca Solnit (93) Primus St. John (70, 75, 82) Hugh Steinberg (01) the pathways that con- San Francisco, CA West Linn, OR San Francisco, CA nect us profoundly to each Barbara Probst Solomon (74) Mark St. Pierre (90) Robert Steiner (78, 83) other, profoundly to the New York, NY Steamboat Springs, CO Boulder, CO intelligent compassionate Ted Solotaroff (80) David Stacton (68) David Steingass (72) cosmos. New York, NY Walnut Creek, CA Haverhill, NH Scott R. Sommer (80) Kim Stafford (76, 84) Lisa Steinman (84) South Orange, NJ Portland, OR Portland, OR Cathy Song (97) William Stafford (91) Stephen Stepanchov (69) Honolulu, HI Lake Oswego, OR Flushing, NY Frank Soos, Jr. (89) Les Standiford (89) Phillip Sterling (90) Fairbanks, AK Miami, FL Big Rapids, MI

NEA Literature Fellowships 39 Gerald Stern (76, 82, 87) (80, 89) (69, 79) Iowa City, IA Boulder, CO Amherst, MA Richard Stern (66) Nancy Sullivan (76) Ronald Tavel (75) Chicago, IL West Kingston, RI Brooklyn, NY Alex Stevens (82) Robert Sullivan (02) Harry Taylor (76) Queen Anne, MD Brooklyn, NY Muncie, IN Amy Stewart (06) Hollis Summers (75) Henry Taylor (77, 86) Eureka, CA Athens, OH Lincoln, NE John Stewart (78) Linda Svendsen (85, 91) Keith Taylor (91) Urbana, IL Vancouver, Canada Ann Arbor, MI Susan Stewart (82, 89) Harvey Swados (66) Michael Taylor (66) Philadelphia, PA New York, NY Hanover, NH Virgil Suárez (01) was born Gloria Still (84) Laurell Swails (80) Patricia Taylor (78) in 1962 in Havana, Cuba, and Ft. Wayne, IN Lake Oswego, OR Salt Lake City, UT emigrated to the U.S. in 1974. Milan Stitt (77) Mary Swander (87) (84) Suárez is the author of seven New York, NY Ames, IA Charlottesville, VA poetry collections, four novels, Richard Taylor (76, 86) a collection of short stories, Michael Leon Stokesbury (99) David Swanger (89) Doraville, GA Santa Cruz, CA Frankfort, KY and two memoirs. He teaches Mary Ann Taylor-Hall at Florida State University. (68, 83) Brian Swann (78) Westport, CT New York, NY (79, 06) Sadieville, KY Mark Strand (68, 78, 86) Eleanor Swanson (96) Salt Lake City, UT Lakewood, CO Brian Teare (03) The NEA grant reaffirmed East Palo Alto, CA the value of my work in my George Strange (88) Jeffrey Sweet (80) Douglas, GA New York, NY Michael Teig (05) own life and mind. The Northampton, MA money of course always Mary Peterson Strater (82) May Swenson (74) York, ME Long Island, NY Marina Temkina (94) helps, and it too came at New York, NY Stephanie Strickland (88) Marly Swick (88) an important time in my Scarsdale, NY Iowa City, IA Fiona Templeton (95) life. It allowed me to take a New York, NY Dao Strom (04) Joan Swift (82, 90, 95) little time off and continue Austin, TX Edmonds, WA Lysley Tenorio (06) to work on my poetry. The San Francisco, CA Jonathan Strong (86) Thomas Swiss (84) important thing is also Somerville, MA Des Moines, IA Elaine Terranova (97) that my work was being Philadelphia, PA Lynn Strongin (72) (82, 93) judged by a committee of Albuquerque, NM Santa Fe, NM Richard Terrill (89) Green Bay, WI my peers, other profes- Dorothy Stroup (89) Barbara Szerlip (76, 82) sional writers and poets. Berkeley, CA North Miami Beach, FL (72) Omaha, NE The NEA grant not only Jean Strouse (77) Larissa Szporluk (03) saved me literally from the New York, NY Bowling Green, OH Nadja Tesich (90) New York, NY gutter, but from anonym- Dan Stryk (82) ity as well. I will forever be Salt Lake City, UT Steve Tesich (80) Conifer, CO grateful. Lucien Stryk (75) t DeKalb, IL William Tester (91) (76, 86) New York, NY Dabney Stuart (75, 82) Shippensburg, PA Charlottesville, VA George Teter (66) Marilynn Talal (91) Milwaukee, WI Floyd Stuart (76) San Antonio, TX Northfield, VT Catherine Texier (88) Elizabeth Tallent (83, 88) New York, NY Harold Stuart (76) Eaton, CO Dorchester, MA Julia Thacker (83) Stephen Tapscott (77) Cambridge, MA Virgil Suárez (01) New Haven, CT Tallahassee, FL Michael Thelwell (82) Barry Targan (76, 83) Pelham, MA Cheryl Pearl Sucher (95) Schuylerville, NY New York, NY Alexander Theroux (68, 73) Natasha Tarpley (94) Farmville, VA Washington, DC James Thomas (78, 83) Salt Lake City, UT

40 National Endowment for the Arts Lorenzo Thomas (83) Bernard Treister (83) Charles Van Wey (90) Houston, TX New York, NY Seattle, WA Robert Thomas (03) William Tremblay (85) Nance Van Winckel (88, 01) San Francisco, CA Ft. Collins, CO Cheney, WA Tom Thomas (78) (99) Robert VanderMolen (95) Pittsburgh, PA Auburn, AL Grand Rapids, MI Charles W. Thompson (82) Dawn Turner Trice (06) Paul Vangelisti (88) Cabin John, MD Monee, IL Los Angeles, CA Gary Thompson (78) Eve Triem (68) Anthony Varallo (02) Chico, CA Seattle, WA Yorklyn, DE Jean Louise Thompson (78) Dennis Trudell (69, 76) Pedro O. Vasquez (82) Urbana, IL Oregon, WI Escondido, CA Larissa Szporluk (03) is an Marilyn Thompson (75) Stephen Tudor (87) Marc Vassallo (98) Boulder, CO Detroit, MI New Haven, CT Associate Professor of Creative Writing and English Literature Nancy Thompson (78) Peter Turchi (90) Edward Vasta (80) Cedar Falls, IA Warrenville, IL South Bend, IN at Bowling Green State Uni- versity in northwest . She Robert Thompson (78) Frederick Turner (77) Stephanie Vaughn (80, 86) is the author of three award- Columbia, MO Shutesbury, MA Ithaca, NY winning volumes of poetry, Jeffrey James Thomson (05) Chase Twichell (87, 93) Katherine Vaz (93) and her fourth book will be Pittsburgh, PA Princeton, NJ Castro Valley, CA published in 2006. Melanie Rae Thon (92) Kathleen Tyau (98) Edgardo Vega (89) Cambridge, MA Gaston, OR New York, NY Russell Thorburn (99) Chris Tysh (03) Jon Veinberg (84, 93) Marquette, MI Ferndale, MI Fresno, CA The National Endow- Lawrence Thornton (89) George Tysh (79) Thomas M. Veitch (80) ment for the Arts grant was Claremont, CA Denver, CO Grafton, VT crucial for the development Daniel Thrapp (86) John Vernon (90, 96) of my fourth manuscript, Tucson, AZ Vestal, NY Embryos and Idiots. The col- Susan Tichy (88) u Martha M. Vertreace (93) lection was conceived as a Westcliffe, CO Chicago, IL novel-in-verse and relied Brady Udall (00) on close examination of an Michael Tidwell (94) Lancaster, PA Evangelina Vigil (79) Takoma Park, MD San Antonio, TX “enchanted” mountain in Laura Ulewicz (68) Sabaudia, Italy. As the story Molly Tinsley (88, 94) San Francisco, CA David Vigoda (81) Silver Spring, MD Middleburgh, NY developed, it also changed: Robert Ullian (70) the narrative impulse ex- Sallie Tisdale (89) Merrick, NY Mark Vinz (75) Portland, OR Moorhead, MN ploded into a series of lyric Leslie Ullman (76, 89) rants, many of which were Daniel Tobin (96) El Paso, TX Paul Violi (79, 86) Racine, WI Putham, NY informed by the extensive Constance Urdang (76) travel the grant enabled Ruthven Todd (74) St. Louis, MO Helena Viramontes (89) Buffalo, NY Irvine, CA me to do. Had I not been John Unterecker (79) awarded the grant (and Joan Tollifson (00) Honolulu, HI Arturo Vivante (80) Oakland, CA Wellfleet, MA the dynamic experience Tatyana Tolstaya (95) Sara Vogan (78, 88) abroad), it is most likely that Princeton, NJ San Francisco, CA the poems would have stayed Joan E. Torres (81) v Paula Vogel (80) faithful to their stagnant Santa Monica, CA Nanos Valaoritis (82) New York, NY narrative program. I owe Anthony Towle (79) Oakland, CA Sharon Vogel (76) the NEA whatever vitality New York, NY (72) Brooklyn, NY resides in those poems. Ann Townsend (03) New York, NY Arthur Vogelsang (76, 85, 95) Granville, OH Mona Van Duyn (67, 85) Los Angeles, CA Willard Trask (80) St. Louis, MO Ellen Bryant Voigt (76) Savannah, GA Michael Van Walleghen Marshfield, VT Jessica Treadway (98) (79, 87) Karen Volkman (93) Arlington, MA Urbana, IL Houston, TX

