DOCSLIB.ORG

Iv. Descriptive Notice of the Coins in the Fortrose

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iv. Descriptive Notice of the Coins in the Fortrose IV. DESCRIPTIVE FORTROSE NOTICCOINE TH TH N SF I EO E HOARD, WITH NOTES ON THE CORRESPONDING GOLD COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. BY EDWARD P>URNS, ESQ., F.S.A. SCOT. principao Thertw e ear l e Roberserieth f so t III. groat coinages, both very well represented in this hoard. These are respectively distinguished: the one by having the points of treasure ornamented with three pellets, disposed in loose pyramid form, the other by having the points of tressure ornamented with neatly-formed trefoils. They differ als n theioi r style of bust and lettering, and in their general execution. The first series, so fa relates presene a r th o st t hoard, consists entirel f Edinburgyo h groats. I am not aware of any Perth or Aberdeen groats which have the points of tressure ornamented with three pellets, but there are a few Dumbarton groats of this variety, evidently imitated from those of Edinburgh. The Dumbarton groat coinage Roberf so t III. must have bee f verno y late issue, for their average weights do not exceed those of the James I. groats. As o Dumbarton ther e ear n groat n thisi sspecimen y hoardan e r th no , f so light groat coinages of Edinburgh or of Aberdeen,—there seems to have been none struck for Perth,—it may be inferred that the Fortrose hoard was deposited some time befor e lighth e t groat coinage f Roberso t III. made their appearance. e seconTh d series s hera , e represented, consist f groato s f Pertho s , Edinburgh, and Aberdeen. The Perth coins are placed by me first in e earlieorderth r rfo , e trefoil-pointeissueth f o s d tressure groats appear to have been limited to the Perth mint. To a certain extent the two series were probably of concurrent issue. But judging from the remarkable NOTICE OF THE COINS IN THE FOKTKOSE HOARD. 187 correspondenc respecn ei f letterino t e groatfabri"threed e gth th an f f o cso - pellet-pointed tressure series with the groats of Eobert II., we may reasonably assume that these were the first in the field. Bonagius of Florence, who was master moneyer during the reign of Eobert II., is expressly referred to as Bonagius, "our Moneyer," in the Act 24 Oct. 1393, of Eobert III.; and, in all likelihood, the three-pellet-pointed tressure coins of Edinburgh under Eobert III. were executed from dies chiefly furnished by Bonagius himself. The crown, it may further be remarked, on what appear to have been the earlier varieties of the three- pellet-pointed tressure groat f Eoberso t III. identicas i , l withe th tha n o t groats of Eobert II. Until the reign of Eobert III. the points of tressure were always quite plain. Such ornamentatio s introducewa tressure s na th n do e durine gth two previous reigns was confined to the external angles. The number of arcs on the groats of David II. and Eobert II. was usually six—in some rare instances seven—thes caso n en i eextendin g belo e e bust.wth Th lowest numbe three-pellet-pointee th f arc o rn so d tressure serie Eoberf so t III seves i . n arcsthesd an , e invariably exten l roundal bust.e dth There are, however, in this hoard, certain Edinburgh groats with tressure of six arcs, which do not extend below the bust, and which have the points plain, agreein thesn gi e respects wite groatth h f Eoberso . II tSav thesn i e e particulars, and that the words on obverse are not divided, these coins correspond closely with certain seven-arc groatthree-pellet-pointee th f so d tressure series. Both have the same broad face, with limp curls—the same plump formation of the lower part of bust—the same long, flat Eober . stylII t crown—thf eo e same peculiarit f letteringyo , remarkable for this whic, R , tha e s hmori th t e d freflowinan e g tha e usuath n, E l always takes the place of the B, so that we have EOREKTVS for ROBERTVS, LIRATO r LIBA.TORfo R , BDiNRVHG r EDINBVRGH,—aHfo s on some Eober. II t coins with this s extremeli identica t I . R ly probable ar x esi thae th t Edinburgh groats, as above, with the points plain—and with the tressure not extending below the bust—were the very earliest issues of Eobert III. • and that their counterpart e three-pellet-pointeth f o s d series, wite hth 188 