DOCSLIB.ORG

The Intentionality Thesis and Its Developments: from Brentano to Meinong, Husserl, Ehrenfels and Mally

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Intentionality Thesis and Its Developments: from Brentano to Meinong, Husserl, Ehrenfels and Mally o THE INTENTIONALITY THESIS AND ITS DEVELOPMENTSphilosophy,... N 2(26), june - 2013 THE INTENTIONALITY THESIS AND ITS DEVELOPMENTS: FROM BRENTANO TO MEINONG, HUSSERL, EHRENFELS AND MALLY Winfried Löffler (*) ccording to Otto Neurath and via his prominent pupils – was one of Rudolf Haller, philosophy in the most influential philosophers in Austria in the 19th and early European philosophy of all times. It is 20th had a very special character, and true that one important root of it is one of the main roots of modern analytic philosophy is the Austro - analytic philosophy: It was open to Polish one which essentially goes the sciences, it was anti-idealistic and back to Brentano, his pupils (like realistic in its ontological tendencies, Meinong and Twardowski) and it had an empiricist tendency and it second-generation-pupils (like Mally, went back to the longer influence of Łukasiewicz, and Tarski).(*)Furthermore, Catholic scholastic philosophy and the Brentano’s influence contributed to Leibniz - Wolff rationalism. This in the appointment of Ernst Mach as turn has to do with the Catholicism of professor in Vienna, and this endorsed the Habsburg emperors, and it a science-friendly climate among prevented a stronger reception of the philosophers and a broader audience. philosophies of Kant and the German Interestingly, also the phenomenological Idealists. Barry Smith proposed an movement – today often seen in harsh addition to this thesis: The central opposition to analytic philosophy – figure for this so - called “Austrian originates in Brentano and his school. philosophy” was Franz Brentano Edmund Husserl writes that without (1838 - 1917); he served as a professor his teacher Brentano, he would not in Vienna from 1874 to 1880 and then have turned into a philosopher, and as a private docent till 1895. Personally, even Martin Heidegger – the paradigm I have certain doubts in detail about anti-analytic philosopher – confesses the Neurath-Haller thesis (which I that without reading Brentano’s first cannot elaborate in this short paper), book on Aristotle he would not have but it cannot reasonably be doubted that Brentano – personally as well as (*) Assoc. Prof., Dr., University of Innsbruck, Austria. 42 WINFRIED LöFFLER written a line of philosophy. Brentano Even if controversial and sometimes is often perceived as a philosopher, misunderstood, the intentionality but he is regularly mentioned also in thesis stood at the beginning of very textbooks on psychology as one of the different philosophical projects. fathers of modern psychology: Unlike 1. Franz Brentano – a brief portrait his predecessors, Brentano defined of a difficult figure psychology as the science of the Brentano displays the features of a psychic or mental phenomena, and not typically “Austrian” philosopher only the science of the soul. He thereby to a certain extent: He was definitely paved the way to modern, empirical influenced by Aristotle, Leibniz and psychology. the Catholic Neo-Scholasticism, but Brentano’s most prominent and he got this orientation already in best - known piece of doctrine is the Germany, beginning as a schoolboy so-called “intentionality thesis”. But when he read Thomas Aquinas and interestingly, this thesis underwent then during his university studies. He various modifications and also came from Germany to Vienna in misunderstandings: it was modified 1874 at a time when his principal by the late Brentano himself, it was works were already written: two modified by some of his prominent books on Aristotle and the first pupils, and it was heavily misunderstood volume of the Psychology from an by a good part of the Brentano Empirical Standpoint. He was definitely reception from the 1970s onwards. open to the natural sciences: In his Nevertheless, it proved fruitful for fourth habilitation thesis, he claimed subsequent philosophical thought in that the true method of philosophy many respects. My plan for this paper was no other than the method of the is this: natural sciences, but he was in no In section 1, I will sketch a portrait way a naturalist or a defender of any of Brentano as a philosopher; in section kind of scientism like the Vienna 2, I want to explain the intentionality Circle. “The method of the natural thesis as it was understood by the sciences” meant for him just an early Brentano and demarcate it from empirically founded procedure of some misunderstandings, and in sections deduction and induction, very different 3 to 7 I’ll give a brief survey of what in any case from the speculations developed out of this thesis among his of the German Idealists which he pupils and second-generation-pupils. strongly opposed. Concerning realism 43 THE INTENTIONALITY THESIS AND ITS DEVELOPMENTS... and objectivism, Brentano took a via his unpublished manuscripts. difficult stance: On the one hand, he Some fields in Brentano’s thought, was indeed a strong realist and e.g. ontology, are extremely hard to objectivist, in ethics as well as in understand since he repeatedly changed ontology, on the other hand he held his opinions, sometimes within weeks that all philosophy had to start from or months. Many of those manuscripts