NEA Literature Fellowships 41 Judith Vollmer (93) Martin M. Wampler (78) Theodore Weesner (74) Pittsburgh, PA Seattle, WA Durham, NH John Von Hartix (77) Irene Wanner (82, 88) Bruce Weigl (88) New York, NY Seattle, WA State College, PA Lane von Herzen (94) Jeffrey M. Wanshel (81) Thomas Weil (88) Redondo Beach, CA Larchmont, NY Clayton, MO Diane Vreuls (78) Diane Ward (79) Hannah Weiner (86) Claremont, CA Washington, DC Providence, RI Robert Ward (72) Roger Weingarten (73) Geneva, NY Kalona, IA w Belle Waring (92) Debra Weinstein (94) Washington, DC New York, NY June G. Wagner (92) New York, NY Ashley Warlick (06) John Weir (91) Greenville, SC New York, NY Nancy Willard (76, 87) is Dan Wakenfield (69) the author of 12 books of Venice, CA Irving Warner (89) David Weiss (85) poetry, two novels, numerous Kodiak, AK Penn Yan, NY (69, 73) children’s books, and a collec- New York, NY Michael Warr (94) Theodore Weiss (66) tion of essays on writing. Her Chicago, IL Annandale-on-Hudson, NY Kate Walbert (98) collection, A Visit to William Stony Creek, CT Larkin Warren (84) Sarah Brown Weitzman Blake’s Inn: Poems for Inno- Barrington, NH (84) cent and Experienced Travel- D. J. Waldie (94) New York, NY Lakewood, CA Robert Penn Warren (69) ers, was the first poetry book Fairfield, CT (70) to win the Newbery Medal. (79) Missoula, MT Nederland, CO (79) She teaches in the English Lenox, MA Bernard Welt (79) Department at . Rosmarie Waldrop (79) Washington, DC Providence, RI Sylvia Watanabe (89) Heyward, CA Elinor Welt (83) Alice Walker (70, 73, 78) Fort Thomas, KY Brooklyn, NY Jonathan Waterman (04) What the NEA fellowship Carbondale, CO Eudora Welty (89) gave me, twice, was what Evan Walker (75) Jackson, MS New York, NY Frank Waters (82) every writer longs for: a Tucson, AZ William Wenthe (95) Granville Walker, Jr. (78) Lubbock, TX period of uninterrupted Detroit, MI Mary Yukari Waters (02) time, which allowed me Long Beach, CA Marlys West (03) Jeanne Murr Walker (94) Austin, TX to work on a novel, Sister Philadelphia, PA Michael Waters (84) Water, and a collection of Salisbury, MD Paul West (80, 85) Lou Ann Walker (88) Tucson, AZ poems, Household Tales of Sag Harbor, NY Brad Watson (04) Moon and Water. Those of us Foley, AL Nancy Westerfield (75) Martha Wall (91) Kearny, NE who both teach and write New Orleans, LA Larry Watson (87, 04) know the art of carrying Milwaukee, WI W. D. Wetherell (82, 87) (89) Lyme, NH ideas around in your head Urbana, IL Robert Watson (74) and hoping they’ll still be Greensboro, NC Elizabeth Wetmore (06) David Rains Wallace (80) Chicago, IL there when you’re ready Oakland, CA (79) to write them down. The San Francisco, CA Doug N. Wheeler (81) Gerald Wallace (77) Los Angeles, CA fellowship allowed me to Milwaukee, WI Gordon Weaver (74, 89) take time off from teaching Stillwater, OK Katherine Wheeler (94) Naomi French Wallace Somerville, MA (which I love) and dwell in (97) Judith Weaver (89, 96) the work itself, and to focus Prospect, KY Berkeley, CA Curtis White (00) Normal, IL on shaping it and revising Robert Wallace (84) Michael Weaver (85) Cleveland, OH Baltimore, MD Edgar White (76) it without the usual intru- New York, NY sions and interruptions. Margaret B. Walsh (73) Igor Webb (77) Minot, ND Cambridge, MA John E. White (80) Charles City, VT Thomas N. Walters (73) Ramona Weeks (69, 74) Raleigh, NC Phoenix, AZ Lezli White (90) Corning, NY David A. Walton (90) Pittsburgh, PA