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 8, 1880. seven arc l roundsal , wer e earliesth e f thao t t series. Commencine th g three-pellet-pointed series in this way, we have next groats with head similabroado e precedins th witt d e curlo no t an ,rh th t s ghu branchin g oumorn i t e graceful curves lowee Th buse r. somparth n o tf o te pieces is plump and full, as on the above, but more frequently it has an attenuated appearance, with long sloping shoulderse th e lette s i Th E r. e usua th straighdowd f lan o RobernR p u t . characterII t neves i d ran , substituteworde Th e B.sth or nfo d revers n thii e s group s alsa ,n o bot precedinge hth dividesaltiree o ar ,tw y dst b Andre S (crosse e th wf so form) obversn o ; e wordth ee dividear s threy b d e pellets—so alse ar o e e wordobversth th n so e legend e RORERTVth f so S groats wit sevee hth n arc three-pellet-pointed tressure. Some coins with this tressure, both with the RORERTVS and the ROBERTVS inscriptions, besides the three pellets afte re wordth eac f n obverseo ho s , havo saltiretw e s after SCOTOEVM. o saltiree variettw On s sha y afte re thre th eac f eo h first wordn o s obverse, and three pellets between REX and SCOTOEVM. With the more attenuated bust we have also, of the three-pellet-pointed tressure series, groats wit worde hth obversn so e divided partl threy yb e pellet partld an ssmaly yb l fleurs-de-li d crescentan s n combinationi s — reversen o / &d fleurs-de-liy an ;b , crescentd an s s only—combinee th n di same manne obverse—Hnn o s a r remarkabls i t I . e that, wher pellete eth s prevail in the inscriptions on obverse, the crown is large, with the spaces batween the lis low and flat, as on the coins previously described; and that, where the fleurs-de-lis and crescents are the more numerous, the crown is usually smaller, and with the spaces between the lis taller and sharper. On the coins, in the group next in order of sequence, with same style of head as before, but with still more attenuated bust, and with the words on both sides divided wholly by fleurs-de-lis and crescents in com- bination, the crown is almost invariably of the smaller character with the tall sharp intermediate spaces. There is a peculiarity in the form of the letter A on some of these fleurs-de- crescentd an s li s groats whicf o ,ver s i t hyi importan tako t e note. Oe nth coins, .wit worde hth s otherwise divided tha fleurs-de-liy nb crescentsd san , FORTROS E COINNOTICE TH TH N SF I EO 9 E 18 HOARD. three-pellet-pointethe in d tressure groups previously described, this letter was of the compact form of the A on the Robert II. coinages. But now we meet wit hsmallea somewha. rA t top-heavy frequentld ,an halveso tw n yi . This A does not occur on the obverses of the coins with, the words divided partl threy yb e pellet partlyd san fleurs-de-liy ,b crescentd san combinan si - tion, but we find it on their reverses, where the words are divided wholly by fleurs-de-li crescentd an s combinationn s2 i groat 3 f f thio o s t s Ou . e varietpresenth n i yt hoard t e reversei occur, th n f o s16—exactlo s y one-half I ough. o statt t e tha varietieo t tw ther e f tressurar o es n o e e groatth s wite wordth h botn o s h sides wholly divide y fleurs-deb d - lis and crescents—the tressure of seven arcs, as on all the preceding coins e three-pellet-pointeoth f d tressur ee tressur th series d f ninean o , e arcs, now apparently for the first time introduced. One coin in this hoard seems to have the tressure consisting of eight arcs, but it is possibly only a mistruck nine arc tressure groat. For the rest, we find that out of 213 fleur-de-lis and crescent groats in this hoard, 176 specimens have the tressur f seveeo specimenn7 3 arcs d an , e tressursth ninf eo e eth arcsn O . seven arcs tressure fleurs-de-li crescend san t groats smalle th , , heavy-topped e mosth r t e fa nincommonl th y eb n o s Ai t ; wit A yme he th for f mo arcs tressure fleurs-de-li d crescenan s e onlt A th groat y s e i for th t si f mo met with—so far, at least, as regards the coins in the Fortrose hoard.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gold Coins of England, Arranged and Described
