DOCSLIB.ORG

Agricultural Pesticide Use Trends in Manitoba and 2,4-D Fate in Soil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE TRENDS IN MANITOBA AND 2,4-D FATE IN SOIL BY Janna L. Wilson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Soil Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Copyright © 2012 by Janna Wilson THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ******* COPYRIGHT PERMISSION AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE TRENDS IN MANITOBA AND 2,4-D FATE IN SOIL BY Janna L. Wilson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Copyright © 2012 by Janna Wilson Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to the University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. ABSTRACT Wilson, Janna Leah, Ph.D. The University of Manitoba, October 2012. Agricultural Pesticide Use Trends in Manitoba and 2,4-D Fate in Soil. Major Professor; Annemieke Farenhorst. In the last century, agricultural intensification on the Canadian prairies has resulted in increased pesticide use with the potential to expose non-target organisms to pesticides as a result of non-point source pollution. In order to minimize risk and implement programs and regulations that promote sustainable agricultural practices, information on the types of pesticides being used and their subsequent fate in soils is essential. In this study, pesticide use trends were summarized and Herbicide Risk Indicators (HRIs) were calculated for the 1996-2006 growing seasons; a time period in which genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops were commercially adopted. This study also quantified the influence of soil moisture, temperature, slope position, and soil depth within the plough layer on 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] fate in soil obtained from a cultivated undulating field in Southern Manitoba. Annual pesticide use varied slightly over the 11-year period, but overall, there were no significant increasing or decreasing temporal trends for herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides. Although the total mass of herbicides remained relatively consistent, there was a significant change in the types of herbicides applied associated with the increased adoption of GMHT-canola; the most significant trend being the increase of GLY, from 16% to 45% of the total herbicides used in 1996 to 2006, respectively. HRIs demonstrated that herbicides used in 2006, are on average, more soluble, but less persistent, less volatile, and less acutely toxic iii to mammals (inhalation and acceptable daily intake), aquatic invertebrates, fish and algae, than those applied in 1996. Although 2,4-D remains one of the top 10 herbicides applied to agricultural crops in Manitoba, there were no significant increasing or decreasing trends in 2,4-D use between 1996 and 2006. Results from the experimental studies revealed that 2,4-D mineralization half-lives (DT50) in soil varied from 3 days to 51 days with the total 2,4-D mineralization (MT) ranging from 5.8 to 50.9%, depending on soil moisture, temperature, slope position, and depth. Both DT50 and MT demonstrated a polynomial relationship with temperature, typical of a biological system with minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Annemieke Farenhorst for providing me with the opportunity and financial support to pursue a Doctoral Degree in the Department of Soil Science. Her persistence is most appreciated. Gratitude also goes to my committee, Dr. Paul Bullock and Dr. Sri Ranjan for their continued support, advice, and willingness to attend committee meetings. Thank you to Dr. Jeff Schoenau for serving as an external examiner, your comments and advice were greatly appreciated. This research project would not have been possible without the financial support of a University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship, which supported me financially for four years. Throughout this journey to complete my Doctoral thesis, I have encountered numerous people in the Department of Soil Science who have provided guidance, support, and assistance in a variety of ways. These people include (but are not limited to): Ross McQueen, Francis Zvomuya, Rob Ellis, Tim Stem, Carl Shaykewich, Brian Amiro, Terry Ramm, Lynda Closson, Jeanette Gaultier, Nurun Nahar, Paula Halibicki, Sheng Li, and many others. The support system in the Department of Soil Science is unparalleled. I would also like to acknowledge the staff, faculty and senior scholars in the Department of Environment and Geography who have supported and encouraged me: Aggie Roberecki, Pat Gutoski, Sam Kirsch, Valerie Smith, Ron Stewart, John Iacozza, Geoffrey Smith, John Brierley, and Ramesh Tiwari, v Special thanks to my invaluable assistants: Elaine Slater, David Cabannes, Lori Morton, and the awe inspiring G.I.S. Guru, Gary Warkentine. In addition, the encouragement and wise council received from John Sinclair was most appreciated. A heartfelt thank you goes to many friends who have supported me along the way: Patricia Fitzpatrick, Lisa Bednar, Carole Hudek, Christina Lengyel and Lisa Christmas (to name a few). On the home front, I would like to express my gratitude to Marla, Lori, and Ernie for their unwavering support. And to Isaac, thank you for giving up our precious time together. This thesis is dedicated to my loving and supportive Mom, June Wilson (1945 – 2008). “Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, nothing is going to get better. It’s not.” -Dr. Seuss, The Lorax vi FOREWORD This is a manuscript style thesis prepared in accordance with the Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba guidelines. Following the general introduction (Chapter 1) are four chapters prepared in a stand-alone, manuscript format. The final chapter (Chapter 6, Overall Synthesis) integrates the four data chapters by summarizing the research findings and implications, discusses the research limitations, provides future recommendations, and identifies the contribution of this thesis to knowledge. Versions of Chapters 2 and 3 will be submitted for publication in the near future. A version of Chapter 4 has been published: Shymko, J.L. and Farenhorst, A. 2008. 2,4-D mineralization in unsaturated and near- saturated surface soils of an undulating, cultivated Canadian prairie landscape. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 43: 34 – 43. A version of Chapter 5 has been published: Shymko, J.L., Farenhorst, A. and Zvomuya, F. 2011. Polynomial response of 2,4-D mineralization to temperature in soils at varying soil moisture contents, slope positions and depths. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 46: 301- 312. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v FOREWORD .................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... xvi 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Global Pesticide Use ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pesticide Use ................................................. 3 1.3. Pesticide Risk Assessment .................................................................................... 5 1.4 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] ........................................................... 6 1.5 2,4-D Properties and Fate in Soil .......................................................................... 9 1.6 Objectives ............................................................................................................. 9 1.7 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................... 10 1.8 Thesis Outline ..................................................................................................... 10 1.9 References ........................................................................................................... 14 2. MANITOBA TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE AS A RESULT OF THE INCREASING ADOPTION TO GENETICALLY MODIFED HERBICIDE-TOLERANT CROPS FROM 1996 – 2006 .................................... 23 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 23 viii 2.3 Materials
Recommended publications
  • Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the WSSA

    Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the WSSA

    Weed Science 2010 58:511–518 Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the Weed Science Society of America Below is the complete list of all common and chemical of herbicides as approved by the International Organization names of herbicides approved by the Weed Science Society of for Standardization (ISO). A sponsor may submit a proposal America (WSSA) and updated as of September 1, 2010. for a common name directly to the WSSA Terminology Beginning in 1996, it has been published yearly in the last Committee. issue of Weed Science with Directions for Contributors to A herbicide common name is not synonymous with Weed Science. This list is published in lieu of the selections a commercial formulation of the same herbicide, and in printed previously on the back cover of Weed Science. Only many instances, is not synonymous with the active ingredient common and chemical names included in this complete of a commercial formulation as identified on the product list should be used in WSSA publications. In the absence of label. If the herbicide is a salt or simple ester of a parent a WSSA-approved common name, the industry code number compound, the WSSA common name applies to the parent as compiled by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) with compound only. CAS systematic chemical name or the systematic chemical The chemical name used in this list is that preferred by the name alone may be used. The current approved list is also Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) according to their system of available at our web site (www.wssa.net).
  • Nomenclature of Commonly Available Herbicides in India

    Nomenclature of Commonly Available Herbicides in India

    NOMENCLATURE OF COMMONLY AVAILABLE HERBICIDES IN INDIA Prior to the widespread use of chemical herbicides, mechanical control and cultural controls, such as altering soil pH, salinity, or fertility levels were used to control weeds. The first widely used herbicide was 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, often abbreviated 2,4-D which kills many broadleaf plants while leaving grasses largely unaffected (high doses of 2,4-D at crucial growth periods can harm grass crops such as maize or cereals). The low cost of 2,4-D has led to continued usage today and it remains one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world. In 1950s triazine family of herbicides, which includes atrazine was introduced. Atrazine does not break down readily (within a few weeks) after being applied to soils of above neutral pH. Atrazine is said to have carryover, a generally undesirable property for herbicides. Glyphosate, frequently sold under the brand name Roundup, was introduced in 1974 for non- selective weed control. It is now a major herbicide in selective weed control in growing crop plants due to the development of crop plants that are resistant to it. Many modern chemical herbicides for agriculture are specifically formulated to decompose within a short period after application. This is desirable as it allows crops which may be affected by the herbicide to be grown on the land in future seasons. However, herbicides with low residual activity (i.e., that decompose quickly) often do not provide season-long weed control. List of herbicides with their common name
  • 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–18 Edition) § 455.61

