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The Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs
Biol. Rev. (2010), 85, pp. 55–110. 55 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00094.x The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs Max C. Langer1∗,MartinD.Ezcurra2, Jonathas S. Bittencourt1 and Fernando E. Novas2,3 1Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de S˜ao Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir˜ao Preto-SP, Brazil 2Laboratorio de Anatomia Comparada y Evoluci´on de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia’’, Avda. Angel Gallardo 470, Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina 3CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y T´ecnicas); Avda. Rivadavia 1917 - Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Received 28 November 2008; revised 09 July 2009; accepted 14 July 2009) ABSTRACT The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis,andPanphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as ‘‘all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops’’. -
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ISSN 2683-9288 Science Reviews Volume 1 Number 1 from the end of the world December 2019 Susana Fedrano - “El ala” (1991) Science Reviews from the end of the world Science Reviews - from the end of the world is a quaterly publication that aims at providing authoritative reviews on hot research topics developed mainly by scientists that carry out their work far away from the main centers of science. Its research reviews are short, concise, critical and easy-reading articles describing the state of the art on a chosen hot topic, with focus on the research carried out by the authors of the article. These articles are commissioned by invitation and are accessible not only to hardcore specialists, but also to a wider readership of researchers interested in learning about the state-of-the-art in the reviewed subject. The reviews cover all fields of science and are written exclusively in English. They are refereed by peers of international prestige and the evaluation process follows standard international procedures. Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educación Superior 538 Pueyrredón Av. - 2° C – Second building Buenos Aires, Argentina - C1032ABS (54 11) 4963-7878/8811 [email protected] www.scirevfew.net Vol. 1, No. 1 December 2019 AUTHORITIES AAPC President Science Reviews Susana Hernández from the end of the world Centro REDES President María Elina Estébanez Table of Contents EDITORIAL COMMITTEE EDITORIAL Editor-in-Chief An editorial anomaly 4 Miguel A. Blesa Miguel A. Blesa Co-Editors IN THIS ISSUE Daniel Cardinali (Medicine) List of authors Vol. 1, No. 1 Diego de Mendoza (Biochemistry 5 and Molecular Biology) Fabio Doctorovich (Chemistry) ARTICLES Esteban G. -
The Mesozoic Megafossil Genus Linguifolium Arber 1917
Acta Palaeobotanica 55(2): 123–147, 2015 DOI: 10.1515/acpa-2015-0009 The Mesozoic megafossil genus Linguifolium Arber 1917 GARY A. PATTEMORE1, JOHN F. RIGBY 2 and GEOFFREY PLAYFORD 3 1 School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] 2 School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] 3 School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] Received 24 April 2015; accepted for publication 3 September 2015 ABSTRACT. The plant megafossil genus Linguifolium Arber 1917 is chiefly known from the Middle and Upper Triassic of Gondwana. The range of Linguifolium extended beyond Gondwana by the Late Triassic, persisting there through the earliest Jurassic (Hettangian). The parent plants probably grew in a well-watered, canopied environment. Diagnoses of the genus and four of its species – Linguifolium tenison-woodsii (Shirley 1898) Retallack 1980, L. waitakiense Bell in Bell et al. 1956, L. parvum Holmes & Anderson in Holmes et al. 2010, and L. steinmannii (Solms-Laubach 1899) Arber 1917 – are emended with particular reference to venation and leaf morphology; consequently, the stratigraphic ranges of the species have been more precisely defined. Coalescent venation has previously been reported in some species of Linguifolium and is identified in new material described herein. Although the vast majority of specimens assigned to the genus are from the Upper Triassic, none shows coalescent venation. This character is entirely restricted to the Middle Triassic, in particu- lar to two species: L. -
May 2020 Presentation