42 National Endowment for the Arts Mary White (79) Eliot Wilson (03) William Woods (74) Charlotte, NC Tuscaloosa, AL Washington, DC Michael D. White (93) Keith Wilson (75) Jeff Worley (91) Salt Lake City, UT Las Cruces, NM Lexington, KY Sharon A. White (80) Miles Wilson (91) Martin Worman (66) Brownville, VT San Marcos, TX Paterson, NJ Ruth Whitman (75) Robert Wilson (74) Baron Wormser (87) Brookline, MA Chicago, IL Norridgewock, ME J. D. Whitney (94) Steven Wilson (89) Theodore Worozbyt (93) Wausau, WI Laguna Hills, CA Atlanta, GA Reed Whittemore (69) (92) C. D. Worsley (86) College Park, MD Silver Spring, MD New York, NY George A. Wickes (73) Andrew Winer (04) C. D. Wright (82, 89) Eugene, OR Laguna Beach, CA San Francisco, CA Joy Williams (73, 88) is the Liza Wieland (00) Marion Winik (93) Charles David Wright (76) author of four novels, two Fresno, CA Austin, TX Boise, ID collections of short stories, and (69, 86) Joyce Winslow (78) Charles P. Wright (75, 84) a collection of essays, often Boston, MA New York, NY Laguna Beach, CA depicting life in Florida. Many (74) Peter Winslow (68) (85, 92) of Williams’ short stories and Bowling Green, OH San Francisco, CA Everett, MA essays have appeared in the Best American collections and Dara Wier (79) (68) Jay Wright (68) Salt Lake City, UT Palo Alto, CA New York, NY anthologies, and a short story published in Antaeus won a Marianne Wiggins (89) William Wiser (78, 85, 90) Lawrence Wright (92) National Magazine Award. She London, England Denver, CO Austin, TX Robert Wrigley (77, 84) lives in Key West, Florida, and Silvia J. Wilkinson (73) William Witherup (76) Tucson, Arizona. Chapel Hill, NC Monterey, CA Lewistown, ID Nancy Willard (76, 87) John Witte (82, 88) Mark Wunderlich (05) Poughkeepsie, NY Eugene, OR Provincetown, MA It’s a remarkable thing to C. K. Williams (85, 93) Warren Woessner (75) Brennen Wysong (02) Fairfax, VA Madison, WI Geneva, NY be rewarded by one’s own government for being an Edward Williams (78) David Wojahn (82, 94) New York, NY Bloomington, IN artist, for pursuing a unique y vision. The recognition and John A. Williams (78) Jack Wolf (78) Teaneck, NJ Rochester, NY Susan Yankowitz (72, 80) money were enormously New York, NY helpful to me at the time, (77) Geoffrey Wolff (80, 87) Highlands, NC Jamestown, RI John Yarbrough (95) and since then I’ve been a Fresno, CA judge for the NEA and know Joy Williams (73, 88) Tobias Wolff (78, 85) Siesta Key, FL Syracuse, NY Dwight Yates (93) that the criterion is excel- Redlands, CA lence, always only excellence Alan Williamson (72) Hilma Wolitzer (78, 87) Charlottesville, VA Syosset, NY Richard Yates (67, 83, 84) and promise. It’s a great fel- Boston, MA lowship to receive, a sustain- Anne Williamson (87) Meg Wolitzer (94) Berkeley, CA New York, NY John Yau (76) ing and emboldening award. New York, NY Eric M. Williamson (96) Roy Wolper (75) New York, NY Philadelphia, PA Laurence Yep (90) San Francisco, CA Lex Williford (93) (82) Carbondale, IL Seattle, WA Jose Yglesias (74) North Brookline, ME Constance E. Willis (82) Jane Roberts Wood (92) Woodland Park, CO Houston, TX (75) Palo Alto, CA Meredith Sue Willis (78) Nancy Wood (87) Brooklyn, NY Taos, NM Brian Young (95) Scottsdale, AZ Eleanor Wilner (76) Susan Wood (84) Philadelphia, PA Houston, TX David P. Young (82, 90) Madison, WI Edward Wilson (77) John W. Woods (82) Gainesville, FL Portage, MI Dean Young (88, 96) Bloomington, IN

NEA Literature Fellowships 43 Gary Young (82, 03) Nancy Zafris (93, 06) Paul Zimmer (75, 82) Santa Cruz, CA Columbus, OH Athens, GA Geoffrey M. Young Marc A. Zagoren (80) Lloyd Zimpel (80) (70, 78) Montclair, NJ San Francisco, CA Berkeley, CA Cynthia Zarin (97) Bonnie ZoBell (95) Kevin Young (05) New York, NY Oceanside, CA Bloomington, IN Bill Zavatsky (79) Joel R. Zoss (82) Ray Young Bear (76) New York, NY Chilmark, MA Tama, IA Christine Zawadiwsky (76) Ahmos Zu-Bolton, II (78) John Yount (76) Milwaukee, WI Houston, TX Durham, NC Eileen M. Zeitz (80) (69) Duluth, MN New York, NY Tobias Wolff (78, 85) is the Rafael Zepeda (93) Paul Zweig (80) author of two memoirs, This z Long Beach, CA New York, NY Boy’s Life (1989), about his Lee Zacharias (80) John Zeugner (70) childhood, and In Pharaoh’s Tallahassee, FL Army (1994), about his ser- Greensboro, NC vice during the , Saul Zachary (80) Edra Ziesk (96) New York, NY as well as three volumes of New York, NY short stories, a novella, and a Wayne Zade (76) Richard Zimler (94) Roslyn Heights, NY novel. Wolff received the PEN/ Columbia, MO Faulkner Award for his novella The Barracks Thief.

During the period of my first fellowship I completed a collection of short stories, In the Garden of the North Ameri- can Martyrs, and during the second I made a substantial beginning on a memoir, This Boy’s Life. The grant al- lowed me to write without one eye on the wallet and the other on the clock, and to experiment and develop in ways that would otherwise have been very difficult. I will always be profoundly grateful to the NEA for the difference it has made in my life and work.

44 National Endowment for the Arts Translation Fellows The fiscal year(s) NEA Literature Fellows received the award is in parentheses following the name. Residence listed is that of the Fellow at the time of award (for multiple awards, residence of most recent award is used). In cases where the country of translation is not obvious, the country is listed in parentheses next to the language.

Susan Bernofsky (92) Anthony Chambers (92) Princeton, NJ La Ca~nada, CA a German Japanese Aron Aji (06) Gabriel Berns (81) Leland Chambers (91) Indianapolis, IN San Francisco, CA Denver, CO Turkish Spanish Spanish (Cuba/Mexico) (97) John Bierhorst (86) John Chioles (95) Brooklyn, NY West Shokan, NY New York, NY Serbo-Croatian (Bosnia) Aztec (Mexico) Greek Beverly Allen (94) Phyllis Birnbaum (83) Ronald Christ (86) Syracuse, NY Watertown, MA New York, NY Italian Japanese Spanish (Chile) Erdag Göknar (04) is As- sistant Professor of Turkish Esther Allen (95) Randolph Blasing (81) Joseph P. Clancy (82, 89) Providence, RI New York, NY Studies at . New York, NY Spanish (Mexico) Turkish Welsh He is the award-winning translator of ’s Alison Anderson (04) George Blecher (82) Jonathan Cohen (81) Mill Valley, CA New York, NY Setauket, NY historical novel My Name is French Swedish (Finland) Spanish (Nicaragua) Red. Currently, he is complet- Chana Bloch (99) Peter Cole (92) ing the translation of Ahmet Sarah Arvio (92) New York, NY Berkeley, CA San Francisco, CA Hamdi Tanpinar’s modernist Spanish (Argentina) Hebrew (Germany) Hebrew (Spain) classic, A Mind at Peace. Margaret Aung-Thwin (93) Wanda Boeke (00) Peter Constantine (04) New York, NY Iowa City, IA New York, NY Burmese Dutch Greek Magda Bogin (81, 85) Jane E. Cottrell (83) The NEA translation grant New York, NY Columbus, OH allowed me to overcome Catalan, Spanish Romanian b (Spain, Mexico) significant challenges to Wayne Cox (05) the Tanpinar project. It John Balaban (85) Robert Bononno (02) Greenville, SC was a factor in finalizing State College, PA New York, NY Catalan (Spain) Vietnamese copyright and a publishing French (Switzerland) Aaron Crippen (05) contract, in researching John Balcom (05) Danuta Borchardt (04) Houston, TX Monterey, CA aspects of the novel during Gloucester, MA Chinese Chinese Polish translation, and in giving James Cryer (89) Carol Barko (82) Rhonda Buchanan (06) Chapel Hill, NC me the time and space to New York, NY Louisville, KY Chinese do the work. In addition to French Spanish (Mexico) recognizing the importance (83) of literatures that are un- Bloomington, IN Spanish d der-represented in English C (such as that of Turkey), Frances Horning Rae Dalven (83) the NEA grant enabled me Barraclough (81) Ivana Carlsen (93) New York, NY Ithaca, NY Berkeley, CA Greek to focus on the intrica- Spanish (Peru) Portuguese cies of literary translation Lydia Davis (81) Patrick Barron (06) John Carpenter (81, 88) Brooklyn, NY away from the demands of San Francisco, CA Ann Arbor, MI French university teaching. Italian Polish Marjolijn de Jager (05) John Batki (02) Anne M. Cattaneo (81) Stamford, CT Syracuse, NY New York, NY Dutch Hungarian German Diana P. Decker (96) Herbert Batt (02) Myrtha Chabran (83) Fairfax, VA Buffalo, NY Brooklyn, NY Spanish (Uruguay) Chinese Spanish (Puerto Rico) Diana Der-Hovanessian (93) Steven Becker (84) Cambridge, MA Tortola, VI Armenian French (Zaire)

