DOCSLIB.ORG

EVALUATION of Ceiba Pentandra for STEM DIEBACK DISEASE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EVALUATION of Ceiba Pentandra for STEM DIEBACK DISEASE EVALUATION OF Ceiba pentandra FOR STEM DIEBACK DISEASE RESISTANCE AND CHARACTERIZATION BY MOLECULAR MARKERS BY COSMAS SORNGMENENYE ABENGMENENG A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT, KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SILVICULTURE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES SEPTEMBER 2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the PhD and that, to the best of my knowledge; it contains neither material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University. References to other peoples’ works have been duly acknowledged. …………………………… …………………….. ………….. Student Name Signature Date Certified by: …………………………… …………………….. ………….. 1. Supervisor’s Name Signature Date …………………………… …………………….. ………….. 2. Supervisors’ Name Signature Date …………………………… …………………….. ………….. 3. Supervisor’s Name Signature Date Certified by: …………………………… …………………….. ………….. Head of Department’s Name Signature Date ii Abengmeneng, 2013 DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to the Almighty God, my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit of God for being the source of my wisdom and the anchor of my life. I also dedicate this work to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Abengmeneng, and my siblings for their prayers, patience, support and understanding. Last but not the least, I dedicate this work to my children and to all brilliant but needy students as an encouragement to be determined and work hard. iii Abengmeneng, 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my sincere thanks to the Almighty God for His wonderful wisdom, infinite love and the spiritual guidance that enabled me to produce this piece of work. I remain deeply indebted to my supervisors, Dr. Philomena Kumapley (Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, FRNR-KNUST), Dr. Daniel A. Ofori (Forestry Research Institute of Ghana-Kumasi; and currently at World Agroforestry Centre- ICRAF, Nairobi-Kenya) and Prof. Richard Akromah (Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture-KNUST), for being ready for consultation even outside working days and for their constructive criticisms that have helped shaped this write up. I am very grateful to Dr. Marian D. Quain (Crops Research Institute of Ghana, Fumesua-Kumasi) for guiding me in my practical work. I owe many thanks to the International Foundation for Science (IFS), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology and Tropenbos International Ghana for their financial support. My appreciation also goes to the Director, Management and Staff of the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Fumesua-Kumasi and the Crops Research Institute, Fumesua- Kumasi, for giving me access to their research environment and facilities. A special note of thanks also goes to all the Laboratory Technicians at the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana-Kumasi and Crops Research Institute, Fumesua-Kuamsi, for their assistance during my practical time in the Biotechnology Laboratories of their respective institutions. I am also grateful to all my lecturers, friends and relations whose contributions in diverse ways have led to the successful completion of this thesis. iv Abengmeneng, 2013 ABSTRACT Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gartn is an important multi-purpose tree species in Ghana and demand for it is rising daily. However, the occurrence of stem dieback disease at the nursery and plantations, coupled with the absence of adequate information on resistance levels and the genetic diversity within and among populations, has limited the success of efforts geared at devising efficient strategies for its sustainable management. This study assessed resistance levels through progeny evaluation at both the nursery and in the field. Narrow sense heritability and genetic gain in stem height were also estimated. The diversity among accessions was characterized using five morphological traits. The genetic diversity and gene flow within and among five populations of the species were also studied using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The study also looked at markers that are linked to stem dieback resistance. Screening at the nursery from September to November (SNS) showed survival level ranged from 0.20% to 79.20 %. March to May screening (MMS) showed that all the 59 accessions screened had varied levels of survival ranging from 24.4 % to 100 %. Mortality rate was generally higher in the SNS than the MMS. Field study showed that 5 (13.51 %), 9 (24.33%) and 23 (62.16 %) accessions, out of 37 screened, had survival levels between 70.00 and 100 %, 50.00 and 69.90 % and below 50.00 %, respectively. There were significant differences in mean mortality rates among accessions in the nursery and field studies and also in mean stem height and mean diameter growth (P < 0.001). Narrow sense heritability was 0.56 and genetic gain in height