introspection, that means the inner were published only posthumously perception of our mental life. Clearly, by some editors, but partly in a such a position runs into a sort of questionable style: Some of the “bridging the gap” problems: How can editors combine older and younger we secure that our mental phenomena texts, and some have a tendency to display the external world correctly? propagate the opinions of the late Brentano applied various ways to fill Brentano. Hence, these opinions are the gap: In ethics, but also elsewhere, interpreted into the earlier texts, and he strongly used the idea of evident the result is sometimes confusing. A correctness: There is something like historico-critical edition, which hopefully evidently correct loving or hating. In manages to avoid these problems, is ontology, epistemology and philosophy currently in the making, a few of religion, he often works with volumes have already appeared. A probabilities and inferences to the little indication of the difficulties to best explanation: The best and most get an overall picture of Brentano is probable explanation for our perceptions the fact that there is to the present is the existence of an external world, day no bigger and comprehensive the most probable explanation for the account of his philosophy. There are structures in the world is the numerous studies on special topics existence of God. and a couple of brief overviews, but as Brentano’s immense influence cannot far as I know, nobody has risked so go back to his few published books. far to write a broad, balanced monograph Indeed, Brentano published little in about the whole thought of Brentano. his lifetime. After 1874, Brentano Especially his philosophy of religion is seemed to suffer under an inability to widely overlooked. finish bigger texts. He re-thought Why, then, was Brentano so problems again and again, modified influential? It was not via his books, his positions again and again, and so but rather via his own personality a big part of his work is only accessible and his pupils, and the pupils of these 44 WINFRIED LöFFLER pupils in turn. I mentioned names psychology by defining it as the like Meinong, Husserl and Twardowski science of the psychic or mental before as direct disciples, and Heidegger, phenomena. This in turn led him to Tarski, Mally, and Łukasiewicz as the question how such phenomena indirect pupils. But there are many could be defined. After discussing a others. One example is Carl Stumpf, couple of inappropriate attempts, one of the founders of modern Brentano proposes his famous definition psychology, who was among his first which has been cited again and again: students in Würzburg, another one is Every mental phenomenon is Thomas Masaryk, the later president characterized by what the Scholastics of Czechoslovakia who provided for a of the Middle Ages called the Brentano archive at Prague to save intentional (or mental) inexistence of his writings. According to personal an object, and what we might call, recollections, Brentano must have though not wholly unambiguously, been an absolutely impressive and reference to a content, direction fascinating personality as a teacher towards an object (which is not to be and philosopher, and especially his understood here as meaning a thing), detailed, step-by-step style of or immanent objectivity. Every mental analysis and his frequent rethinking phenomenon includes something as of problems seems to have fascinated object within itself, although they do his audience. A rather controversial not all do so in the same way. In feature of his personality, however, presentation something is presented, seems to have been his intolerance in judgement something is affirmed or towards other standpoints, especially denied, in love loved, in hate hated, towards former disciples who changed in desire desired and so on. This their minds, like Meinong and intentional in-existence is characteristic Husserl. Interestingly, both of these exclusively of mental phenomena. No former disciples developed their physical phenomenon exhibits anything alternative positions out of the same like it. We could, therefore, define piece of doctrine, namely the mental phenomena by saying that intentionality thesis. And this is the they are those phenomena which topic of the following section. contain an object intentionally within 2. Brentano’s intentionality thesis themselves(1). I mentioned before that Brentano All mental phenomena, so we is among the fathers of modern learn, display a certain directedness 45 THE INTENTIONALITY THESIS AND ITS DEVELOPMENTS... or “aboutness”, they are directed to an that Brentano is a projectionist or immanent object. It is this claim which phenomenalist? can duly be labeled as “the intentionality Not really. Peter Simons once called thesis” or the “Brentano thesis”. Brentano a “methodological phenomenalist”, Some clarifications are in place here.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Steps Toward a Computational Metaphysics∗ Ideal for the Exposition of Philosophical Theories