46 National Endowment for the Arts Dominic Di Bernardi (91) Kimon Friar (82) Philadelphia, PA Oak Brook, IL French Greek (Cypress) h C. Christopher Drake (90) Anne Frydman (86) Kathryn Hansen (84) Essex, MA Baltimore, MD Albany, CA Japanese Russian Hindi (India) Charles Dunlop (88, 94) David Frye (02) Paul Hansen (91) New York, NY Ann Arbor, MI LaConner, WA Japanese Spanish (Mexico) Chinese John DuVal (99) Bruce Fulton (95) Larry Hartsell (95) Fayetteville, AR Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Old French Korean Nepali Paula Haydar (96) David Hinton (91, 01) has Fayetteville, AR translated 18 books, which Arabic (Lebanon) e g have earned him numerous Lyn Hejinian (89) honors and awards, including Clayton Eshleman (88) Jamey Gambrell (94) Berkeley, CA the Landon Translation Award Ypsilanti, MI New York, NY Russian French (Martinique) Russian from the Academy of Ameri- Kathryn Hellerstein (85) can Poets. His translations of Geoffrey Gardner (86) Watertown, MA Cambridge, MA Yiddish (Poland) ancient and French (Uruguay/France) philosophy have earned wide f John High (91) Donald Gecewicz (01) acclaim for creating compelling Lee Fahnestock (93) San Rafael, CA Evanston, IL Russian contemporary English texts New York, NY Italian that convey the actual texture French David Hinton (91, 01) Estelle Gilson (95) and density of the originals. Rebecca Fanany (06) East Calais, VT Bronx, NY Chinese Hinton lives in East Calais, South, Australia Italian Vermont. Indonesian George Hochfield (06) Erdag Göknar (04) Robert Fedorchek (92) Berkeley, CA Durham, NC Italian Fairfield, CT Turkish Spanish Thomas Hoeksema (85) I am an independent scholar Howard Goldblatt (92, 04) Ruth Feldman (89) Las Cruces, NM devoting my time solely to South Bend, IN Spanish (Mexico) Cambridge, MA Chinese translation and writing, Italian Thomas Hoisington (95) Sanford Goldstein (83) so NEA support has been John Felstiner (84, 02) River Forest, IL extremely important in West Lafayette, IN Russian Stanford, CA Japanese making my work possible. German, French (Romania) J. Martin Holman (90) Roger Greenwald (88, 03) Without it, the books simply Thomas Fitzsimmons (82) Orem, UT , Canada Japanese would not have happened. Union Lake, MN Swedish, Danish Japanese Marion P. Holt (81) My first NEA grant came Jerzy Gregorek (03) early in my career, allowing Frederick Fornoff (85, 93) New York, NY Santa Monica, CA Spanish me to translate my second Johnstown, PA Polish Spanish (Spain, Costa Rica) Edwin Honig (82) book: The Selected Poems of T’ao Regina Grol-Prokopczyk (93) Eleni Fourtouni (81) Middletown, RI Ch’ien. My second grant came Buffalo, NY Portuguese New Haven, CT Polish much later, allowing me to Greek William Hutchins (06) translate a large anthology: Agnes Moncy Gullon (86) Leonard Fox (05) Todd, NC Mountain Home: The Wilderness Merion, PA Arabic (Libya) Charleston, SC of Ancient China. Malagasy, French (Madagascar) Prasenjit Gupta (04) Iowa City, IA Donald Frame (84) Bengali (India) i New York, NY Henry Israeli (03) French David M. Guss (82) Venice, CA New York, NY Carib (Venezuela) Albanian

NEA Literature Fellowships 47 Carol Maier (89, 95) j l Atwater, OH Spanish (Spain, Cuba) Lois Baker Janzer (99) Wayne P. Lammers (98) Portland, OR Tigard, OR Michael H. (90) Chinese Japanese London, England Serbo-Croatian (Yugoslavia) Katherine D. Jason (85) Clifford E. Landers (04) New York, NY Naples, FL Maria M. Markof-Belaeff Italian Portuguese (Brazil) (82) San Francisco, CA Kent Johnson (05) Linda Lappin (88, 96) Russian Freeport, IL Kingsport, TN Spanish (Bolivia) Italian Henry A. Martin, Jr. (89) Bolzano, Italy Jeanne Larsen (95) Bill Johnston (99) Italian Lynne Sharon Schwartz St. Paul, MN Roanoke, VA Khaled Mattawa (99) (85,02) has written numerous Polish Chinese Chapel Hill, NC Naomi Lazard (86) novels and short story, essay, Margaret E. W. Jones (00) Arabic (Iraq) and poetry collections in Lexington, KY Geenwich, CT Spanish Urdu (Pakistan) Margaret Mauldon (89) addition to translations from Amherst, MA Janet Lembke (05) Italian by noted writers Nata- Pierre Joris (99) French (Vietnam) lia Ginzburg and Liana Millu. Albany, NY Staunton, VA German (Romania) Latin (Italy) Ralph McCarthy (94) Her novel Leaving Brooklyn Fallbrook, CA (1989) was a finalist for the Rika Lesser (01) Brooklyn, NY Japanese PEN/Faulkner Award. Swedish Christi Ann Merrill (02) k Curt Leviant (84) Charlottesville, VA Hindi, Rajasthani (India) James Kates (06) Edison, NJ It’s not unusual for fiction Fitzwilliam, NH Yiddish (Russia) Philip Metres, III (01) writers to feel, in low mo- Russian Suzanne Jill Levine Bloomington, IN Russian ments, that their work is of Shirley Kaufman (03) (81, 85, 93) no tangible use. Despite all Jerusalem, Israel Santa Barbara, CA Mona Mikhail (81) Hebrew (Israel) Spanish (Spain, Argentina) New York, NY we tell ourselves about the Arabic Edmund Keeley (88) Alexis Levitin (93, 03) necessity of art as a chron- Princeton, NJ Morrisonville, NY Breon Mitchell (89) icle of private and public Greek Portuguese Ellettsville, IN German life, or art as a means of Tsipi Keller (97) Cecilia Liang (83) nourishing the living lan- New York, NY Woodland Hills, CA Stephen Mitchell (88) guage, we do occasionally Hebrew (Israel) Chinese Berkeley, CA German, Hebrew (Germany) imagine our time might be Anthony Kerrigan (82) Frances M. Lopez-Morillas better spent, say, building Notre Dame, IN (85) Steven Murray (90) Spanish Austin, TX Seattle, WA furniture or bridges, work Spanish Danish (Sweden) that fills a clear need. The Stephen Kessler (01) Gualala, CA Leza Lowitz (97) NEA fellowship assured me Spanish Oakland, CA what I did was indeed use- Japanese Kerry Keys (05) n ful, enough so to warrant Boiling Springs, PA Josef Lustig (86) its encouragement. I was Lithuanian Washington, DC Joachim Neugroschel (94) able to complete a collec- Czech Belle Harbor, NY Nina Kossman (99) German tion of short stories, and Long Island City, NY Sverre Lyngstad (83) some years later, a transla- Russian New York, NY Mary Ann Newman (90) Norwegian New York, NY tion that took seven years to Chana Kronfeld (06) Catalan (Spain) find a publisher. Berkeley, CA Hebrew (Israel) Howard Norman (81, 85) Cambridge, MA William Kulik (94) m Cree, Swampy Cree (Canada) Philadelphia, PA Sandy MacDonald (89) French Tiina Nunnally (04) Cambridge, MA Albuquerque, NM Italian Norwegian

