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Pituitary Gland Endocrine System 李立仁 副教授 解剖學暨細胞生物學科 基醫大樓六樓 617室 [email protected] Endocrine glands - Ductless - Rich vascular supply - Fenestrated capillaries TutorVista.com Heart, Stomach, Liver, Kidney … 17-3 Pituitary gland https://www.organiclifestylemagazine.com Pituitary gland - Two lobes of different origins - Anterior lobe: -- stimulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus -- hypophyseal portal system - Posterior lobe: -- neural tissue that release hormones produced by the hypothalamus 17-5 www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../hy popit/sagpitbig.jpg Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Glandular epithelial tissue Pituitary gland www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../hy popit/sagpitbig.jpg Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) Neural secretary tissue Pituitary gland Pituitary gland Development Pituitary gland Blood supply Hypothalamic neurons Nerve ending in median eminence primary capillary network Hypothalmo- hypophyseal portal circulation (portal vein) Secondary capillary network in adenohypophysis Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Three subdivisions: Pars distalis Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis (pars infundibularis) Secret: Growth hormone (somatotropes) Prolactin (lacto/mammotropes) ACTH (corticotropes) FSH, LH (gonadotropes) TSH (thyrotropes) Pars Distalis Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Cell Cord / sinusoids (capillaries) Chromophils ( ) and Chromophobes ( ) Pars Distalis Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Classification of cell types Histochemical features: Basophils (15%), acidophils (35%) and chromophobes (50%), or periodic-acid-Schiff reagent (PAS) for glycoproteins Immunocytochemical features: Specific antibody to each hormone or key molecule EM features: Size/shape of granules, cell shape, organelles, nuclear features Pars Distalis Anterior lobe of pituitary gland HE: acidophils (red) , basophils (blue) , chromophobes Pars Distalis Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Cell types Acidophils (35%): Somatotrope (GH), Lactotrope/Mammotrope (prolactin, PRL) Basophils (15%): Corticotropes (ACTH), Gonadotrope (FSH, LH), Thyrotrope (TSH), Chromophobes (50%): Cells without secretory granules (follicular cells, stellate cells) and/or degranulatedcells Pars Distalis Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Immunohistochemistry Cells in the sections Rabbit anti-LH Ab Peroxidase-goat anti-rabbit IgG Substrate reaction Immunohistochemistry for LH Pars Distalis Somatotropes Acidophilic Densely packed granules (350 nm) Produce growth hormone (somatotropin) Enhance body growth - dwarfism - gigantism - acromegaly Stimulated by exercise 17-16 Pars Distalis Lactotropes Acidophilic Small granules (200 nm) at rest and enlarged (600 nm) during pregnancy and lactation Produce prolactin Promote mammary development and lactation in female Play roles in paternal behaviors and reproductive functions in male 17-17 Pars Distalis Corticotrope Basophilic Granules of variable size (100-300 nm) Produce ACTH and related peptides Control the secretion of glucocorticoids 17-18 Pars Distalis Gonadotrope Basophilic Granules of intermediate size (200-250 nm) and varied electron density Produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) In female: FSH initiates the development of ovarian follicles and LH triggers ovulation In male: FSH stimulates sperm production and LH triggers testosterone secretion 17-19 Pars Distalis Thyrotropes Basophilic Small granules (<150 nm) Produce thyroid- stimulating hormone Stimulates thyroid follicular cells to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Feedback regulated by thyroid function https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Two-types-of-thyrotropes-(TSH-cells)-in-the- of-the-Iwama-Hasegawa/5cf428720f0b69c98896cf286d36f9c566958e21/figure/317-20 Pars Distalis Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Pars Intermedia Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Intermediate lobe Isamine blue /eosin Contains basophils and chromophobes Basophils extend into pars nervosa Unclear function in humans Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Pars tuberalis Highly vascular Clusters of basophils (ACTH, LH, FSH) www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../pitgranules.jpg Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Three subdivisions: Median eminence Infundibular stem Pars nervosa Secret: Oxytocin Vasopressin (ADH) 17-24 Pars nervosa Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Pituicytes (neuroglial cells): irregular cell shape with many branches, oval nucleus, possess glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) intermediate filaments Unmyelinated nerve fibers Axons containing neurosecretory granules Fenestrated capillaries Fibroblasts, mast cells Pars nervosa Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Nerve fibers Pituicytes Neurosecretory granules Axons from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei form the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. Neurosecretory granules (Herring bodies) contain oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH), and carrier proteins. Pars nervosa Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Pituicytes Secretions are released to fenestrated capillary ( ) via exocytosis. Oxytocin and ADH neurons Pars nervosa Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Herring bodies The dilated portions of the axons due to the accumulation of secretory granules. Pars nervosa Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Fenestrated capillary Pineal gland Also called epiphysis or the "third eye" Covered by pia mater (CT)) Septa----lobulation----lobules Parenchyma 1. Pinealocytes 2. Glial cells (interstitial cells) 3. Brain sand (corpora arenacea) Pineal gland H&E Pineal gland Cell types Pinealocytes: 95% cell ratio, large pale cells with well developed rER, sER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, expanded, club-like (bulbous) ending associated with capillaries Neuroglial cells (interstitial cells): 5% cell ratio, dark stellate cells with long cell processes Pineal gland Pinealocytes have bulbous expansions Pineal gland Brain sand (corpora arenacea) Recognizable in childhood and increase in number with age X-ray opaque, as midline marker in radiograpophic and computer tomography studies Precipitations of calcium phosphates and carbonates on carrier proteins Goals of this class 1. Understand the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. 2. Recognize sinusoids and cell cords in the anterior pituitary gland. 3. Indentify acidophils, basophils and chromophobes in H&E stained sections of ant. p-gland. 4. Appreciate the cytoarchetecture of the post. p-gland. 5. Know the features of herring bodies in post. p-gland. 6. Comprehend the histological organization of the pineal gland. Thyroid gland Capsule - septa - lobules Thyroid follicles Follicular lumen containing colloids (thyroglobulin/T3, T4) Parafollicular cells (C cells): Calcitonin, lowers circulating Ca 2+ levels Fenestrated capillaries Thyroid gland Lobulation Thyroid gland Follicles Capillary network around the follicles Thyroid gland Follicular cells Synthesis and Secretion of T3 and T4 Thyroglobulin/rER Iodine peroxidation Iodinated thyroglobulin stored in the follicular lumen Endocytosis Lysosomal action Release of T3, T4 into blood capillaries Follicular cells Thyroid gland Inactive Active Thyroid gland Parafollicular cells (calcitonin-producing, C cells) Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are located within thyroid follicles between the basal aspects of the follicular cells and the basement membrane of the follicle or are present in a parafollicular position. Parafollicular cells (C cells) Thyroid gland Parafollicular cells (C cells) Calcitonin – lowering by Ca 2+ levels by stimulating osteoblasts to take Ca 2+ out of the circulation and inhibiting the bone resorption by osteoclasts. instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/.../hrendo7.jpg Parathyroid gland Capsule - septa - anastomosing cell cords Principal (chief) cells: Product PTH that elevates blood Ca 2+ level Oxyphil cells: large cells with many mitochondria (esoinophilia) Parathyroid gland http://www.nku.edu/~dempseyd/THE_ENDOCRINE5.htm 17-47 Parathyroid gland Principal (chief) cells Oxyphil cells Oxyphil cells Principal (chief)17-48 cells Oxyphil cells Principal (chief) cells Parathyroid gland pathology.mc.duke.edu Principal (chief) cells Parathyroid gland PTH -- elevates blood Ca 2+ level by promoting Ca 2+ release from bone (activate osteoclasts) and Ca 2+ reabsorption from kidney and intestine. instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/.../hrendo7.jpg Principal (chief) cells Parathyroid gland Oxyphil cells Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Blood supply Cortex Zona glomerulosa (15%) Zona fasculata (80%) Zona reticularis (5%) Medulla Chromaffin cells Ganglion cells Adrenal gland Adrenal gland Blood circulation Suprarenal arteries Subcapsularplexus Short cortical arterioles Cortical sinusoidal system Sinusoidal system in medulla Central vein Adrenal gland Blood circulation Suprarenal arteries Subcapsularplexus Long cortical arterioles Capillary networks in medulla Central vein Cortex Adrenal gland Zona glomerulosa Upper zone Columnar cells arranged as balls Acidophilic cytoplasm: sER, mitochondria with tubular cristae Secrete mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Cortex Adrenal gland Steroidogenic cells Mitochondria with tubular cristae Cortex Adrenal gland Zona fasciculata Cells arranged into long straight columns Secrete glucocorticoids Spongiocytes Cytoplasm containing many mitochondria, sER and lipid droplets Zona fasciculata Adrenal gland Spongiocytes in zona fasciculata Reticular fiber staining Zona fasciculata Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex Zona reticularis Cell cords in anastomosing network (anatomosing sinusoids) Secrete glucocorticoids and androgens Acidophilic cytoplasm: Lipid droplets, mitochondria, rER, lipofuscin (lipofuchsin) pigments Zona
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