    THE GOLD COINS OF ENGLAND. FMOTTIS PIECE. Edward die Coiiiessor. 16 TT^mund, Abp.of Yo Offa . King of Mercia ?.$.&&>. THE GOLD COINS OF ENGLAND AERANGED AND DESCRIBED BEING A SEQUEL TO MR. HAWKINS' SILVER COINS OF ENGLAND, BY HIS GRANDSON KOBEET LLOYD KENYON See p. 15. Principally from the collection in tlie British Museum, and also from coins and information communicated by J. Evans, Esq., President of the Numismatic. Society, and others. LONDON: BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY MDCCCLXXXIV. : LONDON KV1AN AND <ON, PRINTERS, HART STREET. COVENT r,ARI>E\. 5 rubies, having a cross in the centre, and evidently intended to symbolize the Trinity. The workmanship is pronounced by Mr. Akerman to be doubtless anterior to the 8th century. Three of the coins are blanks, which seems to prove that the whole belonged to a moneyer. Nine are imitations of coins of Licinius, and one of Leo, Emperors of the East, 308 to 324, and 451 to 474, respectively. Five bear the names of French cities, Mettis, Marsallo, Parisius. Thirty- nine are of the seven types described in these pages. The remaining forty-three are of twenty-two different types, and all are in weight and general appearance similar to Merovingian ti-ientes. The average weight is 19*9 grains, and very few individual coins differ much from this. With respect to Abbo, whose name appears on this coin, the Vicomte de Ponton d'Ainecourt, who has paid great attention to the Merovingian series, has shown in the " Annuaire de la Societe Francaise de Numismatique " for 1873, that Abbo was a moneyer at Chalon-sur-Saone, pro- bably under Gontran, King of Burgundy, a.d.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Collection of Irish Antiquities
    NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, DUBLIN. GUIDE TO THE COLLECTION OF IRISH ANTIQUITIES. (ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY COLLECTION). ANGLO IRISH COINS. BY G COFFEY, B.A.X., M.R.I.A. " dtm; i, in : printed for his majesty's stationery office By CAHILL & CO., LTD., 40 Lower Ormond Quay. 1911 Price One Shilling. cj 35X5*. I CATALOGUE OF \ IRISH COINS In the Collection of the Royal Irish Academy. (National Museum, Dublin.) PART II. ANGLO-IRISH. JOHN DE CURCY.—Farthings struck by John De Curcy (Earl of Ulster, 1181) at Downpatrick and Carrickfergus. (See Dr. A. Smith's paper in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., Vol. III., p. 149). £ OBVERSE. REVERSE. 17. Staff between JiCRAGF, with mark of R and I. abbreviation. In inner circle a double cross pommee, with pellet in centre. Smith No. 10. 18. (Duplicate). Do. 19. Smith No. 11. 20. Smith No. 12. 21. (Duplicate). Type with name Goan D'Qurci on reverse. Obverse—PATRIC or PATRICII, a small cross before and at end of word. In inner circle a cross without staff. Reverse—GOAN D QVRCI. In inner circle a short double cross. (Legend collected from several coins). 1. ^PIT .... GOANDQU . (Irish or Saxon T.) Smith No. 13. 2. ^PATRIC . „ J<. ANDQURCI. Smith No. 14. 3. ^PATRIGV^ QURCI. Smith No. 15. 4. ^PA . IOJ< ^GOA . URCI. Smith No. 16. 5. Duplicate (?) of S. No. 6. ,, (broken). 7. Similar in type of ob- Legend unintelligible. In single verse. Legend unin- inner circle a cross ; telligible. resembles the type of the mascle farthings of John. Weight 2.7 grains ; probably a forgery of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • A Handbook to the Coinage of Scotland
    Gift of the for In ^ Nflmisutadcs Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/handbooktocoinagOOrobe A HANDBOOK TO THE COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. Interior of a Mint. From a French engraving of the reign of Louis XII. A HANDBOOK TO THE COINAGE OF SCOTLAND, GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF EVERY VARIETY ISSUED BY THE SCOTTISH MINT IN GOLD, SILVER, BILLON, AND COPPER, FROM ALEXANDER I. TO ANNE, With an Introductory Chapter on the Implements and Processes Employed. BY J. D. ROBERTSON, MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON. LONDON: GEORGE BELL ANI) SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1878. CHISWICK PRESS C. WHITTINGHAM, TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. TO C. W. KING, M.A., SENIOR FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, THIS LITTLE BOOK IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface vii Introductory Chapter xi Table of Sovereigns, with dates, showing the metals in which each coined xxix Gold Coins I Silver Coins 33 Billon Coins 107 Copper Coins 123 Appendix 133 Mottoes on Scottish Coins translated 135 List of Mint Towns, with their principal forms of spelling . 