48 National Endowment for the Arts Moss Roberts (83) Frankie Shackelford (91) o New York, NY Verona, WI Chinese Norwegian Ranjini Obeyesekere (82) Princeton, NJ David Rosenthal (91) Daniel Shapiro (03) Sinhala (Sri Lanka) New York, NY New York, NY Catalan (Spain) Spanish (Chile) Mike O’Connor (03) Port Townsend, WA Carol Rubenstein (84) Andrew Shields (05) Chinese Taos, NM Basel, Switzerland Malay French William O’Daly (06) Auburn, CA David Rubin (83, 90, 96) Katherine Silver (90) Spanish (Chile) New York, NY Oakland, CA Hindi (India) Spanish (Peru) Brian Thomas Oles (98) Robert Rudder (04) John Oliver Simon (01) Seattle, WA William Jay Smith (72, 95) Russian Claremont, CA Berkeley, CA Spanish Spanish (Chile) was Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (Poet David Slavitt (88) Laureate) from 1968 to 1970, Philadelphia, PA p Latin (Italy) and in that capacity trav- s eled widely in Russia, Eastern William Jay Smith (95) (83) Europe, and the Middle East. New York, NY Ivan Sanders (84, 93) Cummington, MA French Stony Brook, NY French His books include Army Brat, a Hungarian memoir, The World below the , Jr. (06) Adam Sorkin (05) Window: Poems 1937-1997, Brooklyn, NY Stephen Sartarelli (90, 96) Haverstown, PA Danish Hudson, NY Romanian and Laughing Time, a chil- Italian dren’s classic. His translations Margaret Sayers Peden Laima Sruoginis (04) have won awards from the (81, 89) Teo Savory (82) Peaks Island, ME Columbia, MO Greensboro, NC Lithuanian French Academy, the Swedish French Academy, and the Hungarian Spanish (Chile, Argentina) Steven Stewart (05) government. Richard Pevear (81) Christopher Reno, NV New York, NY Sawyer-Laucanno (92) Spanish Italian Somerville, MA Spanish Richard Philcox (00) As a young poet and trans- New York, NY Mark Schafer (94, 06) Cambridge, MA t lator, I followed Eliot and French (West Indies) Spanish (Mexico) Pound in their admiration Mark Polizzotti (95) Alexander Taylor (82) Newton, MA Paul Schmidt (86, 96) Willimantic, CT of the French poet Jules French New York, NY Danish Laforgue, and after years Russian Ritva Poom (90) Peter Theroux (91, 96) of work produced the first New York, NY Karine Schomer (83) Long Beach, CA comprehensive English Finnish Berkeley, CA Arabic (Jordan) selection of his writing. The Rajasthani (India) Bill (Red Pine) Porter Virlana Tkacz (05) NEA grant enabled me to (86, 05) Lynne Sharon Schwartz (02) New York, NY undertake new versions of Port Townsend, WA New York, NY Ukrainian Italian the fairytales of Madame Chinese Anne Twitty (06) d’Aulnoy, who had long Marion Schwartz (88) Brooklyn, NY Alfred Poulin, Jr. (82) been an inspiration in my Brockport, NY New York, NY Spanish (Argentina) French (Czech Republic) Russian William J. Tyler (92) work for children. With that grant I joined the host Caterina F. Provost (84) Martha Ann Selby (05) Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh, PA Austin, TX Japanese of translators indebted to Italian Tamil (India) the NEA for allowing us to Sagaree Sengupta (02) seek treasures beyond our Madison, WI u borders and to present them Hindi (India) with a new transparency to r Timothy Sergay (06) Carol Ueland (03) New York, NY American readers. Ralph R. Read (81) Worthington, OH Russian Austin, TX Russian German

NEA Literature Fellowships 49 Katherine Washburn (88) v Brooklyn, NY y German (Romania) Russell Valentino (02) Donald A. Yates (00) Iowa City, IA Alyson Waters (04) St. Helena, CA Serbo-Croatian (Bosnia) Brooklyn, NY Spanish (Argentina) French Victor Valle (81) Shiao-ling Yu (94) Evanston, IL Ellen Watson (84) Lawrence, KS Spanish (Brazil/Peru) Conway, MA Chinese Portuguese (Brazil) Karen Van Dyck (96) New York, NY Daniel Weissbort (81) Greek Iowa City, IA Russian z Jan van Huerck (81) Mary White (85) Donald A. Yates (00) has East Haven, CT Ilinca Zarifopol-Johnson Decorah, IA (94) translated numerous works German Russian Bloomington, IN from Spanish into English. Paul Vangelisti (81) Steven White (88) Romanian Outside of his translations of Los Angeles, CA Eugene, OR Richard Zenith (89) Jorge Luis Borges, Adolfo Bioy Italian Spanish (Nicaragua) Alexandria, VA Casares, Marco Denevi, Manuel Lawrence Venuti (82, 99) Elizabeth Wing (93) Portuguese Peyrou, and many other short New York, NY Italian Baton Rouge, LA Linda Zisquit (96) story writers and , French (Martinique) Jerusalem, Israel Yates is a creative writer in his Mai Vo-Dinh (83) Willard Wood (00) Hebrew (Israel) own right as well as a noted Burkittsville, MD Vietnamese Norfolk, CT critic and anthologist. French Carolyne Wright (96) Arlington, MA I did my first translations w Bengali (Bangladesh) from Spanish nearly 50 Sergio Gabriel Waisman (00) Elizabeth Oehlkers Wright (03) years ago. In 1962, with San Francisco, CA Spanish (Argentina) Waltham, MA James E. Irby, I co-edited German and co-translated Labyrinths, Bernard Waldrop (91, 03) Providence, RI Harold Wright (85) the first collection of the French Yellow Springs, OH Japanese writings of Jorge Luis Borges Rosmarie Waldrop (94) to appear in English. The Providence, RI NEA translation grant is German allowing me to bring into English the complete writ- ings of the Argentine author Edgar Brau, who to date has published two novels and thirteen short stories. I see Brau as a truly gifted writer, who draws inspiration not only from Borges, but also from his compatriot, Marco Denevi, whose literary and ethical standards he clearly admires.

50 National Endowment for the Arts National Awards and Honors Won by NEA Literature Fellows Poets Laureate of the United States

Eight of the last 10 Poets Laureate have been The Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library NEA Literature Fellows. of Congress serves to raise the national consciousness about the reading and writing of poetry. The Poet Laureate is appointed annually by the of Congress. The position has existed under two separate titles: from 1937 to 1986 as “Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress” and from 1986 forward as “Poet Laureate.”

