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Palaeoceanography and Biogeography in the Early Jurassic Panthalassa and Tethys Oceans

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Palaeoceanography and Biogeography in the Early Jurassic Panthalassa and Tethys Oceans Palaeoceanography and biogeography in the Early Jurassic Panthalassa and Tethys Oceans Carmen Arias* Departamento de Paleontologia e Instituto de Geologia Economica, (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Juan Antonio Novais, 2, 28040-Madrid, Spain Abstract A [lIst conceptual palaeoceanographic model for the Early Jurassic Panthalassa and Tethys Oceans is outlined in the present paper. The new palaeoceanographic model uses fundamental physic oceanographic principles !mown from the modem world and a global palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Early Jurassic to examine the long-term response of the Panthalassic and Tethyan fossil invertebrate faunas to the proposed surface ocean circulation. Analysis of palaeobiogeographical data (ostracods, ammonites, brachiopods and bivalves) has enabled circulation changes to be reconstructed over the studied period in some detail Panthalassic circulation pattern shows an almost hemispherical symmetric pattern, with the development of the two large subtropical gyres that rotates clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Surface circulation in the Tethyan Ocean is dominated by monsoonal westerly-directed equatorial surface currents that reached its western corner and droved them off to the north, along the northern side of the Tethys Ocean, during summer and in opposite direction during the winter. Keywords: Early lurassic; The Panthalassa Ocean; The Tethys Ocean; Ocean currents; Clima te models 1. Introduction tern. This new model is simple in concept and is based on atmospheric circulations patterns and consequently, on major Palaeoceanographic models play a very important role m wind belts, and takes also into account the influence of large paleoclimate and palaeobiogeographic studies. It is difficult to mountain ranges and the distribution of landmasses. reconstruct Early Jurassic palaeoceanography on global scales Three types of oceanic circulations models have been formu­ from the paleontological record because the data tend to be lated (Kutzbach et aI., 1990; Winguth et aI., 2002; Smith et aI., scattered and unevenly distributed. In light of existing work on 2004), for simulating oceanic circulation patterns over an idea­ paleoclimate models, and in accord with the aim of this paper, lized Panthalassa Ocean for the Permian-Triassic. They used the study of the pattern of surface currents and its implications numerical models of atmospheric circulation (GCM simula­ in the palaeobiogeography of the main Early Jurassic fossil tions), but since they utilized a very simple basin configuration, groups, a new conceptual circulation model for the Early Juras­ essentially a single rectangular one, their results were a dy­ sic has been proposed. The conceptual palaeoceanographic namic, hemispherically symmetric overturning with standard approach presented here elaborates on the similar procedure gyres and western boundary currents, which are difficult to test used by Stehli (1965), Berggren and Hollister (1977), Lloyd against the geological and fossil record. (1982), Parrish (1982), Parrish and Curtis (1982), Wilde (1991), General features of this type of conceptual models are modi­ Christiansen and Stouge (1999) using primary oceanographic fied according to the specifics of the Early Jurassic palaeogeo­ circulation principles to hypothesize on the maj or current pat- graphy. Until recently, it was not possible to consider the Early Jurassic global surface ocean circulation in the context of a '" Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 91 544 5459; fax: +34 394 4849. more integrated palaeogeography (Ziegler, 1988, 1992; Scotese E-mail address: [email protected]. es. and Golonka, 1992; Golonka et aI., 1994, 2006; Roy, 2001, 2004; Takagi and Arai, 2003; Ziegler et aL, 2001; Scotese, erally assumed that a series of mi cro continents existed within the 2002; Golonka, 2004, 2007; Harris, 2006). The Early Jurassic tropical Tethys, which subsequently drifted away from Gond­ palaeogeography shows all continents assembled in a large wana (Sengor and Natalin, 1996; Golonka et aL, 2006). landmass, the Pangaea, centred over the Equator (from 800N to This paper is the first attempt to reconstruct the Early Ju­ 800S), surrounded by a huge world-wide Panthalassa Ocean and rassic surface ocean circulation by means of a new conceptual with a wedge shaped sea into its eastern margin, the Tethys model that uses basic principles of modem oceanography and Ocean (Dewey et aI., 1973; Smith et aI., 1973; Bju-Duval et aI., atmospheric circulation, without being a computerised para­ 1977; Owen, 1983; Dercourtet ai., 1985; Ziegler, 