138 Index 141 PREFACE. The following pages were originally designed for my own use alone, but the consideration that there must be many collectors and owners of coins who would gladly give more attention to this very interesting but somewhat involved branch of numismatics—were they not deterred by having no easily accessible information on the subject—has in- duced me to offer them to the public. My aim has been to provide a description of every coin issued by the Scottish Mint, with particulars as to weight, fineness, rarity, mint-marks, &c., gathered from the best authorities, whom many collectors would probably not have the opportunity of consulting, except in our large public libraries ; at the same time I trust that the information thus brought together may prove sufficient to refresh the memory of the practised numismatist on points of detail.
    [Show full text]
  • A REVIE\I\T of the COINAGE of CHARLE II
    A REVIE\i\T OF THE COINAGE OF CHARLE II. By LIEUT.-COLONEL H. W. MORRIESON, F.s.A. PART I.--THE HAMMERED COINAGE . HARLES II ascended the throne on Maj 29th, I660, although his regnal years are reckoned from the death of • his father on January 30th, r648-9. On June 27th, r660, an' order was issued for the preparation of dies, puncheons, etc., for the making of gold and" silver coins, and on July 20th an indenture was entered into with Sir Ralph Freeman, Master of the Mint, which provided for the coinage of the same pieces and of the same value as those which had been coined in the time of his father. 1 The mint authorities were slow in getting to work, and on August roth an order was sent to the vVardens of the Mint directing the engraver, Thomas Simon, to prepare the dies. The King was in a hurry to get the money bearing his effigy issued, and reminders were sent to the Wardens on August r8th and September 2rst directing them to hasten the issue. This must have taken place before the end of the year, because the mint returns between July 20th and December 31st, r660,2 showed that 543 lbs. of silver, £r683 6s. in value, had been coined. These coins were considered by many to be amongst the finest of the English series. They fittingly represent the swan song of the Hammered Coinage, as the hammer was finally superseded by the mill and screw a short two years later. The denominations coined were the unite of twenty shillings, the double crown of ten shillings, and the crown of five shillings, in gold; and the half-crown, shilling, sixpence, half-groat, penny, 1 Ruding, II, p" 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Additions and Corrections to Thompson's Inventory and Brown and Dolley's Coin Hoards - Part 2
    ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THOMPSON'S INVENTORY AND BROWN AND DOLLEY'S COIN HOARDS - PART 2 H.E. MANVILLE IN the first part of this series on hoard and find notices which might have been utilized by Thompson and Brown & Dolley, entries from The Gentleman's Magazine (GM) and The Scots Magazine (SM) were listed and tentative numbers assigned.1 Two further hoard/find reports may be added to the Part 1 list: *259b. LONDON, Smithfield, St. Bartholomew's Hospital (TQ 3282), 2 August 1736. August. Monday 2. The first Stone was laid of a new Building at St Bartholomew's Hospital . The Workmen found at a Depth of 20 Feet, 60 or 70 Pieces of old silver Coin, the Bigness of Three-pences. -GM 1736, 485. Note: D.M. Metcalf, in NC 6, 18 (1958), 83, cites a brief account in the Society of Antiquaries Minute-book ii, 133, 8 Jan 1735/6, identifying one coin from a St. Bartholomew's Hospital hoard as a Henry V [recte Henry VI?] Calais mint groat, and comments that such a coin is in conflict with the supposed 'size of threepences'. The hoard was stated to have been found 'in an oaken box under a corner foundation stone', which appears to disagree with the GM account. Could there have been two hoards, the deeper one possibly of Roman coins, denarii being quite similar in diameter to eighteenth-century threepences? *Add.Frl. ST POL DE LEON, Brittany, NW France, early 1843? In the cathedral of St. Pol de Leon in Britany (sic), a curious deposit of mediaeval coins has been lately found.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bristol Mint: an Historical Outline