    Branden Fitelson & Edward N. Zalta 2 one. Since ancient times the axiomatic method has been important to philosophers both as an example of successful systematization in specific sciences (e.g., optics, acoustics and mathematics) as well as a possible Steps Toward a Computational Metaphysics∗ ideal for the exposition of philosophical theories. While the history of the application of the axiomatic method in philosophy is complex (Man- Branden Fitelson cosu 1996, 232, note 39), there is no doubt that Spinoza 1677 is the best known example of this tendency. Leibniz went a step further by including University of California–Berkeley a computational component, as can be seen from the following:1 and characteristica universalis Edward N. Zalta If we had it [a ], we should be able to reason in metaphysics and morals in much the same way as in Stanford University geometry and analysis. (Russell 1900, 169) If controversies were to arise, there would be no more need of dis- putation between two philosophers than between two accountants. Abstract For it would suffice to take their pencils in their hands, to sit down In this paper, the authors describe their initial investigations to their slates, and to say to each other . : Let us calculate. in computational metaphysics. Our method is to implement ax- (Russell 1900, 170) iomatic metaphysics in an automated reasoning system. In this paper, we describe what we have discovered when the theory of ab- Notice that the Latin word Russell translates as ‘accountants’ is ‘Com- prover9 stract objects is implemented in (a first-order automated putistas’, and the Latin word translated as ‘slates’ is ‘abacos’.
    [Show full text]
  • Existence As a Real Property
    Francesco Berto Existence as a Real Property The Ontology of Meinongianism For Graham Priest, Long-distance teacher Prologue: Much Ado About Nothing Some philosophers think that something’s having intuitive content is very inconclusive evidence in favor of it. I think it is very heavy evidence in favor of anything, myself. I really don’t know, in a way, what more conclusive evidence one can have about anything, ultimately speaking. –Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity 1 In an episode of The Today Show of some years ago, Gene Shalit – NBC’s film and book critic, famous for his wits – reviews several books sharing the feature of bearing entertaining titles. The highpoint of the monologue comes with Nonexistent Objects, by the UCLA philosopher Terence Parsons. Shalit wonders how one could write a whole book on things that do not exist!1 This whole book, too, is about things that do not exist. But if one stops to think, one may find that, in a sense, there is nothing special about this. There are, in fact, thousands of books speaking about unreal things. You have probably read quite a few of them: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories portrait the adventures of the detective Sherlock Holmes; The Lord of the Rings speaks at length of Gandalf the wizard. Doyle represents Sherlock Holmes as a detective living in London, Baker Street (precisely, at number 221b), describes his remarkable observational and deductive abilities, makes of him the arch-enemy of the criminal mastermind Moriarty. J.R.R. Tolkien characterizes Gandalf as a wizard with a pointy hat and a grey robe (a white one, from a certain point of the story onwards), a heavy pipe-herb 1 The anecdote is reported by Roy Sorensen [2003], p.
    [Show full text]
  • Ernst Mally's Theory of Properties!
    ERNST MALLY'S THEORY OF PROPERTIES! Roberto POLl University of Trento 1. Of Meinong's pupils, Ernst Mally is the one who probably made the most significant contribution to furthering the ideas of his teacher.2 It is sufficient, in this regard, to cite Meinong's explicit acknowledgement of Mally's work in his "The Theory ofObjects".3 Of greatest importance in this respect are Mally's unravelling of the distinction between Sein and Sosein4 and between nuclear and extra-nuclear properties,S and his introduction of important termi­ nological refinements which for the most part Meinong accepted.6 Nevertheless, the recent revival of interest in Meinong's theories has not been matched by equal consideration of Mally's work and insights. If we inspect the literature of the last fifteen years, it is immediately apparent that the overwhelming majority of references to Mally concern just two passages in his works, the two that Findlay quotes and comments on in his classic book on Meinong.7 One 1. I thank Liliana A1bertazzi, Johannes Brandl, Rudolf Haller, Dale Jacquette, Karl Schuhmann, Barry Smith and Jan Wo1enski for their comments on a previous version of this paper. 2. Ernst Mally was born in Krainburg (now Kranj, Yugoslavia) in 1879 and died in Graz in 1944. He studied philosophy, mathematics and physics at the University of Graz and in 1913 wrote his dissertation in philosophy under Meinong's supervision. On Meinong's death he was appointed director of the psychology laboratory that has been established by Meinong. In 1925 he became full professor and retained his chair in the university until 1942.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chapter Three