ranged from -29.58 to 20.89 cm/yr. Mean population diversity index, using the Shannon Information Index (I), was 0.425 ± 0.024, 0.306 ± 0.027 and 0.371 ± 0.018 for the RAPD, ISSR and the combined RAPD and ISSR, respectively. Gene flow estimates v Abengmeneng, 2013 showed low to moderate differences among populations with Gst values at 0.0751, 0.0736 and 0.0799 for the RAPD, ISSR and combined RAPD and ISSR, respectively. Ninety-eight percent of the population differentiation was attributed to within population variation with RAPD polymorphism. ISSR and the combined RAPD and ISSR both showed that a high proportion of genetic diversity resided within populations. Chi- square and G-square tests showed differences among population. Percentage polymorphic loci, Ewens-Watterson Neutrality Test, Nei diversity and Shannon diversity indices, showed Dry Semi-deciduous Forest Inner Zone as the most diverse population. Principal component analysis, defined by axes 1 and 2, accounted for 67.15% of the total variation among accessions. None of the ten markers used was able to differentiate between resistant and susceptible accessions. Nine accessions were identified for conservation as seed trees. Dry Semi-deciduous Forest Inner Zone (DSDFZ-Inner) < Dry Semi-deciduous Forest Outer Zone (DSDFZ-Outlier) < Guinea Savanna Zone (GSZ) < Moist Semi-deciduous Forest Zone (MSDFZ) < Moist/Wet Evergreen Forest Zone (M/WEFZ), in order of decreasing importance, should be preferred in C. pentandra seed collection expedition. Decision making for long-term conservation of C. pentandra should be made on the basis of both morphological and molecular considerations. Sampling for seed trees should be concentrated on selecting resistant and unrelated accessions within populations rather than collecting bits from the entire range of the species. Known resistant and susceptible lines should be used in further assessment for dieback resistant markers. A large number of dominant markers and the use of co-dominant markers should also be investigated. vi Abengmeneng, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Declaration ..................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ iv Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..v Table of contents .......................................................................................................... vii List of tables .................................................................................................................. xi List of figures .............................................................................................................. xiv List of appendices ....................................................................................................... xvi List of abbreviations ................................................................................................ xviii CHAPTER 1 General Introduction ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ......................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research objectives .................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Key questions of the research .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2 Literature Review .................................................................................... 8 2.1 Characteristics of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn ...................................................... 8 2.2 Sustainable forest management (SFM) .................................................................. 11 2.3 Plantations as tools for sustainable forest management ......................................... 13 2.4 Dieback disease: a threat to sustainable forest management ................................. 14 2.5 Disease control, resistance and susceptibility in plants ......................................... 16 2.6 Genetic variation in forest trees ............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parkinsonia Aculeata
    Investigating the cause of dieback in the invasive plant, Parkinsonia aculeata BY TRACEY VIVIEN STEINRUCKEN A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Western Sydney University in 2017 This page has been intentionally left blank “Watch with glittering eyes the whole world around you because the greatest secrets are always hidden in the most unlikely places. Those who don't believe in magic will never find it” -- Roald Dahl This page has been intentionally left blank Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisors Rieks van Klinken (CSIRO Health & Biosecurity), Andrew Bissett (CISRO Oceans & Atmosphere) and Jeff Powell (Hawkesbury Institute for the Enivronment, Western Sydney University) for their excellent mentoring, patient communication across borders and constant support. This research project was supported by Meat and Livestock Australia via a technical assistance grant (B.STU.0271). My PhD was supported by the Australian Government via an Australian Postgraduate Award and Western Sydney University via a top-up stipend. The Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment also supported my work with an annual research allocation and conference attendance funding. Thanks to Patricia Hellier, David Harland, Ian Anderson and Lisa Davison at HIE for administrative support. Thank-you to Kelli Pukallus (Biosecurity Queensland), Andrew White (CSIRO), Eva Pôtet (Agro Campus Oest, Paris), Marcus Klein (HIE at WSU), Donald Gardiner (CSIRO), Shamsul Hoque (CSIRO), Ryan O’Dell (DAFF) and Dylan Smith (UC Berkeley) for field and technical support in various chapters throughout this thesis. Huge thanks to my CSIRO Biosecurity team: Gio Fichera, Ryan Zonneveld, Brad Brown, Andrew White and Jeff Makinson for technical support in Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis and Development of Molecular Tool for Detection of Diaporthe Citri Causing Melanose Disease of Citrus
    plants Article Phylogenetic Analysis and Development of Molecular Tool for Detection of Diaporthe citri Causing Melanose Disease of Citrus Chingchai Chaisiri 1,2 , Xiang-Yu Liu 1,2, Yang Lin 1, Jiang-Bo Li 3, Bin Xiong 3 and Chao-Xi Luo 1,2,* 1 Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (X.-Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 2 Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science & Technology, and Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China 3 Nanfeng Citrus Research Institute, Nanfeng 344500, China; [email protected] (J.-B.L.); [email protected] (B.X.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 February 2020; Accepted: 27 February 2020; Published: 4 March 2020 Abstract: Melanose disease caused by Diaporthe citri is considered as one of the most important and destructive diseases of citrus worldwide. In this study, isolates from melanose samples were obtained and analyzed. Firstly, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were used to measure Diaporthe-like boundary species. Then, a subset of thirty-eight representatives were selected to perform the phylogenetic analysis with combined sequences of ITS, beta-tubulin gene (TUB), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF), calmodulin gene (CAL), and histone-3 gene (HIS). As a result, these representative isolates were identified belonging to D. citri, D. citriasiana, D. discoidispora, D. eres, D. sojae, and D. unshiuensis. Among these species, the D. citri was the predominant species that could be isolated at highest rate from different melanose diseased tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • A Worldwide List of Endophytic Fungi with Notes on Ecology and Diversity
    Mycosphere 10(1): 798–1079 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity Rashmi M, Kushveer JS and Sarma VV* Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, Puducherry, India Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV 2019 – A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere 10(1), 798–1079, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 Abstract Endophytic fungi are symptomless internal inhabits of plant tissues. They are implicated in the production of antibiotic and other compounds of therapeutic importance. Ecologically they provide several benefits to plants, including protection from plant pathogens. There have been numerous studies on the biodiversity and ecology of endophytic fungi. Some taxa dominate and occur frequently when compared to others due to adaptations or capabilities to produce different primary and secondary metabolites. It is therefore of interest to examine different fungal species and major taxonomic groups to which these fungi belong for bioactive compound production. In the present paper a list of endophytes based on the available literature is reported. More than 800 genera have been reported worldwide. Dominant genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Most endophyte studies have been on angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Among the different substrates, leaf endophytes have been studied and analyzed in more detail when compared to other parts. Most investigations are from Asian countries such as China, India, European countries such as Germany, Spain and the UK in addition to major contributions from Brazil and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)
    Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93) Maharshi, Anjisha R., 2012, “Studies on Phytohormone Producing Plant Pathogenic Fungi”, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/575 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu [email protected] © The Author Acknowledgments This thesis arose in part out of years of research that has been done since I came to PPMB Lab. By that time, I have worked with a great number of people whose contribution in assorted ways to the research and the making of the thesis deserved special mention. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to them all in my humble acknowledgment. In the first place I would like to record my gratitude to Prof. Vrinda. S. Thaker for her supervision, advice, and guidance from the very early stage of this research as well as giving me extraordinary experiences throughout the work. Above all and the most needed, she provided me unflinching encouragement and support in various ways which made her a backbone of this research and so to this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Mycoflora and Their Bioactive Compounds From