    /' J. ,,... '·' . ; . • 1 . '\ ... ...,.,. An Historical Outline .... ''" !' \' .,, . \ ' I ,.. '.,. : ' ... -; 1) ·\ ' ' I' ·� .... ,. f . ,I ·,, ,,, i' � - ,.. ...; ,,. ... "'""'{ I I <'; •• ,. • - J "·· »\ I� ·� ... , '. I' / I, '; .... • ·1 \ ·'· I � ",,. �· : '\! ISSUED BY THE BRISTOL BRANCH OF THE IDSTORICAL ASSOCIATION '-* ft� "� THE UNIVERSITY, BRISTOL � r ' •! 'l',,...,,,., .•1 i' < ' ' :t '. ,.,. Price Thirty Pence '• 19 7 2 It ., ' ,, j • ',, ,, Printed by F. Bailey and Son Ltd., Dursley, Glos. ' 1 ' . , ... ,, . / '..; .. 'fie +. , /' j ; ' �l. I .. '. } , .... THE BRISTOL MINT LOCAL HISTORY PAMPHLETS AN HISTORICAL OUTLINE by L. V. GRINSELL PATRICK McGRATH Hon. General Editor: The story of coin production and usage in the vicinity of the ·· Assistant General Editor: PETER HARRIS confluence of the Lower Bristol Avon with the Severn Estuary begins a millennium before the establishment of the Bristol Mint. During the century or so before the Claudian conquest of AD. by the The Bristol Mint is the thirtieth pamphlet published 43-45, the Cotswolds and their surroundings as far south as the Bristol Branch of the Historical Association. Its author, Mr. L. V. Lower Bristol Avon were occupied by the Dobunni; and at any Grinsell, was until his retirement this year Curator of Archaeology rate after the split between BODVOC (N. E. Dobunni) and in the City Museum, Bristol. He was recently awarded an O.B.E. CORIO (S. W. Dobunni) around AD. 42-43, they probably spread for his services to archaeology. He is an honorary M.A. of the as far south as the Mendip Hills, as suggested by the coin distribu­ University of Bristol and his numerous publications inc!"!de tion and particularly by the hoard found at Nunney near Frome in edition Ancient Burial-Mounds of England (Methuen, 1936; 2nd 1860, comprising about 250 Dobunnic and 7 Roman coins of 1953); The Archaeology of Wessex (Methuen, 1958), A Brief which the latest was c.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of the Arra- Part 1
    ilr.ccsenet.org International Law Research Vol. 7, No. 1; 2018 Abolishing the Doctrine of Consideration - The Story of the Arra- Part 1 Graham McBain1,2 1 Peterhouse, Cambridge, UK 2 Harvard Law School, USA Correspondence: Graham McBain, 21 Millmead Terrace, Guildford, Surrey GU2 4AT, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 26, 2017 Accepted: January 16, 2018 Online Published: February 10, 2018 doi:10.5539/ilr.v7n1p1 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v7n1p1 1. INTRODUCTION Consideration is a doctrine peculiar to the English common law. One unknown to other legal systems, save for those that have adopted English law.1 As Baker has pointed out, it has no competitor in terms of the diversity and complexity of historical explanations for it.2 Indeed, it is a playground of academics 3 - including academic spats.4 This is a pity since - for the professional lawyer (and, one suspects, not a few judges) - this pre-requisite for a contract ('doctrine' is too grand a word) is as clear as mud and full of anomalies. Is it needed ? Modern legal historians have (generally) concluded that this pre-requisite was a common law development. That is, one that was 'home grown' and not deriving from Roman or canon law or the Court of Chancery. It is also (generally) perceived as having originated in the civil form of action of assumpsit in Elizabethan times; Further, one can (perhaps) locate it more precisely. In Sharington v Strotton (1565),5 the word 'consideration' was used in many different senses - without emphasis on any technical legal meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • EDITORIAL 3 CLUB TALKS Tokens, Medals and the Law, by Philip Rueff
