Hydroxylellestadite Ca5(Sio4)1.5(SO4)1.5OH
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Apophyllite-(Kf)
December 2013 Mineral of the Month APOPHYLLITE-(KF) Apophyllite-(KF) is a complex mineral with the unusual tendency to “leaf apart” when heated. It is a favorite among collectors because of its extraordinary transparency, bright luster, well- developed crystal habits, and occurrence in composite specimens with various zeolite minerals. OVERVIEW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Chemistry: KCa4Si8O20(F,OH)·8H20 Basic Hydrous Potassium Calcium Fluorosilicate (Basic Potassium Calcium Silicate Fluoride Hydrate), often containing some sodium and trace amounts of iron and nickel. Class: Silicates Subclass: Phyllosilicates (Sheet Silicates) Group: Apophyllite Crystal System: Tetragonal Crystal Habits: Usually well-formed, cube-like or tabular crystals with rectangular, longitudinally striated prisms, square cross sections, and steep, diamond-shaped, pyramidal termination faces; pseudo-cubic prisms usually have flat terminations with beveled, distinctly triangular corners; also granular, lamellar, and compact. Color: Usually colorless or white; sometimes pale shades of green; occasionally pale shades of yellow, red, blue, or violet. Luster: Vitreous to pearly on crystal faces, pearly on cleavage surfaces with occasional iridescence. Transparency: Transparent to translucent Streak: White Cleavage: Perfect in one direction Fracture: Uneven, brittle. Hardness: 4.5-5.0 Specific Gravity: 2.3-2.4 Luminescence: Often fluoresces pale yellow-green. Refractive Index: 1.535-1.537 Distinctive Features and Tests: Pseudo-cubic crystals with pearly luster on cleavage surfaces; longitudinal striations; and occurrence as a secondary mineral in association with various zeolite minerals. Laboratory analysis is necessary to differentiate apophyllite-(KF) from closely-related apophyllite-(KOH). Can be confused with such zeolite minerals as stilbite-Ca [hydrous calcium sodium potassium aluminum silicate, Ca0.5,K,Na)9(Al9Si27O72)·28H2O], which forms tabular, wheat-sheaf-like, monoclinic crystals. -
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Focused Flow
Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 1049 Experimental and numerical F,Cl-rich mineral assemblages from investigation of focused flow through burned spoil-heaps in the Rosice- porous media due to mineralization Oslavany coalfield, Czech Republic J. HOUGHTON1 AND L. URBANO2 S. HOUZAR1*, P. HR'ELOVÁ2, J. CEMPÍREK1 AND 3 1 J. SEJKORA Environmental Science, Rhodes College, USA ([email protected]) 1Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic 2Lamplighter Montessori School, Memphis, TN, USA (*correspondence: [email protected]) ([email protected]) 2Palack4 University, Olomouc, Czech Republic 3National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic The chemical input to the world’s oceans from subsurface microbial biofilms in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems Unusual Si-Al deficient and F,Cl-rich oxide- has been difficult to quantify due to their inaccessibility. sulphosilicate-sulphate mineralization was found on burned Results from experiments in a novel flow-through spoil-heaps at Oslavany and Zastávka in the Rosice-Oslavany experimental apparatus using non-invasive monitoring of coalfield, Czech Republic. The assemblage typically forms mixing via infrared imaging coupled to a 2D solute transport irregular, zoned nodules ~5–15 cm in size enclosed in the model allows the evaluation of changes in permeability, common pyrometamorphic material of the piles, i.e. hematite- hydraulic conductivity and flow velocity during mixing of two rich clasts, paralavas and clinkers. Their cores are usually end-member fluids within porous media. Initial Tests were formed by fine-grained mixture of gypsum and brucite with conducted using instantaneous precipitation of amorphous relics of anhydrite and periclase, respectively; locally, Fe(III) oxyhydroxide upon mixing NaOH (1.2M) with FeCl3 portlandite was found. -