1988; Van der metric approach. An additional purpose of this model is to Voo, 1993, Acharyya, 1999, 2001; Scotese, 2002; Golonka and explain several aspects of the distributional pattern of Tethyan Kiessling, 2002; Golonka, 2007). Pangaea comprised two large and Panthalassic fossil groups that had resisted previous inter­ landmasses: the Laurasia (North America and the majority of pretations, such as, displaced faunas in North American mar­ Eurasian) and the Gondwana (South America, India, Australia ginal terranes or stepping-stone dispersaL and Antarctica) continents (Fig. 1). The palaeogeographic base map for this model, including 2. The Early Jurassic simulation: Theoretical atmospheric land-sea distribution, bathymetryand land surfaceelevation has and surface oceanic circulation pattern been taken from the Palaeogeographic Atlas Project of the University of Chicago (Ziegler et aI., 1997). Therefore, the Early In attempts to reconstruct the Early Jurassic atmospheric Jurassic palaeogeography is reasonably well known, except for circulation two type of information have been considered. the position of islands in the Tethys Ocean that at the present Initially, the basis for the present model was the distribution of time fit in Southeast Asia. The altitude data of Pangaean average zonal sea-level pressure for each season, which was mountain chains, which has a relevant impact on the climate based on analogies with the present general atmospheric circu­ simulations (such as the intensification of low-pressure zones by lation pattern, following the conceptual approach ofParrish and the elevation heat effect), are based on Pliensbachian palaeo­ C'urtis (1982) and Parrish et aI. (1982). In addition, average topographical reconstructions (Ziegler et aL, 1983; S cotese, zonal pressure derived from climate simulations of Scotese and 2002). A consensus has emerged in recent years that much of the Summerhayes (1986); Crowley et al. (1989); Kutzbach and eastern Tethys consist of terrenes drifted from the northern Gallimore (1989); Kutzbach et aI. (1990); Chandler(1994) have margin of southeast Gondwana (Dewey, 1988; Golonka, 2007). been also considered (see Appendix A, Fig. 2A, B). The present With regard to the western part of the Tethys Ocean it is gen- simulation is based, as much as possible, on fimdamental prin­ ciples of physics, thus the results that they generate are only partly based on boundaryconditions. This is the main reason for Period Epoch (sub- Age When using a conceptual approach to simulate the global atmospheric period) began Jurassic Early Jurassic Toarcian 183 circulation. (Lias) 24 My PI iensbach ian 194 Most of Early Jurassic atmospheric simulations show the Sinemurian 201 �ttanoian dominance of monsoonal circulation conditions along the east­ - - 210 ern part ofPangaea (Scotese andS ummerhayes, 1986; Crowley et aI., 1989, Kutzbach and Gallimore, 1989; Kutzbach et ai., 1990; Fawcettt et ai., 1994; Barron and Fawcett, 1995). The major features of this simulated Early Jurassic model include warm surface air temperatures, extreme continentally in the low and mid-latitudes, and monsoons, which dominate along the mid-latitude coasts of Tethys and Panthalassa Oceans. The simulated global distribution of Early Jurassic sea-level pressures (Fig. 3A, B) show that winter high-pressure cells alternate with summer low-pressure cells over the continent. Subpolar low-pressure cells develop over the ocean and the SUbtropicalhigh-pressure zone is present. Despite the similarity between the hemispheric patterns, a substantial degree of asym­ metry caused by land-sea distribution and topographic dif­ Fig. 1. The world of the Early Jurassic. Present-day continents are shown in ferences has to be considered. outline: in the Southern Hemisphere (left to right), South America lies against During the summer, the faint insolation and the strong heat Africa, with India to the right. Below are Antarctica, and to its right, Australia. Together these pieces (South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia) loss over the part of Pangaea situated in the southern hemi­ fonn Gondwana (Vaughan and Pankhurst, 2008). In the Northern Hemisphere, sphere caused a decrease of the temperature over the interior of North America is adjacent to Western Europe, though much of Europe is the Pangaea (predominantly on the southern hemisphere) and covered by the European Epicontinental Sea. Together, they (North America, consequently, the sinking cooled air could create a high-pres­ Europe, Siberia) fonn Laurasia. Pangaea includes both Gondwana and Laurasia sure belt over the Gondwana continent, southernPangaea. The and they obstruct and enclose the Tethys Ocean; surrounding Pangaea is Panthalassa, the world ocean (after Scotese, C.R., 2002, http://www.scotese. warm temperatures can also generate an extensive low-pressure corn, PALEOMAP
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