    VOL. VIII, No. 8. ISSN 0950 - 2734 EDITORIAL 3 CLUB TALKS Tokens, Medals and the Law, by Philip Rueff 5 Ancient Coin Counterfeiting, by Ken Peters 10 Members' Own Evening 23 The Circulation of Silver between 1697 and 1817, by Gary Oddie 31 British Lead Tokens. by David Powell 37 Papal Portraits, by David Sellwood 50 The Coinage of the Severan Family, by Edmund Redfern 50 Having Fun with Junk Boxes, by Anthony Holmes 56 AUCTION RESULTS, by Antony Gilbert 59 BOOK REVIEWS 61 History Re-Stored: Ancient Greek Coins from the Zhuyuetang Collection. Andrew Meadows and Richard C. Kan. The Counterfeit Coin Story. Two and a Half Thousand Years of Deception. Ken Peters. Irish Small Silver: Anglo-Irish Coins. John-Edward VI. Paul and Bente R. Withers. Kruger Pond Imitations. Paul Withers. EDITORIAL It is quite amazing how quickly each Club year comes round and it is time to produce another edition of the Club's Newsletter. A number of our speakers have been kind enough, or able, to produce transcripts of their talk on disc for the Editor. Then it is simply a case of adapting the spoken work to read as the written word, especially where slides have been described, and we are unable to reproduce illustrations in the Newsletter unless they are line drawings. Similarly, others have provided a reasonably hand written account of their presentation which the Editor can then at least type up. Usually this is done, as with this issue, whilst lecturing at sea around the Mediterranean in late November (the Editor is a coward and gets out of the British cold weather!) His laptop computer comes into its own then — it is only used on cruises for writing in-between his lectures.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain and the Pound Sterling
    Britain and the Pound Sterling! !by Robert Schneebeli! ! Weight of metal, number of coins For the first 400 years of the Christian era, England was a Roman province, «Britannia». The word «pound» comes from Latin: the Roman pondus was divided into twelve unciae, which in turn gives us our English word “ounce”. In weighing precious metals the pound Troy of 12 ounces is used, 373 grams in metric units. In France, instead of pondus, the Latin word libra, weighing- scales, was used instead, so that «pound» in French is livre. That is why, when we weigh meat, for example, and want to write seven pounds, we write 7 lb., as if we were saying librae instead of pounds. And if we’re talking about pounds in the monetary sense, we also use a sign that reminds us of the Latin libra – the pounds sign, £, is actually only a stylised letter L. In the 8th century, in the age of King Offa in England or of Charlemagne in Europe, when the English currency began to be regulated, it was not the pound that was important, but the penny. The origin of the word «penny», and how it came to mean a coin, is obscure. A penny was a small silver coin – for coinage purposes silver was more important than gold (for example, the French word for money, argent, comes from argentum, the Latin for silver). Alfred the Great, the most famous of the Anglo-Saxon kings, fixed the weight of the silver penny and had pennies minted with a clear design.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Privy Mark on a Robert II Groat Prefigured on False Coins
    A new privy mark on a Robert II groat prefigured on false coins David Rampling In 1853, Dr Aquilla Smith, a respected Irish physician and antiquary, published a find of fourteen Scottish coins from near Pettigoe, in the County of Fermanagh1. The lot consisted of three groats of David II, one of which was false, nine groats of Robert II, all false, and two half-groats of Robert II. All the groats were of the type of the Edinburgh mint; the two genuine half-groats were of the Perth mint. The parcel of false and genuine coins is now in the collection of the National Museum of Ireland. Two of the false Robert II groats displayed a large cross pattée behind the king’s crown, a feature hitherto unrecorded on genuine coins. Their weights were ퟏ given as 31 ⁄ퟐ and 31 grains respectively. A third coin coin weighing 34 grains had a larger than usual B as privy mark behind the crown. The purpose of the current note is to record what appears to be a genuine coin having the large cross privy mark. The coins in Smith’s report were deemed false on the basis of their layered composition, their light weight and an appearance tempered by file marks, streaked surfaces and less well defined lettering. These fabrications had been formed by the cliché method, by which thin sheets of silver were pressed over actual coins and soldered together. Smith was unaware of this method by which the ‘metallic discs’ gained their impress, resulting in copies that he assessed as being “well executed” and bearing “a very close resemblance to the dies of the genuine coins”.