A Contribution to the Crystal Chemistry of Ellestadite and the Silicate Sulfate
American Mineralogist, Volume 67, pages 90-96, I9E2 A contribution to the crystal chemistry of ellestaditeand the silicate sulfate apatitest RolnNo C. RousB Departmentof GeologicalSciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 euo PEtp J. DUNN Departmentof Mineral Sciences Smiths o nian Inst itution Washington,D. C. 20560 Abstract A seriesof calcium silicate sulfate apatitesfrom Crestmore,California, which contain the coupled substitutionSilvsvl for 2Pv, has been investigatedusing electron microprobe, powder diffraction, and single-crystal diffraction methods. Chemical analysis of eighteen specimensof differentphosphorus contents proves that the Si:S ratio is essentiallyI : I and yieldsthe idealizedgeneral formula Caro(SiOn):-*(SO4)3-^@O4)2.(OH,F,CD2,where x : 0 to 3. The membersof this seriesfor which x : 0 and 3l2 have beenlabelled "ellestadite" and "wilkeite", respectively, by previous workers. "Ellestadite" is actually a solid solutioninvolving the end-membersCale(SiO a,){SOq)tZz, where Z: OH (hydroxylellesta- dite), F (fluorellestadite),or Cl (chlorellestadite).The term ellestaditeis redefinedto make it a group name for all compositions having >(Si,S) > P. Wilkeite is not a valid mineral species,since it is only one of many solid solutions involving the six end-members fluorapatite,hydroxyapatite, chlorapatite, fluorellestadite, hydroxylellestadite, and chlor- ellestadite. Although natural hydroxylellestadite is monoclinic, precession photographs of type "ellestadite" and "wilkeite" show hexagonalsymmetry and no evidenceof Si-S ordering as suggestedby the Si: S ratio of I : I . The silicate sulfate apatites from Crestmore show a strong linear relationshipbetween their P and F contents,such that these two variables simultaneouslygo to zero. Linear relationshipsalso exist betweentheir unit cell parame- ters and their P, F, and (Si+S) contents.These correlations imply a convergenceof the Crestmore apatite series towards a hypothetical member-of composition Caro(SiOa)r (SO4)3(OH,CI)zand cell constantsa:9.543 and c = 6.9174. -
Periclase Mgo C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Periclase MgO c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 4/m 32/m. As small octahedra, less commonly cubo-octahedra or dodecahedra, may be clustered; granular, massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, perfect; on {111}, good; may exhibit parting on {011}. Hardness = 5.5 D(meas.) = 3.56–3.68 D(calc.) = 3.58 Slightly soluble in H2O when powdered, to give an alkaline reaction. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless, grayish white, yellow, brownish yellow; may be green or black with inclusions; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Isotropic. n = 1.735–1.745 Cell Data: Space Group: Fm3m. a = 4.203–4.212 Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 2.106 (100), 1.489 (52), 0.9419 (17), 0.8600 (15), 1.216 (12), 2.431 (10), 1.0533 (5) Chemistry: (1) FeO 5.97 MgO 93.86 Total 99.83 (1) Monte Somma, Italy. Mineral Group: Periclase group. Occurrence: A product of the high-temperature metamorphism of magnesian limestones and dolostone. Association: Forsterite, magnesite (Monte Somma, Italy); brucite, hydromagnesite, ellestadite (Crestmore quarry, California, USA); fluorellestadite, lime, periclase, magnesioferrite, hematite, srebrodolskite, anhydrite (Kopeysk, Russia). Distribution: On Monte Somma, Campania, Italy. At Predazzo, Tirol, Austria. From Carlingford, Co. Louth, Ireland. At Broadford, Isle of Skye, and Camas M`or,Isle of Muck, Scotland. From Le´on,Spain. At the Bellerberg volcano, two km north of Mayen, Eifel district, Germany. From Nordmark and L˚angban, V¨armland,Sweden. In mines around Kopeysk, Chelyabinsk coal basin, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia. In the USA, at the Crestmore quarry, Riverside Co., California; from Tombstone, Cochise Co., Arizona; in the Gabbs mine, Gabbs district, Nye Co., Nevada. -
Light Rare Earth Element Redistribution During Hydrothermal Alteration at the Okorusu Carbonatite Complex, Namibia