The following NEA Literature Fellows were named U.S. Poet Laureate (the fiscal year they received the fellowship is in Mark Strand parentheses).

Mona Van Duyn

Poets Laureate 2004–05 Ted Kooser (76, 84) 2003–04 Louise Glück (70, 79, 88) 2001–03 Billy Collins (88) 2000–01 Stanley Kunitz (84) 1997–00 Robert Pinsky (84) 1993–95 Rita Dove (77, 89) Rita Dove 1992–93 Mona Van Duyn (67, 85) Robert Pinsky 1990–91 Mark Strand (68, 78, 86) 1986–87 Robert Penn Warren (69)

Consultants in Poetry 1985–86 Gwendolyn Brooks (89) 1984–85 Reed Whittemore (69) 1982–84 Anthony Hecht (89)

Stanley Kunitz 1981–82 Maxine Kumin (67) Billy Collins 1978–80 William Meredith (72, 84) 1974–76 Stanley Kunitz (84) 1970–71 William Stafford (91) 1968–70 William Jay Smith (72, 95) 1964–65 Reed Whittemore (69) 1948–49 Léonie Adams (66) 1945–46 Louise Bogan (68) 1944–45 Robert Penn Warren (69) Louise Glück

Ted Kooser

52 National Endowment for the Arts The Bollingen Prize for Poetry The National Medal of Arts, established in 1985, is the The for highest award given to artists and arts patrons by the Poetry, established in 1949, United States government. It is awarded annually by is awarded biennially by the President of the United States to individuals and the Library groups who have made outstanding contributions to to an American poet for the the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the best book published during arts in the United States. the previous two years and The following NEA Literature Fellows received the award (the for lifetime achievement in fiscal year they received the fellowship is in parentheses). poetry. The prize includes an award of $75,000. 2004 Anthony Hecht (89) The following NEA Literature 2001 Rudolfo Anaya (79) Fellows received the award (the fiscal year they received the 1995 Gwendolyn Brooks (89) fellowship is in parentheses). 1993 Stanley Kunitz (84) 1987 Robert Penn Warren (69) 2005 Jay Wright (68) 1986 Eudora Welty (89) 2001 Louise Glück (70, 79, 88) 1999 Robert Creeley (80) 1993 Mark Strand (68, 78, 86) National Humanities Medal 1991 Laura Riding Jackson (80) Donald Justice (66, 79, 89) The National Humanities Medal, established in 1988 1987 Stanley Kunitz (84) originally as the Charles Frankel Prize, honors individ- uals or groups whose work has deepened the nation’s 1985 John Ashbery (69) understanding of the humanities, broadened our 1983 Anthony Hecht (89) citizens’ engagement with the humanities, or helped 1981 May Swenson (74) preserve and expand Americans’ access to important 1979 W. S. Merwin (69, 77) resources in the humanities. 1971 Mona Van Duyn (67, 85) The following NEA Literature Fellows received the award (the fiscal year they received the fellowship is in parentheses). 1969 John Berryman (68) 1967 Robert Penn Warren (69) 2000 Ernest J. Gaines (68) 1997 Maxine Hong Kingston (80) 1996 Rita Dove (77, 89) 1994 William Kittredge (74, 81) 1992 Eudora Welty (89)

NEA Literature Fellowships 53 PEN/Faulkner Award 1999 Michael Cunningham (88) Named for , who used his Nobel Prize (winner) Russell Banks (78, 83) funds to create an award for young writers, and affili- Cloudsplitter (finalist) ated with PEN, the international writers’ organization, Richard Selzer (88) the PEN/Faulkner Award was founded by writers in 1980 The Doctor Stories (finalist) to honor their peers. The award winner receives $15,000; each of the other four finalists receives $5,000, making 1998 Donald Antrim (02) PEN/Faulkner the largest juried award for fiction in the The Hundred Brothers (finalist) United States. 1997 Gina Berriault (86) The following NEA Literature Fellows received the award (the Women in their Beds (winner) fiscal year they received the fellowship is in parentheses). Ron Hansen (80, 87) Atticus (finalist) Jamaica Kincaid (86) The Autobiography of My Mother (finalist) 2005 Jerome Charyn (80, 85) 1996 Richard Ford (80, 86) The Green Lantern (finalist) Independence Day (winner) Madison Smartt Bell (92) 2004 Frederick Busch (76) All Souls’ Rising (finalist) Elroy Nights (finalist) Tobias Wolff (78, 85) 1995 Frederick Busch (76) Old School (finalist) The Children in the Woods (finalist) Ursula Hegi (90) 2003 Peter Cameron (87) Stones from the River (finalist) The City of Your Final Destination (finalist) Joyce Carol Oates (69) William Kennedy (81) What I Lived For (finalist) Roscoe (finalist) Gilbert Sorrentino (74, 83) 1994 Stanley Elkin (72) Little Casino (finalist) Van Gogh’s Room at Arles (finalist) Dagoberto Gilb (92) 2002 Karen Joy Fowler (88) The Magic of Blood (finalist) Sister Noon (finalist) Fae Myenne Ng (90) Jonathan Franzen (02) Bone (finalist) (finalist) 1993 Annie Proulx (91) 2001 Denis Johnson (75, 81) (winner) The Name of the World (finalist) Robert Olen Butler (94) Mona Simpson (86) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain (finalist) Off Keck Road (finalist) Maureen Howard (88) Natural History (finalist) 2000 Frederick Busch (76) Sylvia Watanabe (89) The Night Inspector (finalist) Talking to the Dead (finalist)

1992 Stephen Dixon (74, 90) Frog (finalist) Allan Gurganus (76, 85) White People (finalist)

54 National Endowment for the Arts 1991 Paul Auster (79, 85) 1985 Tobias Wolff (78, 85) The Music of Chance (finalist) The Barracks Thief (winner) Joanne Meschery (80, 85) Harriet Doerr (83) A Gentleman’s Guide to the Frontier (finalist) Stones for Ibarra (finalist) Steven Millhauser (86) David Leavitt (88) The Barnum Museum (finalist) Family Dancing (finalist)

1990 Russell Banks (78, 83) 1984 Ron Hansen (80,87) Affliction (finalist) The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Lynne Sharon Schwartz (85, 02) Robert Ford (finalist) Leaving Brooklyn (finalist) William Kennedy (81) (finalist) 1989 Isaac Bashevis Singer (67) Jamaica Kincaid (86) The Death of Methuselah and Other Stories At the Bottom of the River (finalist) (finalist) Cynthia Ozick (68) The Cannibal Galaxy (finalist) 1988 T. C. Boyle (78, 83) World’s End (winner) 1983 Maureen Howard (88) Richard Bausch (83) Grace Abounding (finalist) Spirits (finalist) Bobbie Ann Mason (83) Cynthia Ozick (68) Shiloh and Other Stories (finalist) The Messiah of Stockholm (finalist) Lawrence Thornton (87) 1982 David Bradley (91) Imagining Argentina (finalist) The Chaneysville Incident (winner) Richard Bausch (83) 1987 Richard Ford (80, 86) Take Me Back (finalist) The Sportswriter (finalist) Robert Stone (68, 83) Maureen Howard (88) A Flag for Sunrise (finalist) Expensive Habits (finalist) Charles Johnson (80) 1981 Walter Abish (79, 85) The Sorcerer’s Apprentice (finalist) How German Is It (winner) Janet Kauffman (84) Gilbert Sorrentino (74, 83) Collaborators (finalist) Aberration of Starlight (finalist)