Investor Presentation May 2020 Cautionary and Forward Looking Statement This document has been prepared by Patagonia Gold Corp. (“Patagonia Gold” or, the “Company”) for evaluation of the Company by the recipient. The information contained in this presentation is derived from estimates made by the Company, information that has been provided to the Company by other parties, and otherwise publicly available information concerning the Company and does not purport to be all-inclusive or to contain all the information that an investor may desire to have in evaluating whether or not to make an investment in the Company. It is not intended to be relied upon as advice to investors or potential investors and does not take into account the investment objectives, financial situation or needs of any particular investor. No person has been authorized to give any information or make any representations other than those contained in this presentation and, if given and/or made, such information or representations must not be relied upon as having been so authorized. In furnishing this presentation, the Company does not undertake or agree to any obligation to provide the attendees with access to any additional information or to update this presentation or to correct any inaccuracies in, or omissions from, this presentation that may become apparent. The contents of this presentation are not to be construed as legal, financial or tax advice. Each prospective investor should contact his, her or its own legal adviser, independent financial adviser or tax adviser for legal, financial or tax advice. No securities commission or regulatory authority has reviewed the accuracy or adequacy of the information presented. -
Technical Report Gold –Silver Resource Estimate of the La Josefina Project Santa Cruz, Argentina
Technical Report Gold –Silver Resource Estimate of the La Josefina Project Santa Cruz, Argentina C. Gustavo Fernandez, P. Geo. UAKO Consultora Geológica September 29th, 2010. Prepared for Hunt Mining Corp. Gold - Silver Resource Estimate for the La Josefina Project Page 1 Contents 1.0 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Project Scope and Terms of Reference ................................................................................ 14 2.2. Frequently used acronyms, abbreviations, definitions and units of measure ................... 14 3.0 Reliance on other experts .................................................................................................... 15 4.0 Property description and location ....................................................................................... 15 4.1. General ................................................................................................................................. 15 4.2. Mineral tenure...................................................................................................................... 17 4.3. Cerro Cazador – Fomicruz agreement................................................................................. 20 4.4. Royalties .............................................................................................................................. -
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Tectonophysics 460 (2008) 178–185 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Tectonic rotations in the Deseado Massif, southern Patagonia, during the breakup of Western Gondwana Rubén Somoza a,b,⁎, Haroldo Vizán a,b, Graeme K. Taylor c a CONICET, Argentina b Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina c School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK article info abstract Article history: Paleomagnetic investigation in the Deseado Massif, southern Patagonia, suggests that Triassic sedimentary Received 13 May 2008 rocks carry a latest Triassic to Jurassic remagnetization and that earliest Jurassic plutonic complexes carry a Received in revised form 4 August 2008 reversed polarity magnetization of thermoremanent origin. Despite uncertainties in the timing of the Accepted 5 August 2008 observed remanence in the Triassic rocks and the lack of paleohorizontal control on the plutonic complexes, Available online 15 August 2008 comparison of the derived pole positions with the most reliable Late Triassic–Jurassic apparent polar wander Keywords: paths indicates that the study areas underwent significant clockwise vertical-axis rotation. -
1-S2.0-S1342937X20303221-Main.Pdf (13.28Mb)