Mineralogical Magazine (2020), 84,49–64 doi:10.1180/mgm.2019.54 Article Light rare earth element redistribution during hydrothermal alteration at the Okorusu carbonatite complex, Namibia Delia Cangelosi1* , Sam Broom-Fendley2, David Banks1, Daniel Morgan1 and Bruce Yardley1 1School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; and 2Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK Abstract The Cretaceous Okorusu carbonatite, Namibia, includes diopside-bearing and pegmatitic calcite carbonatites, both exhibiting hydrother- mally altered mineral assemblages. In unaltered carbonatite, Sr, Ba and rare earth elements (REE) are hosted principally by calcite and fluorapatite. However, in hydrothermally altered carbonatites, small (<50 µm) parisite-(Ce) grains are the dominant REE host, while Ba and Sr are hosted in baryte, celestine, strontianite and witherite. Hydrothermal calcite has a much lower trace-element content than the original, magmatic calcite. Regardless of the low REE contents of the hydrothermal calcite, the REE patterns are similar to those of par- isite-(Ce), magmatic minerals and mafic rocks associated with the carbonatites. These similarities suggest that hydrothermal alteration remobilised REE from magmatic minerals, predominantly calcite, without significant fractionation or addition from an external source. Barium and Sr released during alteration were mainly reprecipitated as sulfates. The breakdown of magmatic pyrite into iron hydroxide is inferred to be the main source of sulfate. The behaviour of sulfur suggests that the hydrothermal fluid was somewhat oxidising and it may have been part of a geothermal circulation system. Late hydrothermal massive fluorite replaced the calcite carbonatites at Okorusu and resulted in extensive chemical change, suggesting continued magmatic contributions to the fluid system. -
Introduction to Apatites
Chapter 1 Introduction to Apatites Petr Ptáček Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62208 Abstract Apatite is the generic name, which was first introduced by German geologist A.G. Werner. These minerals and their synthetic analogs represent a major class of ionic compounds and the most common crystalline form of calcium phosphates, which are of interest of many industrial branches and scientific disciplines. Since, apatite (fluora‐ patite) is the most abundant phosphate mineral, apatite bearing phosphate rocks represents an important source of inorganic phosphorus. First chapter of this book introduces the basic concepts of nomenclature, composition, classification, crystal structure, mineralogy and properties of minerals from the supergroup of apatite. Furthermore, the minerals from the group of apatite and polysomatic apatites are described. Since, the most of the topics mentioned in this chapter will be developed in the following chapters, the key concepts provided in this chapter are important to understood before proceeding further. Keywords: Apatite, Group of Apatite, Polysomatic Apatites, Fluorapatite, Hydroxyla‐ patite, Chlorapatite, Vanadinite The minerals1 [1],[2],[3],[4],[5] from the apatite group2 [6] are classified as hexagonal or pseudo‐ hexagonal monoclinic anhydrous phosphates containing hydroxyl or halogen of the generic formula3: 1Minerals are individual components comprising rocks formed by geological processes classified according to their crystal structure and chemical composition. The total number of minerals accepted by mineralogical community is about 4000. Mineraloids are mineral-like phases including synthetic materials, human-treated substances, and some biological materials, which do not fulfill the criteria for the definition of mineral species [2]. -
Okenite Ca5si9o23² 9H2O