1986 Peter Taylor (84) The Old Forest (winner) William Gaddis (67, 74) Carpenter’s Gothic (finalist) Hugh Nissenson (78) The Tree of Life (finalist) Grace Paley (67, 87) Later the Same Day (finalist)

NEA Literature Fellowships 55 American Book Award 1998 Jim Barnes (78) 1991 (87) On Native Ground: Memoirs and Homesick: New and Selected The American Book Awards, es- Impressions Stories tablished in 1978 by the Before Nora Okja Keller (00) Jessica Hagedorn (95) Columbus Foundation, recognize Comfort Woman Dogeaters outstanding literary achievement Thomas Lynch (88) Joy Harjo (77, 92) The Undertaking: In Mad Love and War by contemporary American authors, from the Dismal Trade Meridel Le Sueur (80) without restriction to race, sex, Brenda Osbey (90) Harvest Song ethnic background, or genre. All Saints John A. Williams (78) 1990 Paula Gunn Allen (77) The following NEA Literature Fellows Safari West Contemporary Writing by Native received the award (the fiscal year American Women they received the fellowship is in 1997 Dorothy Barresi (97) Barbara Grizzuti Harrison (81) parentheses). The Post-Rapture Diner Italian Days

Tom DeHaven (80, 86) Adrienne Kennedy (72)

Derby Dugan’s Depression Funnies People Who Led to My Plays Martin Espada (86, 92) 2004 Diana Abu-Jaber (94) Imagine the Angels of Bread 1989 , translated by Crescent Louis Owens (89) Margaret Sayers Peden (81, 89) Nightland Eva Luna 2003 Jewell Parker Rhodes (82) Frank Chin (74, 80) Douglass’ Women 1996 Sherman Alexie (92) Chinaman Pacific & Frisco Reservation R.R. Co. 2002 Alex Kuo (90) Kimiko Hahn (86, 92) Audre Lorde (81, 90) Lipstick and Other Stories The Unbearable Heart A Burst of Light Al Young (75) Arthur Sze (82, 93) Leslie Scalapino (76, 86) The Sound of Dreams Archipelago Way Remembered: Poems 1990–2000 1995 Li-Young Lee (87, 95) 1988 Jimmy Santiago Baca (87) 2001 Tillie Olsen (67) The Winged Seed: A Remembrance Martin and Meditations on the Lifetime Achievement Award South Valley 1994 Janet Campbell Hale (95) Charles Olson (69) 2000 Michael Lally (78, 81) Bloodlines: Odyssey of a Native The Collected Poems of Charles It’s Not Nostalgia: Poetry Daughter Olson and Prose Lawson Fusao Inada (72, 79) Ed Sanders (87) Frank Chin (74, 80) Legends from Camp Poems 1961-1985 Lifetime Achievement Award Ronald Sukenick (80, 89) Robert Creeley (81) 1993 Denise Giardina (88, 96) Down and In Lifetime Achievement Award The Unquiet Earth Diane Glancy (90, 03) 1987 Ai (79, 85) 1999 James D. Houston (76) Claiming Breath Sin The Last Paradise Leroy Quintana (78) Ana Castillo (90, 95) Spear Morgan (78) The History of Home The Mixquiahuala Letters The Freshour Cylinders Eugene Redmond (78) Juan Felipe Herrera (79, 85) Gloria Naylor (85) The Eye in the Ceiling: Selected Face Games The Men of Brewster Place Poems Etheridge Knight (72, 81) Josip Novakovich (91, 02) The Essential Etheridge Knight Verlyn Klinkenborg (88) Salvation and Other Disasters 1992 Terry McMillan (88) The Last Fine Time Mama Sandra Scofield (89) James Welch (70) Beyond Deserving Fools Crow

John Wieners (69, 86) Selected Poems, 1958–1984

56 National Endowment for the Arts 1986 Raymond Federman (85) 1982 Russell Banks (78, 83) Smiles on Washington Square The Book of Jamaica Linda Hogan (86) Lorna Dee Cervantes (77, 93) Seeing Through the Sun Emplumada Terence Winch (92) Frank Chin (74, 80) Irish Musicians/American The Chickencoop Chinaman and

Friends The Year of the Dragon Leroy Quintana (78) 1985 Sandra Cisneros (81, 88) Sangre The House on Mango Street Jerome Rothenberg (76) Robert Duncan (67, 80) Pre-Faces & Other Writings Ground Work: Before the War Al Young (75) Louise Erdrich (83) Bodies & Soul Love Medicine Angela Jackson (80) 1981 Toni Cade Bambara (83) Solo in the Box Car, Third Floor E The Salt Eaters Colleen McElroy (77, 91) Robert Kelly (76) Queen of the Ebony Aisles In Time Maureen Owen (79) Ben Santos (82) Amelia Earhart (AE) A Scent of Apples Sonia Sanchez (77) Homegirls and Handgrenades 1980 Rudolfo Anaya (79) May Sarton (67) Tortuga At Seventy: A Journal Mei-Mei Berssenbrugge (76, 81) Gary Soto (82, 91) Random Possession Living Up the Street Jayne Cortez (79, 86) Mouth on Paper 1984 Mei-Mei Berssenbrugge (76, 81) (69) The Heat Bird Hello, La Jolla William Kennedy (81) Leslie Marmon Silko (74) O Albany! Ceremony Paule Marshall (68, 78) Praisesong for the Widow Thomas McGrath (74, 82, 87) Echoes Inside the Labyrinth

1983 (79) Queen of Wands Jessica Hagedorn (95) Pet Food & Tropical Apparitions James D. Houston (76) Californians Cecilia Liang (83) trans. Chinese Folk Poetry John A. Williams (78) !Click Song Evangelina Vigil (79) Thirty An’ Seen a Lot

NEA Literature Fellowships 57 National Book Award

Since 1950, the National Book Awards have been given to recognize achievements in four genres: fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and young people’s literature. The winners, selected by five-member, independent judging panels for each genre, receive a $10,000 award.

The following NEA Literature Fellows received the award (the fiscal year they received the fellowship is in parentheses).

2005 W. S. Merwin (69, 77) 1993 Annie Proulx (91) 1980 John Irving (74) Migration: New and Selected (Fiction) The World According to Garp Poems (Poetry) (Fiction) 1992 Mary Oliver (72) Philip Levine (76, 81, 87) 2004 Jean Valentine (72) New & Selected Poems (Poetry) Ashes (Poetry) Door in the Mountain: New and Collected Poems (Poetry) 1991 Norman Rush (86) 1977 Wallace Stegner (90) Mating (Fiction) (Fiction) 2003 C. K. Williams (85, 93) Philip Levine (76, 81, 87) The Singing (Poetry) What Work Is (Poetry) 1976 William Gaddis (67, 74) JR (Fiction) 2002 Julia Glass (04) 1990 Charles Johnson (80) John Ashbery (69) (Fiction) (Fiction) Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (Poetry) 2001 Jonathan Franzen (02) 1988 Pete Dexter (70) The Corrections (Fiction) (Fiction) 1975 Robert Stone (68, 83) (Fiction) 2000 Lucille Clifton (70, 73) 1987 Larry Heinemann (81, 87) Marilyn Hacker (74, 85) Blessing the Boats (Poetry) Paco’s Story (Fiction) Presentation Piece (Poetry)