    Journal of Fungi Review Endophytic Mycoflora and Their Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta Indica: A Comprehensive Review Eyob Chukalo Chutulo 1,2 ID and Raju Krishna Chalannavar 3,* 1 Department of Biology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo 138, Ethiopia; [email protected] 2 Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India 3 Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel: +9178-2939-3783 Received: 3 February 2018; Accepted: 22 March 2018; Published: 24 March 2018 Abstract: Plants are all inhabited by endophytic fungi in the interior of their tissues. The neem tree Azadirachta is an Indian lilac used for various therapeutic purposes in different forms of preparations. This plant hosts different types of endophytic fungi. In some cases, different tissues of a given plant are inhabited by different endophytic fungi which are discussed in this paper. Recently, there have been new reports on endophytic fungi and their bioactive compounds from Azadirachta indica. The biological function of bioactive compounds was discussed in view of their future industrial prospects. There are a number of different research investigations that examine the endophytes isolated and screened for their potential bioactive secondary metabolites from neem, but there is no comprehensive review on neem endophytes and their secondary metabolites to bring all trends from different researchers together. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the endophytic fungi from the different tissues of neem, in view of the latest understandings of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pathogenicity target compounds. Importantly, tracing the previous findings would pave the way to forecast the missing link for future work by researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Phomopsis Stem Canker of Sunflower Using Improved Diagnosis and Quantification of the Causal Pathogens Taylor Rae Olson South Dakota State University
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 2017 Managing Phomopsis Stem Canker of Sunflower Using Improved Diagnosis and Quantification of the Causal Pathogens Taylor Rae Olson South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Olson, Taylor Rae, "Managing Phomopsis Stem Canker of Sunflower Using Improved Diagnosis and Quantification of the Causal Pathogens" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 1184. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1184 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MANAGING PHOMOPSIS STEM CANKER OF SUNFLOWER USING IMPROVED DIAGNOSIS AND QUANTIFICATION OF THE CAUSAL PATHOGENS BY TAYLOR RAE OLSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2017 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to give a thank you to my dear family. My parents have given me the opportunity to further my education beyond high school, and I am forever in debt to them for everything they have sacrificed for me. I would like to thank my brothers, for encouraging and supporting my interest in agriculture. And most importantly, I would like to thank my fiancé John.
    [Show full text]
  • Ar Ticle 2Yhuorrnhg Frpshwlqj Dvh[Xdo Dqg Vh
    IMA FUNGUS · 7(2): 289–308 (2016) P'=++*9Q#"/='U=>=/=* * [ [ [ ARTICLE Ascomycota G j1 \ G2 O3 q G \2 \4,5 \U>9 5 q &*'=''{5&12K13qqU"j"14jGJU{GJ#15, K##{J15"2KM'U 15#O"<"J\<j*>;;'JGZ"P¨ 2J""qJ5GLGjJO5/=>=+JG 3q_#O"5#]O]&D/'=U=**&!J$ ] 45#JqG#\"5/=>?/JG 5XO"\jJJK \j U\OJL{DGM"O\<OE9+'U>;+=9G57D >5#""MG"O"_!MGO_$#===/ JG# 9"5#O"9;+9?\&7D *5O""__MM\j\6Q/9=?=J 105#q#J7D&\jqJ>+O5{ 11\M"O"jO]{J7*;5J{ 12\#XEM"jJ#JMq"\"j+>'==7 13qjO"*/'>=G''?/D´ 14J5GLG&_JD_JO5/=>=+JG 15<j5\O!""$G"G"LM\*U=\"G <<{'G=\U\ 'U5#O" "j"+*5jDODK=9*='JG Abstract: " [ # #" Key words: ##""6" Diaporthales #G"""##"#" Dothideomycetes "7#"" \#"]#_\7M Eurotiales #G#"[ Hypocreales Amarenographium Amarenomyces, Amniculicola Anguillospora, Balansia Ephelis, Leotiomycetes Claviceps Sphacelia, Drepanopeziza Gloeosporidiella Gloeosporium, Golovinomyces Euoidium, HolwayaCrinium, HypocrellaAschersonia, Labridella Griphosphaerioma, #" MetacapnodiumAntennulariaNeonectriaCylindrocarponHeliscus. 7#" # PAmniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D. E liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoë bucidae, E.caricae, E. choisyae, E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, Trichothallus nigerM Diaporthe azadirachte#Discula with a D. destructiva JP'*</='UZGP'+D/='UZP/*D/='U INTRODUCTION # # " " # 7 " [ # #" !D " 6 " # Sordariomycetes et al /='/$ # as Diaporthales !j et al. 2015a), Hypocreales © 2016 International Mycological Association You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: !""#$ Non-commercial: # No derivative works: # For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode.
