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ORNL-TM-4133

Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

Information Division

UNCONVENTIONAL PROCESSES: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Compiled by Ruth M. Stemple Y-12 Technical Library Oak Ridge National Laboratory

-NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, MARCH 1973 makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com- pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

NOTICE This document contains information of a preliminary nature and was prepared primarily for internal use at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, it is subject to revision or correction and therefore does not represent a final report".

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION CONTENTS

Introduction v

Electron beam welding 1

Index 34

Laser beam welding 37

Index 44

Ultrasonic welding 46

Index 56

Friction welding 57 Index 62

iii INTRODUCTION

The newer methods for welding have been termed "unconventional" to differentiate them from the older ones, and include electron beam, ultrasonic, laser beam, and . This bibliography brings together the world literature on these processes through 1971. A separate section is devoted to each process, and the arrangement is by author with an introduction and key-word index. When an article or is authored by more than three individuals, only the first is cited. Indexing and abstracting services searched were:

Applied Science and Technology Index Chemical Abstracts Engineering Index International Aerospace Abstracts Nuclear Science Abstracts Abstracts STAR TAB Abstracts U.S. Government Reports Index

v Unconventional Welding Processes: A Bibliography

Compiled by Ruth M. Stemple

ELECTRON BEAM WELDING

INTRODUCTION

"Electron beam welding is a process wherein coalescence is produced by the heat obtained from a concentrated beam composed primarily of high velocity electrons impinging upon the surfaces to be joined

"Electron beam welding [takes] place in an evacuated chamber in which the beam generating and focusing devices, as well as the workpiece, are in this vacuum environment. Welding in a chamber imposes several limitations; but at the same time provides one of the outstanding advantages of the process: namely, the potential for a pure and inert environment in which the may be welded without fear of chemical contamination. "At the time of its invention, electron beam welding was strictly a high-vacuum process. Today the process has a much wider scope, being also practiced at medium vacuum and at atmospheric pressure. In each of these three operational modes, however, the beam is always generated in a high vacuum. It is the workpiece that may be at the same pressure as the beam generator or at a higher pressure. "Another outstanding feature of electron beam welding is its ability to make exceedingly narrow, deeply penetrated welds .... This stands in remarkable contrast to the fusion pattern in arc and gas welds, and is attributable to the unique penetration mechanism of the electron beam."1

Anonymous (1) Air space frontiers challenge welding, Weld. Eng. 54,39—44 (January 1969). (2) Aluminum scores for landing mats, Iron Age 203, 74-75 (Jan. 23,1969). (3) Aluminum welding advances, Modern Metals 22(2), 31 -49; 22(3), 40-60 (1966). (4) Applications of electron-beam welding, Technica 15,1225-30(1966). (5) Applications of electron bombardment (in French), Metallurgia Constr. Mec. 100(10), 506-8 (1968). (6) Automotive industry looks to electron beam, friction and MIG welding, Weld. Eng. 54, 52-54 (September 1969). (7) Biggest of the electron beam , Mach. Des. 40,40 (Nov. 21, 1968). (8) Cold cathode beam makes welds in glow discharge of electrons, Prod. Eng. 39,80 (July 1, 1968). (9) Cold cathode space is developed, Aerospace Tech. 21,21 (June 3, 1968). (10) Current applications of Sciaky electron beam welding equipment, Machinery (London) 109, 247-53 (1966). (11) Current welding research problems, Weld. J. 41,551s-568s (1962). (12) EB welds tiny parts, holds lap fit tolerances, Weld. Eng. 53,45-47 (June 1968). (13) EB unit works hard in soft vacuum, Iron Age 205,108-9 (March 12, 1970). (14) EB weld joins three parts at once in proximity to explosive charge, Mach. Tool Blue Book 64(8), 77-78(1969). (15) EB welding, Can. Weld. Fab. 60(12), 16-17 (December 1969). (16) EB welding; a firmer foothold, Weld. Eng. 53,48-49 (December 1969). (17) EB welding sweats market break, 164(16), 29-32 (1969). (18) Electron beam facility production welds small parts, Automation 16, 15 (November 1969).