1999 Ai (79) 1984 Harriet Doerr (83) 1974 Isaac Bashevis Singer (67) Vice: New & Selected Poems Stones for Ibarra (Fiction) A Crown of Feathers (Fiction) (Poetry) Allen Ginsberg (79, 87) 1983 Gloria Naylor (85) The Fall of America (Poetry) 1998 Gerald Stern (76, 82, 87) The Women of Brewster Place This Time: New & Selected Poems (First Novel) 1972 Howard Moss (84) (Poetry) Alice Walker (78) Selected Poems (Poetry) (Fiction, 1997 William Meredith (72, 84) hardcover) 1971 Mona Van Duyn (67) Effort at Speech: New & Selected Eudora Welty (89) To See, To Take (Poetry) Poems (Poetry) Collected Stories of Eudora Welty (Fiction, paperback) 1970 Isaac Bashevis Singer (67) 1996 Andrea Barrett (92) Galway Kinnell (77, 84) A Day of Pleasure (Children’s) Ship Fever (Fiction) Selected Poems (Poetry) Joyce Carol Oates (69) Hayden Carruth (67, 75, 88) (75, 84) Them (Fiction) Scrambled Eggs and Whiskey Country Music: Selected Early (Poetry) Poems (Poetry) 1969 John Berryman (68) His Toy, His Dream, His Rest 1995 Stanley Kunitz (84) 1982 Tracy Kidder (74) (Poetry) Passing Through: The Later Poems The Soul of a New Machine (Poetry) (Nonfiction)

1994 William Gaddis (67, 74) 1981 Wright Morris (86) (Fiction) Plains Song (Fiction) James Tate (79) Maxine Hong Kingston (80) Worshipful Company of Fletchers China Men (General Fiction) (Poetry) Lisel Mueller (90) The Need to Hold Still (Poetry)

58 National Endowment for the Arts National Book Critics Circle Award

The National Book Critics Circle, founded in 1974, consists of nearly 700 active book reviewers devoted to honoring quality writing and communicating with one another about common concerns. Every year, the NBCC presents awards for the best book in five categories: fiction, general nonfiction, biography/ autobiography, poetry, criticism. The following NEA Literature Fellows received the award (the fiscal year they received the fellowship is in parentheses).

2003 Edward P. Jones (86) 1989 Rodney Jones (84) The Known World (Fiction) Transparent Gestures (Poetry) Susan Stewart (82, 89) Columbarium (Poetry) 1988 Bharati Mukherjee (86) The Middleman and Other Stories 2002 B. H. Fairchild (88) (Fiction) Early Occult Memory Systems of the Lower Midwest (Poetry) 1987 C. K. Williams (85, 93) Flesh and Blood (Poetry) 2001 Albert Goldbarth (74, 79, 86) Saving Lives: Poems (Poetry) 1986 Reynolds Price (66) Kate Vaiden (Fiction) 1998 Marie Ponsot (79) Edward Hirsch (81) The Bird Catcher (Poetry) Wild Gratitude (Poetry)

1997 Charles Wright (75, 84) 1985 Louise Glück (70, 79, 88) Black Zodiac (Poetry) The Triumph of Achilles (Poetry)

1996 Gina Berriault (86) 1984 Louise Erdrich (83) Women in Their Beds (Fiction) Love Medicine (Fiction) Sharon Olds (82) 1995 Stanley Elkin (72) The Dead and the Living (Poetry) Mrs. Ted Bliss (Fiction) William Matthews (75, 84) 1983 William Kennedy (81) Time and Money (Poetry) Ironweed (Fiction)

1994 Mark Rudman (95) 1982 Stanley Elkin (72) Rider (Poetry) George Mills (Fiction) Katha Pollitt (84) 1993 Ernest J. Gaines (68) Antarctic Traveler (Poetry) A Lesson Before Dying (Fiction) Mark Doty (87) 1980 Frederick Seidel (69) My Alexandria (Poetry) Sunrise (Poetry)

1992 Hayden Carruth (67, 75, 88) 1979 Philip Levine (76, 81, 87) Collected Shorter Poems (Poetry) Ashes and Seven Years from Nowhere (Poetry) 1991 Jane Smiley (78, 87) A Thousand Acres (Fiction) 1976 John Gardner (72) Albert Goldbarth (74, 79, 86) October Light (Fiction) Heaven and Earth: A Cosmology (Poetry) 1975 John Ashbery (69) Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (Poetry)

NEA Literature Fellowships 59 Pulitzer Prize

The Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded annually since 1917 in print journalism, literary achievements, and musical compositions. Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board officially administered by the Graduate School of Journalism. The prize was established by Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher in the late 19th century. The following NEA Literature Fellows received the award (the fiscal year they received the fellowship is in parentheses).

2005 Ted Kooser (76, 84) 1994 Annie Proulx (91) 1978 James Alan McPherson (72) Delights and Shadows (Poetry) The Shipping News (Fiction) Elbow Room (Fiction) Yusef Komunyakaa (81, 88) 2004 Edward P. Jones (86) Neon Vernacular (Poetry) 1976 John Ashbery (69) The Known World (Fiction) Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror Franz Wright (85, 92) 1993 Robert Olen Butler (94) (Poetry) Walking to Martha’s Vineyard A Good Scent from a Strange (Poetry) Mountain (Fiction) 1973 Eudora Welty (89) Louise Glück (70, 79, 88) The Optimist’s Daughter (Fiction) 2003 Jeffrey Eugenides (95) The Wild Iris (Poetry) Maxine Kumin (67) (Fiction) Up Country (Poetry) 1992 Jane Smiley (78, 87) 2002 Carl Dennis (88) A Thousand Acres (Fiction) 1972 Wallace Stegner (90) Practical Gods (Poetry) James Tate (79) (Fiction) Selected Poems (Poetry) 2001 (73, 81, 89) 1971 W. S. Merwin (69, 77) Different Hours (Poetry) 1991 Mona Van Duyn (67) The Carrier of Ladders (Poetry) Near Changes (Poetry) 2000 C. K. Williams (85, 93) 1970 Richard Howard (87) Repair (Poetry) 1990 Oscar Hijuelos (85) Untitled Subjects (Poetry) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of 1999 Michael Cunningham (88) Love (Fiction) 1969 George Oppen (80) The Hours (Fiction) Charles Simic (75, 79) Of Being Numerous (Poetry) Mark Strand (68, 78, 86) The World Doesn’t End (Poetry) Blizzard of One (Poetry) 1968 Anthony Hecht (89) 1987 Peter Taylor (84) The Hard Hours (Poetry) 1998 Charles Wright (75, 84) (Fiction) Black Zodiac (Poetry) Rita Dove (77, 89) Thomas and Beulah (Poetry) 1997 Steven Millhauser (86) : The Tale of an 1986 Henry Taylor (77, 86) American Dreamer (Fiction) The Flying Change (Poetry) Lisel Mueller (90) Alive Together: New & Selected 1984 William Kennedy (81) Poems (Poetry) Ironweed (Fiction) Mary Oliver (84) 1996 Richard Ford (80, 86) American Primitive (Poetry) Independence Day (Fiction) Jorie Graham (84) 1983 Alice Walker (78) The Dream of the Unified Field The Color Purple (Fiction) (Poetry) 1981 James Schuyler (72) 1995 Philip Levine (76, 81, 87) The Morning of the Poem (Poetry) The Simple Truth (Poetry) 1980 Donald Justice (79, 89) Selected Poems (Poetry)

60 National Endowment for the Arts In memory of Literature Director Cliff Becker, a true champion of the NEA Literature Fellowship program.

1964 – 2005

NEA Literature Fellowships 3 National Endowment for the Arts

A Great Nation Deserves Great Art.

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20506-0001 (202) 682-5400 www.arts.gov