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... The Science of Right in Leibniz’s Practical Philosophy A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Lowell Johns to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Stony Brook University August 2007 Copyright by Christopher Lowell Johns August 2007 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Lowell Johns We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Jeffrey B. Edwards (Dissertation Advisor) Associate Professor Department of Philosophy Allegra de Laurentiis (Chairperson of the Defense) Associate Professor Department of Philosophy Clyde Lee Miller (Department Reader) Professor Department of Philosophy Manfred Baum (Outside Reader) Professor of Philosophy Bergische Universität Wuppertal This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Lawrence Martin Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation The Science of Right in Leibniz’s Practical Philosophy by Christopher Lowell Johns Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Stony Brook University 2007 This dissertation examines a neglected area of Leibniz’s philosophy, namely, natural right ( jus ). Contrary to
    [Show full text]
  • On Sober Platonism
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Dipartimento di Filosofia UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHEON-SORBONNE IHPST - Insistut d’Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques Costanza Brevini On Sober Platonism New Perspectives in Mathematical Platonism Beyond Strong Ontological Assumptions March, 4th 2016 SUPERVISORS: Marco Panza, Miriam Franchella MEMBERS OF THE JURY: Andrea Bottani Brice Halimi Sebastien Gandon Agustìn Rayo Andrea Sereni To you, the daring venturers and adventurers, and whoever hath embarked with cunning sails upon frightful seas; To you the enigma-intoxicated, the twilight-enjoyers, whose souls are allured by flutes to every treacherous gulf. NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH, Thus Spoke Zarathustra !2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: SINTESI 5 RÉSUMÉ 8 ABSTRACT 11 PRELIMINARY REMARKS 15 CHAPTER 1: PLATONISM 25 1.1 FROM PLATO TO CONTEMPORARY PLATONISM 25 1.2 INDEPENDENCE 30 1.3 EXISTENCE 35 1.4 EPISTEMOLOGY 40 1.4.1 THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE 41 1.4.2 TRUTH 45 1.4.3 REFERENCE 50 1.5 SOBER PLATONISM 54 CHAPTER 2: FULL-BLOODED PLATONISM 62 2.1 INTRODUCTION 62 2.1.1 THE PROBLEM OF FORMALIZATION 64 2.2 EPISTEMOLOGY 66 2.2.1 THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT 66 2.2.2 THE FULL-BLOODED SOLUTION 70 2.3 CONSISTENCY 75 2.4 MATHEMATICAL CORRECTNESS AND MATHEMATICAL TRUTH 82 2.4.1 HOW TO DEAL WITH UNDECIDABLE SENTENCES IN MATHEMATICS 83 2.5 NON-UNIQUENESS 87 2.6 A DEFENSE OF FULL-BLOODED PLATONISM 93 CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURALISM 99 3.1 STRUCTURALISM 99 3.2 EXISTENCE 105 3.4 AXIOMS 114 3.5 EPISTEMOLOGY 118 3.6 REFERENCE 126 !3 3.7 STRUCTURALISM AND CAESAR’S PROBLEM 129 3.8
    [Show full text]
  • Edward N. Zalta
    Edward N. Zalta Curriculum Vitæ Address: CSLI/Cordura Hall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Phone: 650-723-0488 (work) Marital Status: married, no children E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: http://mally.stanford.edu/zalta.html Education Ph.D., Philosophy, University of Massachusetts/Amherst, February 1981 (Thesis Director: Terence Parsons) B.A., Cum Laude, Ideas and Methods, Rice University, May 1975 (approved by the departments of Philosophy, Biology, Behavioral Science, and Music) Areas of Specialization Metaphysics (Ontology) and Epistemology Philosophy of Mathematics Philosophical Logic/Philosophy of Logic Computational Metaphysics Areas of Competence Philosophy of Language/Intensional Logic Philosophy of Mind/Intentionality Contemporary Analytic Philosophy Contemporary History of Philosophy: Bolzano, Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, Frege, Russell, early Wittgenstein, Carnap, Quine Modern Philosophy: Rationalists, Empiricists, Kant Professional Experience Senior Research Scholar Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University September 1997 { present Senior Researcher Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University September 1989 { August 1997 1 Acting Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy, Stanford University September 1988 { August 1989 September 1987 { August 1988 September 1986 { August 1987 Postdoctoral Fellow Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University September 1984 { August 1986 Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy, Rice University
    [Show full text]
  • Downloadable
    2016, 2 (1) ARGUMENTA The Journal of the Italian Society for Analytic Philosophy First published 2016 by University of Sassari © 2016 University of Sassari Produced and designed for digital publication by the Argumenta Staff All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from Argumenta. Editor Masssimo Dell'Utri (University of Sassari) Editorial Board Carla Bagnoli (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Francesca Boccuni (University San Raffaele, Milano), Clotilde Calabi (University of Milano), Stefano Caputo (University of Sassari), Massimiliano Carrara (University of Padova), Richard Davies (University of Bergamo), Ciro De Florio (Università Cattolica, Milano), Elisabetta Galeotti (University of Piemonte Orientale), Pier Luigi Lecis (University of Cagliari), Olimpia Giuliana Loddo (University of Cagliari), Giuseppe Lorini (University of Cagliari), Marcello Montibeller (University of Sassari), Giulia Piredda (IUSS-Pavia), Pietro Salis (University of Cagliari) Argumenta is the official journal of the Italian Society for Analytic Philosophy (SIFA). It was founded in 2014 in response to a common demand for the creation of an Italian journal explicitly devoted to the publication of high quality research in analytic philosophy. From the beginning Argumenta was conceived as an international journal, and has benefitted from the cooperation of some of the most distinguished Italian and non-Italian scholars in all areas of analytic