Gondwana Research 91 (2021) 205–230 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Gondwana Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Provenance and tectonic setting of the Paleozoic Tamatán Group, NE Mexico: Implications for the closure of the Rheic Ocean Juan Moisés Casas-Peña a, Juan Alonso Ramírez-Fernández b, Fernando Velasco-Tapia b, Eduardo Alejandro Alemán-Gallardo a, Carita Augustsson c,BodoWeberd, Dirk Frei e,UweJenchenb,⁎ a Programa de Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Carretera a Cerro Prieto Km 8, Ex. Hacienda de Guadalupe, Linares, N.L. 67700, Mexico b Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Carretera a Cerro Prieto Km 8, Ex. Hacienda de Guadalupe, Linares, N.L. 67700, Mexico c Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Energy Resources, Universitetet i Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway d Departamento de Geología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico e Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa article info abstract Article history: The Huizachal–Peregrina Anticlinorium in northeastern Mexico comprises a wide variety of Precambrian Received 8 June 2020 and Paleozoic basement units. In this work, Silurian-to-Permian unmetamorphosed siliciclastic succes- Received in revised form 2 November 2020 sions (i.e., Cañón de Caballeros, Vicente Guerrero, Del Monte, and Guacamaya formations) forming the Accepted 15 December 2020 Tamatán Group is described; the group overlies the Novillo metamorphic complex, which is the north- Available online 7 January 2021 ernmost exposed region of the Oaxaquia microcontinent. -
2010 Minerals Yearbook
2010 Minerals Yearbook GOLD U.S. Department of the Interior October 2012 U.S. Geological Survey GOLD By Micheal W. George Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Wanda G. Wooten, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Lisa D. Miller, international data coordinator. In 2010, domestic mine production of gold increased to end use of gold were jewelry and arts, 54%; dental and medical, 231,000 kilograms (kg), 4% more than that in 2009 (tables 1–2). 10%; electrical and electronics, 7%; and other, 29%. This marks the fi rst increase in 10 years, although production Refi ned bullion comprised 33% of U.S. gold imports and 77% was 37% lower than the historical high of 366,000 kg in of exports; the United States was a net exporter of 95,700 kg of 1998. In 2010, the value of domestic production increased to bullion in 2010 (tables 4, 6). The imports and exports of gold $9.13 billion, up 30% compared with that in 2009 because of bullion increased by 57% and 5%, respectively, from those in 2009. the increase in the price of gold and the increase in domestic The increases in imports mainly were from Canada and Mexico, production. It was the ninth straight year that the value had which provided almost 51% and 25%, respectively, of the refi ned increased. Gold recovery from the major mines in Nevada bullion imported. Imports of ores and concentrates increased by decreased because mining lower grade ore was more profi table 450% because of a substantial increase in imports from Mexico for with high gold price. -
050304Anglogoldar FINAL.Q4
Key features – 2003 Key features – 2003 • Gold production down by 5% to 5.62Moz, as anticipated • Average Dollar gold spot price 17% higher at $363/oz, but 16% lower in Rand terms at R88,058/kg • Total cash costs rise 42% to $229/oz with strengthening local currencies • Adjusted headline earnings down by 23% to $282 million • Total dividend for the year of R7.10 per share, or $1.01 per ADS • Ore Reserves down 15% to 63Moz and Mineral Resources 26% lower at 213Moz at the end of December 2003, due to production depletion and changes to mine planning parameters. Throughout this document, $ refers to US Dollars, unless otherwise stated. For other abbreviations see glossary of terms on page 149. 2003 2002 Average for year Closing rate Average for year Closing rate R/$ 7.5516 6.6679 10.4835 8.5775 A$/$ 1.5406 1.3275 1.8383 1.7873 Certain forward-looking statements Certain statements contained in this document including, without limitation, those concerning the economic outlook for the gold mining industry, expectations regarding gold prices and production, the completion and commencement of commercial operations of certain of AngloGold’s exploration and production projects, and its liquidity and capital resources and expenditure, contain certain forward-looking statements regarding AngloGold’s operations, economic performance and financial condition. Although AngloGold believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, no assurance can be given that such expectations will prove to have been correct. Accordingly, results could differ materially from those set out in the forward-looking statements as a result of, among other factors, changes in economic and market conditions, success of business and operating initiatives, changes in the regulatory environment and other government action, fluctuations in gold prices and exchange rates, and business and operational risk management. -