1. S. T. Walter (Ed.), Welding Handbook, Section 3, Part A, 6th ed., American Welding Society, New York, 1970.

1 2

(19) Electron beam job shop bridges gap, Weld. Eng. 53,78 (November 1968). (20) Electron beam methods mov into production, Steel 147,124-27 (Sepi. 12, 1960). (21) Electron-beam power is closer to use on earth and in space, Prod. Eng. 39, 29 (June 3, 1968). (22) Electron beam process: A new German method for working hard materials, Aircraft Prod. 22(3), 122 (1960). (23) Electron beam process welds tubes in air, Iron Age 7(12), 44—45 (December 1968). (24) Electron beam seals delicate component, Weld. Eng. 54,66—67 (September 1969). (25) Electron beam solves problems, Machinery (N.Y.) 76, 51 (December 1969). (26) Electron beam speeds jetliner turnaround time, Weld. Eng. 54, 52 (August 1969). (27) Electron beam trusted with delicate sealing job, Mach. Des. 41, 12 (Jan. 23, 1969). (28) Electron-beam weld for high-stress part, Prod Eng. 39,101 (July 15, 1968). (29) Electron beam weld mill provides versatility, fast output, high quality, Modern Metals 23, 104 (November 1967). (30) Electron beam welder has nonvacuum capability, Metal Prog. 98, 56—57 (November 1970). (31) Electron beam welder is used in tube mill,/rem Steel Eng. 44, 147 (November 1967). (32) Electron beam welder moves out of laboratory into industry, Prod. Eng. 40, 76 (June 16, 1969). (33) Electron beam welder repairs jet engine parts, Machinery (N.Y.) 75,100—101 (March 1969). (34) Election beam welder works in open air, Electronic Eng. 28, 15 (July 1969). (35) Electron beam welding, Metal Ind. 97(6), 110 (1960). (36) Electron beam welding, Machinery Lloyd (European edition) 32(5A), 31, 33-34 (1960); also Metal Treatment 27 , 433 (1960); also Aircraft Prod. 24, 306-11 (1962); also Automobile Eng. 58, 356-57 (August 1968); also Automobile Eng. 61, 55-56 (February 1971); also Metal Const. Brit. Weld. J. 2(11), 473-99 (November 1970). (37) Electron beam welding adds autos to aerospace, Iron Age 201, 27 (April 4, 1968). (38) Electron beam welding applications keep growing, Weld. Eng. 53, 56-57 (January 1968). (39) Electron beam welding as a production tool, Mach. Shop Eng. Manuf. 28, 193-94 (May 1967). (40) Electron beam welding by Rolls-Royce, Engineering 206, 23-24 (July 5, 1968). (41) Electron beam welding cuts plane weight, Amer. Mach. 113,75—77 (Dec. 1, 1969). (42) Electron beam welding does it, Manuf. Eng. Manag. 64, 9 (February 1970). (43) Electron beam welding: Equipment for research and production application, Aircraft Prod. 23, 303-7(1961). (44) Electron beam welding goes into production on tiny instrument components, Weld. J. 47, 727—28 (1968). (45) Electron beam welding in space, Engineer 225, 1024-25 (June 28, 1968). (46) Electron beam welding joins bearing components, Materials Eng. 61, SI (March 1968). (47) Electron beam welding joins tiny parts made of dissimilar metals, Weld. J. 47, 966-67 (1968). (48) Electron beam welding joins tube seams at 80 FPM, Materials Eng. 67, 71 (May 1968). (49) Electron beam welding process operates in vacuum, Iron Age 183(13), 156-58 (March 26, 1959). (50) Electron beam welding proposed for space use, Chem. Eng. News 47, 17 (Oct. 27, 1969). (51) Electron beam welding seals delicate instrument component, Weld. J. 48, 205—6 (March 1969). (52) Electron-beam welding takes on wider field with new units, Prod. Eng. 39, 112 (Dec. 2, 1968). (53) Electron beam welding takes over from swagging. Weld. J. 48, 116 (February 1969). (54) Electron beam welding technique is being utilized more and more frequently for the manufacture of aircraft components, SAE J. 77, 73-74 (March 1969). (55) Electron beam welding: Where is it today? Weld. Eng. 53(6), 43-44 (June 1968). (56) Electron beam welding without a vacuum, Science J. 2(4), 11 (1966). (57) Electron beam welding yields high-performance composite saw bands, Mach. Tool Blue Book 64(2), 126-28(1969). (58) Electron beam welds miniature computer parts, Mach. Tool Blue Book 62(3), 120-21 (1967). (59) Electron beam welds explosive parts safely, Prod. Eng. 40, 86 (March 24, 1969). (60) Fifty-five years of welding progress, Weld. Eng. 56(10), 57-62; 56(11), 40-43 (1971). (61) Flame hot enough to cause vaporizing can still do cool work .Prod. Eng. 39, 98-99 (April 8, 1968). 3