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanizing Principia Logico-Metaphysica in Functional Type Theory
    D. Kirchner, C. Benzmüller, and E. Zalta 2 system Isabelle/HOL. Initial experiments within this framework reveal a crucial but overlooked fact: a deeply-rooted and known paradox is reintroduced in AOT when the logic of complex terms is simply adjoined to AOT’s specially formulated comprehension Mechanizing Principia Logico-Metaphysica principle for relations. This result constitutes a new and impor- ∗ tant paradox, given how much expressive and analytic power is in Functional Type Theory contributed by having the two kinds of complex terms in the sys- tem. Its discovery is the highlight of our joint project and provides Daniel Kirchner strong evidence for a new kind of scientific practice in philosophy, Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik namely, computational metaphysics. Our results were made technically possible by a suitable adap- Freie Universität Berlin tation of Benzmüller’s metalogical approach to universal reason- [email protected] ing by semantically embedding theories in classical higher-order logic. This approach enables one to reuse state-of-the-art higher- Christoph Benzmüller order proof assistants, such as Isabelle/HOL, for mechanizing and Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik experimentally exploring challenging logics and theories such as Freie Universität Berlin AOT. Our results also provide a fresh perspective on the question [email protected] of whether relational type theory or functional type theory better serves as a foundation for logic and metaphysics. & Computer Science and Communications University of Luxembourg [email protected] 1 Abstract Summary Edward N. Zalta Principia Logico-Metaphysica (PLM) [16] is an online research monograph Center for the Study of Language and Information that contains a canonical presentation of Abstract Object Theory (AOT) arXiv:1711.06542v4 [cs.LO] 24 Jul 2019 Stanford University [17], [18], along with motivation for, and commentary on, the theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    c:\users\kenneth\documents\type3401\rj 3401 196 red.docx 2014-05-17 9:24 AM NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE FOR RUSSELL’S 1905 REVIEW OF MEINONG Bernard Linsky Philosophy / U. of Alberta Edmonton, ab, Canada t6g 2e5 [email protected] Bertrand Russell took fourteen pages of notes on Meinong’s Unter- suchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie [Studies in object theory and psychology] in preparation for his review of the book in Mind. Translations of Russell’s letters from Alexius Meinong, Rudolf Ameseder and Ernst Mally discuss their contributions to the volume (with transcriptions of the German originals appended in this journal’s online edition). Together the notes and correspondence record the or- igin of Russell’s famous criticisms of Meinong’s theory of non-existent objects, which appeared in both “On Denoting” and the review in Mind in October 1905. ertrand Russell published a review in Mind 1905 of a collection of papers by Alexius Meinong and his students, Untersuchun- =gen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie (1904).1 The review _appeared later in the same issue of Mind as Russell’s most famous paper from 1905, “On Denoting”, in which Meinong’s views are dis- cussed in passing. To prepare for writing the review Russell read through the book’s contents, making several comments in the mar- gins, and then wrote fourteen leaves of notes on the articles that figure in the review. Russell also corresponded with Meinong and two of his authors, Ernst Mally and Rudolf Ameseder, in early 1905.2 The read- ing notes are described in the prefatory notes to the edition of the 1 “Review of Meinong and Others, Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychol- ogie”, Mind 14 (Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Content and Competence
    Rechtstheorie · Legal Theory herausgegeben von Thomas Gutmann, Tatjana Hörnle und Matthias Jestaedt 1 Jakob Weissinger Content and Competence A Descriptive Approach to the Concept of Rights Mohr Siebeck Jakob Weissinger, born 1986; study of law at the University of Münster; 2013 first legal state examination; academic assistant at the Institute for Criminal Law and Criminal Procedural Law at the University of Münster; 2018 dissertation; legal clerkship in Cologne and academic assistant at the Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law at the University of Cologne. ISBN 978-3-16-157030-8 / eISBN 978-3-16-157031-5 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-157031-5 ISSN 2629-723X / eISSN 2629-7248 (Rechtstheorie · Legal Theory) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This work is licensed under the license “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Inter-national” (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). A complete Version of the license text can be found at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Any use not covered by the above license is prohibited and illegal without the permission of the publisher. The book was typeset by epline in Böblingen using Times typeface, printed on non-aging paper and bound by Gulde Druck in Tübingen.