Okenite Ca5Si9O23 ² 9H2O c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1: As bladed crystals or laths, typically ¯brous with [010] as ¯ber axis. In aggregates of curved crystals, and compact radial ¯brous balls, to 4 cm. Twinning: About [010], composition plane 102 , lamellar. f g Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on 001 . Tenacity: Elastic. Hardness = .5{5 f g D(meas.) = 2.28{2.33 D(calc.) = 2.33 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: White, slightly yellow; in thin section, colorless. Luster: Vitreous to pearly. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). ® = 1.530 ¯ = 1.536 ° = 1.541{1.553 2V(meas.) = Large. Cell Data: Space Group: P 1: a = 9.69(1) b = 7.28(1) c = 22.02(4) ® = 92:7(2)± ¯ = 100:1(3)± ° = 110:9(1)± Z = [2] X-ray Powder Pattern: Bombay, India. 21 (vvs), 8.8 (vs), 3.56 (vs), 2.93 (vs), 3.07 (s), 3.05 (s), 2.98 (ms) Chemistry: (1) (2) SiO2 53.88 55.00 Al2O3 0.08 Fe2O3 0.01 CaO 27.61 28.51 SrO 0.27 Na2O 0.12 K2O 0.06 H2O 18.02 16.49 Total 100.05 100.00 (1) Bombay, India. (2) Ca5Si9O23 ² 9H2O: Occurrence: Commonly in amygdules in basalts. Association: Zeolites, apophyllite, prehnite, calcite, quartz, \chalcedony." Distribution: From Greenland, at Qutdligssat (Kudlisat), Ritenbenk district; on Quqertarsuaq [Disko] Island, at Skarvefjeld and Bl½sedal, Godhavn district; and elsewhere. On Bordoy and Streymoy, Faeroe Islands. At Scawt Hill, near Larne, Co. Antrim, Ireland. On the Isle of Mull and on Morven Peak, Grampian Highlands, Scotland. -
Lecture Notes - Mineralogy - Periclase Structure
Lecture Notes - Mineralogy - Periclase Structure • In lab we determined the unit cell for a crystal of synthetic periclase (MgO). Because periclase is cubic, only one lattice parameter (a) is needed to completely specify the size and shape of the unit cell. We found that a = 0.421 nm (= 4.21 Å). Based on this measurement, the volume (V) of the periclase unit cell is 0.074618 nm3. • The density of periclase can be determined by a specific gravity measurement using either the Joly or Berman balance. Because periclase is very hygroscopic, the Berman balance with tolu- ene as the fluid is to be recommended. Periclase has a density of 3.56 g/cm3 (=3.56 x 10-21 g/ nm3). One unit cell contains 2.6564 x 10-22 gm of periclase. [(0.074618 nm3/unit cell) x (3.56 x 10-21 gm of periclase/nm3) = (2.6564 x 10-22 gm of periclase/unit cell)] • One gram formula unit (mole) of periclase has a mass (gfw) of 40.31 gms and contains N (6.023 x 1023) formula units of MgO. Therefore, there are [(6.023 x 1023 formula units of MgO)/(40.31 gms) =] 1.494 x 1022 formula units of periclase per gram of periclase. • Using the results of (2) and (3) it is clear that there should be [(1.494 x 1022 formula units of periclase/gm of periclase) x (2.6564 x 10-22 gm of periclase/unit cell) =] 3.969 formula units of periclase/unit cell. This number Z (formula units/unit cell) must be an integer (Z = 4) because there cannot be fractions of atoms in the unit cell. -
The Behaviour of Siderite Rocks in an Experimental Imitation of Pyrometamorphic Processes in Coal-Waste Fires: Upper and Lower Silesian Case, Poland
minerals Article The Behaviour of Siderite Rocks in an Experimental Imitation of Pyrometamorphic Processes in Coal-Waste Fires: Upper and Lower Silesian Case, Poland Łukasz Kruszewski 1 and Justyna Ciesielczuk 2,* 1 Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (ING PAN), Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, B˛edzi´nska60, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 26 June 2020; Published: 29 June 2020 Abstract: Little is known of the influence of fluxes on the nature and the intensity of burning in coal-waste heaps. To gain some insight, two siderite samples, one each from coal-mining waste heaps in Upper- and Lower Silesian Coal Basins (Poland), were heated under identical conditions in a thermal chamber coupled to a powder X-ray diffractometer. Differences in the behaviour of siderite phase and the products of its decomposition, mainly magnetite, wüstite, and olivine, are discussed. The waste heaps sampled underwent self-heating and self-ignition catalysed by fluxes. Though the samples are unlikely to be truly representative of the Silesian basins, the heterogeneous behaviour they displayed on heating merits description and explanation, as siderite is an important widely known flux in pyrometamorphic processes. Keywords: thermal chamber experiment; Powder X-ray Diffraction; pyrometamorphism; siderite; wüstite; magnetite; graphite 1. Introduction In coal basins in Poland, siderite occurs mainly as concretions of different sizes and shapes within mudstones, coaly shales, sandstones, and conglomerates hosting coal seams. As is common worldwide, these seams can undergo spontaneous combustion influenced by numerous external and internal factors [1–6]. -