(62) Focused beams are now production tools, Metalworking Prod. 114(6), 55—61 (Feb. 11, 1970). (63) Forging perforins EB welded or diffusion bonded, Metal Prog. 98,10 (August 1970). (64) Forging teamwork boosts titanium, Iron Age 205(21), 84-85 (1970). (65) Giant EB welders may stitch next U.S. Fighter planes, Steel 163(16), 51 (Oct. 14, 1968). (66) At Grumman Aerospace electron beam welds thick titanium, Light Metal Age 27, 16 (December 1969). (67) Here are facts about electron beam welding, Weld. Des. Fab. 44(10), 62-63 (1971). (68) How to weld columbium alloys, Iron Age 186(24), 110-12 (1960). (69) Incredible weld - electron beam makes it, Weld. Des. Fab. 37(9), 41-43 (1964). (70) Is electron beam welding the answer? Pipeline Eng. 40,30—32 (May 1968). (71) Metal joining trends, Metal Prog. 99(5), 94, 96, 98-99 (1971). (72) NASA'S views on welding aluminum, Iron Age 201(4), 69-72 (June 13, 1968). (73) NC joins with electron beam welder, Metal Prod. 113(9), 53-55 (1969). (74) New approach to welding. Use of electron beam process for sheet , Sheet Metal Ind. 46(1), 33-36, 38-40 (January 1969). (75) New electron beam facility looks to long-run contracts, Weld. Eng. 53,77 (September 1968). (76) New heat for electron beam processing, Chem. Week 84(10), 39-40,42 (March 7, 1959). (77) New technique for forged titanium parts, Precision Metals 29(5), 37-38 (1971). (78) Newest electron beam application: Continuous tube mill, Weld Eng. 52,42—43 (December 1967). (79) Nonvacuum electron beam welder features new emitter design, Automation 16, 26 (June 1969). (80) Panel discussion on electron beam welding, Proc. 2nd Symp. on Electron Beam Processes, 1960, pp. 115-39. (81) Production of bi-metal bandsaw strip, Metallurgia 81, 147-48 (April 1970). (82) Reverberatory welding - a new technique, Weld. Eng. 55(2), 44-45 (1970). (83) Sciaky electron beam welding equipment, Machinery (London) 100,323-30 (February 1962). (84) Space chamber is also electron beam welder, Iron Age 204, 73 (Oct. 16, 1959). (85) Special fabrication techniques, Reactor Materials 12, 141—54 (Summer 1969). (86) Titanium electron beam welded, Light Metal Age 19,19 (June 1961). (87) Techniques in the joining of metals, Engineer 229, 59-60 (July 17, 1969) (88) Welded rod end lasts 85% longer, Metal Prog. 95, 104 (April 1969). (89) Welding and machinmg by electron-beam bombardment, Engineer 210, 738-40 (1960). (90) Welding beryllium, Weld. Des. Fab. 42(11), 94, 96, 98 (1969). (91) Welding with an electron beam, Metal Prog. 75(6), 119-20 (1959). (92) Welding with electrons leaves the lab, Metalworking Prod. 103,1879-82 (1959). K. Aaland and R. Hill (93) Precision electron welder uses low beam voltage. Electronics 37(10), 32—35 (March 6, 1964). W. D. Abbott (94) With maraging heat input is critical, Metal Prog. 95(2), 73-74 (1969). C. M. Adams (95) Electron beam welding,/. Metals 12(5), 410 (1960). (96) How metals react to fusion welding, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 27—35. C. M. Adams and R. E. Travis (97) Welding of 18% Ni-Co-Mo maraging alloys, Weld. J. 43(5), 193s-197s (May 1964). M. J. Adams (98) High voltage electron beam welding, Brit. Weld.J. 15,451-67(1968). (99) Low voltage electron beam welding. Effect of process parameters, Brit. Weld. J. 15,134-42 (1968); Brit. Weld. Res. Ass. Report P/14/66. A. Adelhardt and R. H. Witt (100) Electron unit solves problem of welding refractory metals, Iron Age 185(17), 108—10 (1960). 4