    40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–18 Edition) § 455.61

    § 455.61 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–18 Edition) from: the operation of employee show- § 455.64 Effluent limitations guidelines ers and laundry facilities; the testing representing the degree of effluent of fire protection equipment; the test- reduction attainable by the applica- ing and emergency operation of safety tion of the best available tech- showers and eye washes; or storm nology economically achievable water. (BAT). (d) The provisions of this subpart do Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 not apply to wastewater discharges through 125.32, any existing point from the repackaging of microorga- source subject to this subpart must nisms or Group 1 Mixtures, as defined achieve effluent limitations rep- under § 455.10, or non-agricultural pes- resenting the degree of effluent reduc- ticide products. tion attainable by the application of the best available technology economi- § 455.61 Special definitions. cally achievable: There shall be no dis- Process wastewater, for this subpart, charge of process wastewater pollut- means all wastewater except for sani- ants. tary water and those wastewaters ex- § 455.65 New source performance cluded from the applicability of the standards (NSPS). rule in § 455.60. Any new source subject to this sub- § 455.62 Effluent limitations guidelines part which discharges process waste- representing the degree of effluent water pollutants must meet the fol- reduction attainable by the applica- lowing standards: There shall be no dis- tion of the best practicable pollut- charge of process wastewater pollut- ant control technology (BPT). ants. Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point § 455.66 Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).
  • Ecological Risk Assessment for Saflufenacil

    Ecological Risk Assessment for Saflufenacil

    TEXT SEARCHABLE DCOUMENT 2011 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF CEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION PC Code: 118203 DP Barcode: 380638 and 381293 Thursday, April 07, 2011 MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Ecological Risk Assessment for Saflufenacil Section 3 New Chemical Uses as a harvest aid on dry edible beans, dry peas, soybean, oilseeds "sunflower subgroup 20B", oilseeds "cotton subgroup 20C", and oilseeds canola "subgroup 20A". TO: Kathryn Montague, M.S., Product Manager 23 Herbicide Branch Registration Division (RD) (7505P) FROM: ~ Mohammed Ruhman, Ph.D., Agronomist 2 :4- . ""=- ........ 04!tJt! (I neith Sappington, Senior Biologist/Science Adviso~.... Vd- Environmental Risk Branch V O'f/ .../ II Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) THROUGH: Mah Shamim, Ph.D., Branch Chief Environmental Risk Branch VI Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) This ecological risk assessment for saflufenacil new uses is relying on the attached previous assessment (Attachment 1). As shown in the usage summary (Table 1), the single and seasonal rate, for all the crops range from 0.045 to 0.089 lbs a.i/A are within the range application rates used in exposure modeling for the 2009 Section 3 New Chemical Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment (DP Barcode 349855). Therefore, risk findings determined for the 2009 assessment may be used in the assessment for this submittal. Specifically, the 2009 assessment found no chronic risks to avian and mammalian species at an agricultural use rate 0 0.134 lb a.i.lA. Acute risks were not determined for birds and mammals since saflufenacil was not acutely toxic at the highest doses tested.
  • Reduction of Nitroaromatic Pesticides with Zero-Valent Iron

    Reduction of Nitroaromatic Pesticides with Zero-Valent Iron

    Chemosphere 54 (2004) 255–263 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron Young-Soo Keum, Qing X. Li * Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Ag Sci 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Received 5 February 2003; received in revised form 4 June 2003; accepted 4 August 2003 Abstract Reduction of eleven nitroaromatic pesticides was studied with zero-valent iron powder. Average half-lives ranged from 2.8 to 6.3 h and the parent compounds were completely reduced after 48–96 h. The di-nitro groups of the 2,6- dinitroaniline herbicides were rapidly reduced to the corresponding diamines, with a negligible amount of partially reduced monoamino or nitroso products. Low levels of de-alkylated products were observed after 10 days. The nitro group of the organophosphorus insecticides was reduced dominantly to the monoamines but in a slower rate than the 2,6-dinitroanilines. A trace amount of oxon products was found. Reduction of nitro to amino was also the predominant reaction for the diphenyl ether herbicides. Aromatic de-chlorination and de-alkylation were minor reactions. These amine products were more stable than the parent compounds and 60% or more of the amines were detected after two weeks. Humic acid decreased the reduction rates of pendimethalin, and dichlone (a known quinone redox mediator) counteracted the effect of humic acid on the reactivity. Storage of iron powder under air decreased the reactivity very rapidly due to iron oxidation. Repeated use of iron powder also showed similar results. The reduced activity of air- oxidized iron was recovered by purging with hydrogen, but not nitrogen.
  • PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SAMPLING PLAN for Contaminants with a Vermont Health Advisory – May 2020

    PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SAMPLING PLAN for Contaminants with a Vermont Health Advisory – May 2020

    PROPOSED PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SAMPLING PLAN For Contaminants with a Vermont Health Advisory – May 2020 Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation Drinking Water & Groundwater Protection Division A Plan to Sample for Chemicals with a Vermont Health Advisory As required by Act 21 (2019), Section 10(b), the Secretary of the Agency of Natural Resources, on or before January 1, 2020, must publish for public review and comment a plan to collect data for contaminants in drinking water from public community water systems and all non-transient non-community water systems, for which a health advisory has been established, but no Maximum Contaminant Level has been adopted. These health advisories are referred to as Vermont Health Advisories (VHAs) in this document. 1 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 3 II. Background ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 4 III. Determining the VHA contaminants for sampling at public water systems ………..Page 6 IV. Sampling Considerations …..…………………………………………………………………………….. Page 10 V. Proposed Sampling Plan ………………………………………………………………………….………..Page 12 Attachments Table 1 Complete List of Vermont Health Advisories (VHAs) …………………………………………..Page 13 Table 2 Proposed List of VHAs with Potential Concern ……………………………………………………Page 18 2 | P a g e I. Executive Summary The Secretary of the Agency of Natural Resources was tasked with developing a sampling plan for public review, for certain drinking water contaminants that have an established health advisory, also known as the Vermont Health Advisory (VHA) but have no Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). This Sampling Plan (Plan) is targeted to public community and public non- transient non-community water systems. To provide context for public water system regulation, and standards that apply, a discussion of how VHAs and MCLs are determined is given.
  • INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES

    INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES

    US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401
  • Of in Partial Fulfillment of the Of

    Of in Partial Fulfillment of the Of

    CHEMICAL SEEDBED PREPARATION FOR ZERO-TILLAGE CROP PRODUCTION A Thesi s Submitted to the Facu ltY of Graduate Studi es The Uni versi tY of Manitoba by Larry hliI Iiam TaYlor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requi rements for the Degree of I4aster of Sc i ence Department of Pl ant Science t4ay L977 ''CHEMICAL SEEDBED PREPARATION FOR ZERO-TILLAGE CROP PRODUCTION'' by LARRY IdILLIAI4 TAYLOR A rlissertation submitted to the Facutty of Craduate Studics <¡f the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the roquirements of tht' degree of MASTTR OF SCIENCE @ 1977 Pernlission hus becn gr:rntcrl to th'j LIB¡ìARY OF '¡'llU l''NlvUlì- slTY oF MANtTollr\ to lctr<l or selt copics <¡f this tlissertr¡liot¡' t() thc NATIONAL LIBR^RY OF (:ANAI)A to rtlicrofilm this dissertatir.¡n and to lend or soll copics of the l'ilnl, ¿¡nd UNtvtiRSlTY MICROFILMS to publish ru übstruct of this dissertation' The ¡utl¡or reserves other ¡rublicittion rights' and neithcr the dissertttion ttor extcnsive extr cts liom it rrlay be printcd or other- wise reproduccd without thc author's wt ittctl ¡rertttissiotl' 'll ABSTRACT Taylor, Larry hli1ìiam. M'Sc., The University of Manitoba' flay , 1977 . Chemi cal Seedbed Preparati on for Zero-ti I I age Crop Productìon. Major Professor; Elmer H. Stobbe' Field trials were conducted under zero-tillage conditions to study broadspectrum annual weed control with applications of paraquat and glyphosate. Broadleaf herbicides were mixed wìth the paraquat and glyohosate treatments to find their.impact on the effectiveness and cost for chemical seedbed preparation. Excellent broadleaf annual weed control resuited when 0'28 kglha of bromoxyni 1 was added to 0'42 kg/ha of paraquat.
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenol AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR

    2,4-Dichlorophenol AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR

    United States Office of Water EPA 440 5-80-042 Environmental Protection Regulations and Standards October 1980 Agency Criteria and Standards Division Washington DC 20460 EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL Prepared By U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, D.C. Office of Research and Development Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, Ohio Carcinogen Assessment Group Washington, D.C. Environmental Research Laboratories Corvalis, Oregon Duluth, Minnesota Gulf Breeze, Florida Narragansett, Rhode Island DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. ii FOREWORD Section 304 (a)(1) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish criteria for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. Proposed water quality criteria for the 65 toxic pollutants listed under section 307 (a)(1) of the Clean Water Act were developed and a notice of their availability was published for public comment on March 15, 1979 (44 FR 15926), July 25, 1979 (44 FR 43660), and October 1, 1979 (44 FR 56628).
  • AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application

    AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application

    9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred
  • THE PESTICIDES and TOXIC CHEMICALS ACT, 2008 No. 12 Of

    THE PESTICIDES and TOXIC CHEMICALS ACT, 2008 No. 12 Of

    ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA THE PESTICIDES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS ACT, 2008 No. 12 of 2008 [ Printed in the Official Gazette Vol. XXIX No. 10 dated 12th February , 2009. ] ________ Printed at the Government Printing Office, Antigua and Barbuda, by Eric T. Bennett, Government Printer — By Authority, 2009. 800—2.09 [ Price$11.70 ] The Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Act, 2008. No. 12 of 2008 No. 12 of 2008 The Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Act, 2008. THE PESTICIDES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS ACT, 2008 ARRANGEMENT Sections 1. Short title and commencement. 2. Interpretation. 3. Establishment and constitution of the Board. 4. Functions and duties of the Board. 5. Registrar of Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals. 6. Licence to exterminate. 7. Analysts, inspectors, medical examiners and others. 8. Controlled product. 9. Offences in regard to prohibited substance or product. 10. Regulation of prohibited substance or product. 11. Powers of inspectors. 12. Analysis. 13. Medical examiners. 14. Detention and forfeiture of articles seized. 15. Regulations. 16. Offences by corporations. 17. Evidence and sufficiency of proof. 18. Record keeping and reporting. 19. Confidentiality. 20. Notice of non-compliance. 21. Right of appeal. 22. Penalties. 23. Immunity. 24. Indemnity. 25. Application to the State. 26. Repeal. The Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Act, 2008. No. 12 of 2008 Schedules Schedule 1 – Constitution of the Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Control Board Schedule 2 – Controlled products Schedule 3 – Prohibited Products No. 12 of 2008 The Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Act, 2008. [L.S.] I Assent, Louise Lake-Tack, Governor-General. 31st December, 2008 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA THE PESTICIDES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS ACT, 2008 No.
  • Dinitroanilines Herbicide / Plant Growth Regulator

    Dinitroanilines Herbicide / Plant Growth Regulator

    Agrochemicals Analysis Technical Note TN #002 Dinitroanilines Herbicide / plant growth regulator Background Information Dinitroanilines were first discovered during evaluation of The herbicide butralin is also used as a local-systemic plant dyes and their intermediates in the early 1960s. They are often growth regulator on tobacco and was first registered in the U.S. referred to as the “yellow” compounds as they are typically in 1976. As with flumetralin it can be used alone or with maleic bright yellow in colour due to the presence of two nitro (NO2) hydrazide (as tank-mix or sequential combination). groups on the phenyl ring in the 2 and 6 positions (Figure 1). Pendimethalin is an herbicide that also possesses suckercide properties but is not used as extensively as either flumetralin or butralin. Pendimethalin is registered in certain countries as a herbicide and in others as a plant-growth regulator (PGR). The remaining dinitroanilines (benfluralin and trifluralin) are all selective herbicides for pre-emergence control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of crops but are not used intensively. When applied as herbicides, dinitroanilines are absorbed by the plant root systems but are not metabolized1. They are usually non-ionic compounds, have low water solubilities, vary in volatility and are relatively immobile in soil systems2. Because dinitroanilines are lipophilic and are not very soluble in water, they do not pose an environmental threat to surface or ground water. They are volatile and evaporate quite readily. Figure 1. Basic dinitroaniline chemical structure They are also susceptible to photodegradation. In tobacco, flumetralin metabolizes rapidly and extensively leading to Flumetralin, first registered for use with the US EPA in 1983, is reduction or complete removal.