    [Show full text]
  • MEDIEVAL COINS – an Introduction
    MEDIEVAL COINS – An Introduction Richard Kelleher, Fitzwilliam Museum and Barrie Cook, British Museum PART 1. BACKGROUND 1) Early coinage (c.600-860s) This early phase saw the emergence of a gold coinage on a small scale inspired by imported Merovingian coins. Over the 7 th century the gold gave way to a much more extensive silver currency Shilling/Tremissis/‘Thrymsa’ (early 7 th century) The first indigenous English coins imitated Frankish tremisses with occasional Roman or Byzantine influences. They are often referred to as ‘thrymsas’ but there is no evidence for the use of this word in the period. They were struck in Kent and London and (probably) York. Weight: c.1.28g Diameter: 12mm Metal: Gold Design: various but often an obverse bust and some form of reverse cross. A few have inscriptions. As UK finds: Extremely rare. Penny/Sceat/‘Sceatta’ (c.660-mid 8 th century) After a transitional phase comprising base gold coins the silver penny emerged c.660-680. These small, thick coins were of a similar size to the gold shillings. The use of the name ‘sceatta’ which one often sees was not a contemporary term. Weight: c.1.10g Diameter: 12mm Metal: Silver Design: Huge variety in imagery including busts, crosses, plants, birds and animals. As UK finds: Common. Penny/‘Styca’ Coinage in the kingdom of Northumbria developed differently to that elsewhere in the late 8 th and 9 th centuries. The silver pennies became debased until they were essentially copper. They were produced in large quantities. Weight: c.1.2g Diameter: mm Metal: Copper Design: Inscription around a central pellet or cross, naming the ruler and moneyer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Doctrine of Prevenient Grace in the Theology of Jacobus Arminius
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2017 The Doctrine of Prevenient Grace in the Theology of Jacobus Arminius Abner F. Hernandez Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Hernandez, Abner F., "The Doctrine of Prevenient Grace in the Theology of Jacobus Arminius" (2017). Dissertations. 1670. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/1670 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT THE DOCTRINE OF PREVENIENT GRACE IN THE THEOLOGY OF JACOBUS ARMINIUS by Abner F. Hernandez Fernandez Adviser: Jerry Moon ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE DOCTRINE OF PREVENIENT GRACE IN THE THEOLOGY OF JACOBUS ARMINIUS Name of researcher: Abner F. Hernandez Fernandez Name and degree of faculty adviser: Jerry Moon, Ph.D. Date completed: April 2017 Topic This dissertation addresses the problem of the lack of agreement among interpreters of Arminius concerning the nature, sources, development, and roles of prevenient grace in Arminius’s soteriology. Purpose The dissertation aims to investigate, analyze, and define the probable sources, nature, development, and role of the concept of prevenient or “preceding” grace in the theology of Jacobus Arminius (1559–1609). Sources The dissertation relies on Arminius’s own writings, mainly the standard London Edition, translated by James Nichols and Williams Nichols.
    [Show full text]