Dinosaur Diversification Linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1 OPEN Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode Massimo Bernardi 1,2, Piero Gianolla 3, Fabio Massimo Petti 1,4, Paolo Mietto5 & Michael J. Benton 2 Dinosaurs diversified in two steps during the Triassic. They originated about 245 Ma, during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and then remained insignificant until they exploded in diversity and ecological importance during the Late Triassic. Hitherto, this 1234567890():,; Late Triassic explosion was poorly constrained and poorly dated. Here we provide evidence that it followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated to 234–232 Ma, a time when climates switched from arid to humid and back to arid again. Our evidence comes from a combined analysis of skeletal evidence and footprint occurrences, and especially from the exquisitely dated ichnofaunas of the Italian Dolomites. These provide evidence of tetrapod faunal compositions through the Carnian and Norian, and show that dinosaur footprints appear exactly at the time of the CPE. We argue then that dinosaurs diversified explosively in the mid Carnian, at a time of major climate and floral change and the extinction of key herbivores, which the dinosaurs opportunistically replaced. 1 MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122 Trento, Italy. 2 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. 3 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. 4 PaleoFactory, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. 5 Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Universitàdegli studi di Padova, via Gradenigo 6, I-35131 Padova, Italy. -
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 131, 37-42
PROCEEDINGS NEW SOUTH WALES VOLUME 131 • \ NATURAL HISTORY IN ALL ITS BRANCHES THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES ISSN 0370-047X Founded 1874 Incorporated 1 884 The Society exists to promote the cultivation and study of the science of natural history in all its branches. The Society awards research grants each year in the fields of Life Sciences (the Joyce Vickery fund) and Earth Sciences (the Betty Mayne fund), offers annually a Linnean Macleay Fellowship for research, contributes to the stipend of the Linnean Macleay Lecturer in Microbiology at the University of Sydney, and publishes the Proceedings. It holds field excursion and scienUfic meetings, including the biennial Sir William Macleay Memorial Lecture delivered by a person eminent in some branch of natural science. Membership enquiries should be addressed in the first instance to the Secretary. Candidates for elecfion to the Society must be recommended by two members. The present annual subscription is $A56.00. The current subscription rate to the Proceedings is set at A$l 10.00 per volume. In recent years a volume consists of a single annual issue. Back issues of all but a few volumes and parts of the Proceedings are available for purchase. Prices are listed on our home page and can also be obtained from the Secretary. OFFICERS AND COUNCIL 2010/2011 President: David Keith Vice-presidents: M. Cotton, D.R. Murray, M.L. Augee Treasurer: I.G. Percival Secretary: J-C. Herremans Council: M.L. Augee, J.P. Barkas, M. Cotton, M.R. Gray, J-Cl. Herremans, D. Keith, R.J. King, H.A. -
Warrington, G. 2019. Triassic Literature – 2016
Albertiana 45 5 Triassic Literature TRIASSIC LITERATURE – 2016 Geoffrey Warrington Honorary Visiting Fellow, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK Email: [email protected] This compilation is based on the contents of over 500 serial Al-Sheikhly, S.S., Al-Bazi, N.T.Sh. & Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E. 2016. titles and other publications. It is a continuation of the New The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Kurdistan region of Triassic Literature contributions that appeared in Albertiana up northern Iraq. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, to December 2017 (44: 33–48), and includes items dated 2016, 6(1): 39-51. together with some pre-2016 titles that were not included in Al-Suwaidi, A.H., Steuber, T. & Suarez, M.B. 2016. The Triassic- earlier compilations. Jurassic boundary event from an equatorial carbonate platform (Ghalilah Formation, United Arab Emirates). Journal of the Abbassi, N., Ghavidel-Syooki, M., Yousefi, M. & Navidi Izad, N. Geological Society, London, 173(6): 949-953. 2016. Cruziana ichnofacies from Nayband Formation (Late Alves, T.M. 2016. Polygonal mounds in the Barents Sea reveal Triassic) in the Parvadeh section, southwest Tabas, east Central sustained organic productivity towards the P-T boundary. Iran. Iranian Journal of Geology, 10(38): 1-15. Terra Nova, 28(1): 50-59. Abdolmalekai, J. & Tavakoli, V. 2016. Anachronistic facies Anderson, T., Kristofferson, M. & Elburg, M.A. 2016. How far in the early Triassic successions of the Persian Gulf and can we trust provenance and crustal evolution information its palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeogeography, from detrital zircons? A South African case study.