Zeolites and Associated Secondary Minerals in the Deccan Traps of Western India
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, JUNE 2974, VOL. 39, PI'. 658--7I. Zeolites and associated secondary minerals in the Deccan Traps of Western India R. N. SUKHESWALA, R. K. AVASIA, AND (Miss) MAYA GANGOPADHYAY Geology Department, St. Xavier's College, Bombay SUMMARY. Zeolites (eight species) and the associated secondary minerals (minerals akin to zeolites, chlorites and related minerals, silica, and calcite) in the Deccan Traps of Western India have been examined in some detail on the basis of chemical, optical, and X-ray studies. The three zeolite zones (laumontite, scolecite, and heulandite, in ascending order) suggested by Walker have been recog- nized. Efforts have been made to understand their genesis. On available field and laboratory data it is suggested that the different zones of zeolitization are the result of increasing depth and the action of the circulating fluids on the rocks. The activity of such solutions was probably enhanced in the wake of the structural disturbances and intrusive activity that affected the rocks of this area. ZEOLI TES and other secondary minerals in the Deccan Traps, though reported in the last century (Dana, 1854, 1868), have received scant attention as far as their formation and distribution in the lava flows are concerned. Fermor (1925) attempted to postulate their origin in the lavas of the Eastern Deccan Traps at Bhusawal. Christie 0925) described gyrolite and okenite from Bombay Island, while Hey (I933, I936) made X-ray and other physical and chemical studies of zeolites from the Poona region. Since then not much work seems to have been done, except for short notes by Sowani and Phadke (1964) and Belsare (1969, 197I), and a recent paper by Roy (1971). -
New Mineral Names*,†
American Mineralogist, Volume 100, pages 1319–1332, 2015 New Mineral Names*,† FERNANDO CÁMARA1, OLIVIER C. GAGNÉ2, DMITRIY I. BELAKOVSKIY3 AND YULIA UVAROVA4 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terrá, Universitá di degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35-10125 Torino, Italy 2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada 3Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 18 korp. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia 4Mineral Resources Flagship, CSIRO, ARRC, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, Western Australia 6151, Australia IN THIS ISSUE This New Mineral Names has entries for 25 new minerals, including alcaparrosaite, bastnäsite-(Nd), calciolangbeinite, chovanite, chromio-pargasite (ehimeite), chukhrovite-(Ca), dzhuluite, eltyubyuite, ferrisepiolite, hereroite, hielscherite, iseite, itsiite, jakobssonite, kazanskiite, meisserite, nashite, omsite, schindlerite, tanohataite, tazzoliite, vapnikite, vladkrivovichevite, wernerbaurite, and wopmayite. ALCAPARROSAITE* r < v. The optical orientation is X = b; Y ^ c = 27° in the obtuse A.R. Kampf, S.J. Mills, R.M. Housley, P.A. Williams, and M. angle β. No pleochroism was observed. The average of 4 electron 4+ 3+ probe analyses gives [wt% (range)]: Na2O 0.32 (0.16–0.51), K2O Dini (2012) Alcaparrosaite, K3Ti Fe (SO4)4O(H2O)2, a new hydrophobic Ti4+ sulfate from Alcaparrosa, Chile. Mineralogi- 20.44 (20.30–20.67), Fe2O3 11.58 (11.41–11.71), TiO2 11.77 cal Magazine, 76(4), 851–861. (11.54–12.18), P2O5 0.55 (0.48–0.68), SO3 47.52 (46.57–48.06), H2O 5.79 (calculated from structure refinement); total 97.97 wt%. 4+ 3+ 4+ This gives the empirical formula (K2.89Na0.07)Σ2.96Ti0.98Fe0.97(S0.99 Alcaparrosaite (IMA 2011-024), ideally K3Ti 3+ P0.01O4)4O0.72(OH)0.28(H2O)2 based on 19 O pfu.