    [Show full text]
  • Ii Studies and Articles Studije I Članci
    II STUDIES AND ARTICLES STUDIJE I ČLANCI UDK: 165.62 Meinong A. https://doi.org/10.2298/FID2001073C Original Scientific Article PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIETY Received: 03.05.2019. Accepted: 11.08.2019. VOL. 31, NO. 1, 001–138 Ekaterina Cherepanova JUSTIFICATION OF ATEMPORAL VALUES IN ALEXIUS MEINONG’S THEORY OF OBJECTS ABSTRACT KEYWORDS In the history of philosophy, Alexius Meinong’s interest in axiology has Meinong’s value traditionally been seen as confined to his earlier works. However, if we theory, subject of analyze his writing after 1917, in which Meinong discusses timeless desire, subject of values, it becomes clear that he became increasingly disinterested in axiological feelings, existence of absolute psychology. Moreover, since the theory of the object, in Meinong’s view, values, psychologism could not be a part of metaphysics, he had to deal with the additional methodological difficulty of proving that the good exists independently of human subjectivity. The article discusses A. Meinong’s understanding of the object of desire, the object of a value-feeling and the connection between ethical values as objects of consciousness and time. It is shown that, according to Meinong, language is where values actually reside and only through language can their reality be explained. Alexius Meinong’s theory of objects was brought to the forefront of public discussion owing to a debate initiated by Bertrand Russell and, to a certain extent, owing to the logical interpretation proposed by the former’s disciple and successor Ernst Mally (Mally 1912). Though Russell thought highly of Mei- nong’s works, his theory of objects came under criticism for being inconsistent and unpromising on the grounds that analytical philosophy cannot deal with non-existent objects (Russell 1923, Russell 1973).
    [Show full text]
  • The Barber Paradox: on Its Paradoxicality and Its Relationship to Russell’S Paradox
    The Barber Paradox: on its Paradoxicality and its Relationship to Russell's Paradox Jiˇr´ıRaclavsk´y Abstract The Barber paradox is often introduced as a popular version of Rus- sell's paradox, though some experts have denied their similarity, even calling the Barber paradox a pseudoparadox. In the first part of the paper, I demonstrate mainly that in the standard (Quinean) defini- tion of a paradox the Barber paradox is a clear-cut example of a non- paradox. Despite some outward similarities, it differs radically from Russell's paradox. I also expose many other differences. In the second part of the paper, I examine a probable source of the paradoxicality of the Barber paradox, which is found in a certain ambivalence in terms of meaning. The two different readings of the crucial phrase yield distinct existential assumptions which produce the paradoxical conclusion. One of the paradoxical aspects of the Barber paradox (BP) is that it is not a paradox, though many people still think it is (including some philosophers that address paradoxes, e.g., Nicholas Rescher, [14], pp. 143−147). It is also paradoxical that its authorship is often attributed to Bertrand Russell (e.g. [8]), even though he did not invent it,1 and even warned against it as a false analogy to Russell's paradox (RP).2 Finally, it is also somewhat paradoxical that despite what I have previously written, I will suggest a way to construe the BP as a real paradox. This paper begins with an exposition of both RP and the BP, mainly showing the ways in which they are not similar.
    [Show full text]