    [Show full text]
  • 712.1886. Fusisporium Incarnatumdesm., Ann. Sci. Nat
    243 Fusarium Link Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc.,Syll. Fung. (Abellini) 4: 712.1886. Fusisporium incarnatum Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat.., Bot., sér. 2,10: 309.1838. Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel, in Berkeley, Grevillea 3(27): 98.1875. Distribution: Karnataka (Mysuru). Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.,Fl. Berol. (Berlin) 2: 139.1824. Fusarium orthoceras var. ciceris Padwick, Indian J. Agric. Sci. 10: 283.1940 ('ciceri'). Fusarium orthoceras var. pisi Linford, Res. Bull. Agric. Exp. Stn. Univ. Wis.85: 11.1928. Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru Rural, Mysuru). Gangliostilb Subram. & Vittal Gangliostilbe indica Subram.& Vittal, Kavaka3: 70.1976. Distribution: Karnataka (Shivamogga). Gibberella intricans Wollenw., Fusaria Auto gr.Delin.3: no. 810.1930. Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. (Abellini) 4: 707.1886. Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru UD). Gliocladiopsis S.B.Saksena Gliocladiopsis tenuis (Bugnic.) Crous & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 97(4): 446.1993. Cylindro carpontenue Bugnic.,Encyclop. Mycol. 11: 178.1939. Distribution: Karnataka (Chikkamagaluru). Haematonectria Samuels & Nirenberg Haematonectria haematococca (Berk.& Broome) Samuels & Rossmanin Rossman, Samuels, Rogerson & Lowen, Stud. Mycol.42: 135.1999. Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14(74): 116.1875 Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Michelia 2 (7): 296.1881 Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru UD). Hyaloflorea Bat. & H. Maia Hyaloflorea ramosa Bat. & H. Maia, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco13(1): 155.1955. Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru UD). Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman Lanatonectria flavolanata (Berk.& Broome) Samuels & Rossman in Rossman et al.,Stud. Mycol. 42: 139.1999. Nectria flavolanata Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14(74): 114.1875. Distribution: Karnataka (Chikkamagaluru). Ophionectria Sacc. Ophionectria trichospora (Berk.& Broome) Sacc.,Michelia1(3): 323.1878. Bas: Nectria trichospora Berk. & Broome, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Mycoflora and Their Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta Indica: a Comprehensive Review
    Review Endophytic Mycoflora and Their Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta Indica: A Comprehensive Review Eyob Chukalo Chutulo 1,2 and Raju Krishna Chalannavar 3,* 1 Department of Biology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo 138, Ethiopia; [email protected] 2 Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel: +9178-2939-3783 Received: 3 February 2018; Accepted: 22 March 2018; Published: 24 March 2018 Abstract: Plants are all inhabited by endophytic fungi in the interior of their tissues. The neem tree Azadirachta is an Indian lilac used for various therapeutic purposes in different forms of preparations. This plant hosts different types of endophytic fungi. In some cases, different tissues of a given plant are inhabited by different endophytic fungi which are discussed in this paper. Recently, there have been new reports on endophytic fungi and their bioactive compounds from Azadirachta indica. The biological function of bioactive compounds was discussed in view of their future industrial prospects. There are a number of different research investigations that examine the endophytes isolated and screened for their potential bioactive secondary metabolites from neem, but there is no comprehensive review on neem endophytes and their secondary metabolites to bring all trends from different researchers together. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the endophytic fungi from the different tissues of neem, in view of the latest understandings of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pathogenicity target compounds. Importantly, tracing the previous findings would pave the way to forecast the missing link for future work by researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • AR TICLE Overlooked Competing Asexual and Sexually Typified
    IMA FUNGUS · 7(2): 289–308 (2016) doi:10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.02.09 Overlooked competing asexual and sexually typified generic names of ARTICLE Ascomycota with recommendations for their use or protection Amy Y. Rossman1, W. Cavan Allen2, Uwe Braun3, Lisa A. Castlebury2, Priscila Chaverri4,5, Pedro W. Crous6,7,8, David L. Hawksworth9,10,11, Kevin D. Hyde12, Peter Johnston13, Lorenzo Lombard6, Megan Romberg14, Rob A. Samson6, Keith A. Seifert15, Jeffrey K. Stone1, Dhanushka Udayanga2, and James F. White16 1Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; corresponding author email: amydianer@ yahoo.com 2Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 3Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany 4Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 5Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro San José, Costa Rica 6CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands 7Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 8Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands 9Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain 10Department
    [Show full text]
  • AR TICLE Overlooked Competing Asexual and Sexually Typified
    IMA FUNGUS · 7(2): 289–308 (2016) doi:10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.02.09 Overlooked competing asexual and sexually typified generic names of ARTICLE Ascomycota with recommendations for their use or protection Amy Y. Rossman1, W. Cavan Allen2, Uwe Braun3, Lisa A. Castlebury2, Priscila Chaverri4,5, Pedro W. Crous6,7,8, David L. Hawksworth9,10,11, Kevin D. Hyde12, Peter Johnston13, Lorenzo Lombard6, Megan Romberg14, Rob A. Samson6, Keith A. Seifert15, Jeffrey K. Stone1, Dhanushka Udayanga2, and James F. White16 1Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; corresponding author email: amydianer@ yahoo.com 2Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 3Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany 4Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 5Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro San José, Costa Rica 6CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands 7Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 8Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands 9Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain 10Department
    [Show full text]
  • Latent Infection of Valsa Maliin the Seeds, Seedlings and Twigs
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Latent Infection of Valsa mali in the Seeds, Seedlings and Twigs of Crabapple and Apple Trees is a Received: 19 September 2018 Accepted: 13 May 2019 Potential Inoculum Source of Valsa Published: xx xx xxxx Canker Xiang-long Meng, Xing-hua Qi, Ze-yuan Han, Yong-bin Guo, Ya-nan Wang, Tong-le Hu, Li-ming Wang, Ke-qiang Cao & Shu-tong Wang A real-time quantitative PCR assay using a species-specifc primer pair was developed to rapidly and accurately quantify Valsa mali, the causative pathogen of apple Valsa canker (AVC), in crabapple seeds, crabapple seedlings, apple twigs and apple seeds. Surveys were conducted in diferent regions, and crabapple or apple seeds were collected for V. mali detection by qPCR assay. Our results showed that 12.87% to 49.01% of crabapple seeds collected from diferent regions were positive for V. mali. The exopleura and endopleura were the two major areas of V. mali infection in crabapple seeds. The presence of V. mali infection in crabapple seeds was also confrmed by a high-throughput sequencing approach. With the growth of crabapple seedlings, the concentration of V. mali gDNA in crabapple seedlings gradually increased until eight or more leaf blades emerged. One-year-old twigs from an apple scion nursery were infected with V. mali, and only apple seeds from infected apple trees showing evident Valsa canker symptoms carried V. mali. In conclusion, this study reports that crabapple seeds and apple seeds carried V. mali as latent inoculum sources. V. mali infected not only apple tissues but also crabapple seedlings, which are the rootstocks of apple trees.
    [Show full text]