E. R. Aemisegger, Jr., and H, A. Nyenhuis (101) Super-depth welds made with high energy density electron beam - Revolution in welding, Weld. J. 40,1240-45(1961). J. W. Aivey (102) Automation techniques applied to high production electron beam welders, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 119-33. G. V. Anderson (103) Electron beam welding at North American Aviation, Proc. 4th Symp. on Electron Beam Technology, 1962, pp. 447-63. (104) Electron beam welding joins parts for MACH 3 aircraft, SAE J. 70,67-69 (May 1962). (105) Electron beam welding of large aerospace structures with portable vacuum chambers, SAE Paper 676A, 1963,6 pp. A. Arbel (106) Some mechanical properties of electron beam welds with unconventional geometries, Weld. J. 48, 258s—268s (1969). R. E. Armstrong (107) Control of spiking in partial penetration electron beam welds, Weld. J. 49, 382s—388s (1970); UCRL-71894, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 29 pp. (108) Electron beam welding procedure development at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 87-97. (109) Spiking in partial penetration, electron beam welds, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. un Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol, 1970, pp. 179-94. A. W. Astrop (110) ECF and EBW as a process, Mack. Prod. Eng. 117,694-700 (1970). J. van Audenhove, M. M. Meulemans, and D. Tytgat (111) Election beam welding of sintered aluminum, Proc. 4th Symp. on Electron Beam Technol., 1962, pp. 431-46. J. van Audenhove et al. (112) Electron beam welding (in French), Rev. Soudure 16(4), 276-89 (1960). J. A. Bagley (113) Electron beam welding defects and means of detection: Engineering data sheet, Weld. Eng. 55, 61 (October 1970). (114) Electron beam welding; engineering makes it pay, ToolManuf. Eng. 60, 46-49 (April 1968). (115) EB welding made easier, ToolManuf. Eng. 60(6), 46-49 (June 1968). (116) How to select and use electron beam job shop, Weld. Eng. 56^42-45 (January 1971). (117) Improving the quality of electron beam welds, ToolManuf. Eng. 61,42-45 (December 1968). (118) Laser welding versus electron beam welding, Soc. Manuf. Eng. Technical Paper MR 70-523, 12 pp. (119) Selecting a job shop for electron beam welding, ToolManuf. Eng. 63,40-42 (August 1969). (120) When designing for production EB welding may reduce costs, Tool Manuf. Eng. 61, 54-57 (November 1968). (121) Tooling - the key to electron beam welding process, ASTME Technical Paper AD 69-132, 1969, 20 pp. R. Bakish (122) Electron beam joining in today's technology, Proc. National Electronics Conf. 18, 381—98(1962). (123) Electron Beam Welding, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J., 1971. (124) Electron beam welding comes of age, Can. Welder Fab. 51(4), 10-12, 14, 17(1970). (125) Electron beam welding techniques as applied to aerospace structures, SAE Trans. 71, 112-2] (1963). 5

(126) Some less-known facts about electron beam welding, Proc. 10th Symp. on Electron, Ion, and Laser Beam TechnoL, 1969, pp. 3-14. R. Bakish and S. S. White (127) Handbook of Electron-Beam Welding, Wiley, New York, 1964. C. M. Banas and C. 0. Brown (128) Magnetic current control for hollow cathodes, IEEE 9th Annual Symp. on Electron, Ion, and Laser Beam TechnoL, 1967, pp. 42-49. E. B. Bas and G. Cremosnik (129) High vacuum electron beam welding (in German), Vakuum-Technik 8(7), 182-88 (1959). E. B. Bas et al. (130) Design and operating data for a 30-KV electron beam welding machine with indirectly heated tungsten cathode (in German), Schweizer Archiv 31(2), 40—49 (1965). (131) Numerical, theoretical, and experimental investigation of a high-beam-current remote focusing electron gun of the tetrode type (in German), Proc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol, 1966, pp. 379-96. R. C. Barry and G. G. Heiser (132) Evaluation of the quality of electron beam butt welds in high strength maraging steel rings, Proc. Symp. on Nondestructive Testing of Welds and Materials Joining, 1968, 14 pp. V. V. Bashenko (133) Electron beam welding of metals, Weld. Prod. 1961(1), 66-73. V. V. Bashenko and A. V. Donskoi (134) Coefficient efficiency of an electron beam during welding of metals (in Russian), Tr. Lening. Politekhn. Inst. 245, 87-90(1965). E. B. Baugh (135) Controlling weld distortion by electron beam techniques, ASME Paper 65-MD-14, 5 pp. M. Beckert and G. Neubert (136) The delineation of the small component welding process (in German), ZISMitt. 9, 1713—25(1967). (137) Electron beam welding using metal (in German), Schweisstechnik 20(2), 59-61 (1970). (138) Theoretical studies of the depth of fusion achieved during electron beam welding (in German), W/ss. Z. Techn. Hochschule Otto von Guericke (5/6), 695-700 (1967). W. H. Beecher (139) Electron beam weldments for large complex shapes, SAE Paper 69-630, 6 pp. G. Beghi, R. Matera, and G. Piatti (140) A structural examination of welded joints in a zirconium 2.5% niobium (in Italian), Met. Ital. 62(2), 57-67(1970). H. Behnisch (141) Electron-beam welding in production (in German), Werkstatt Betrieb. 102(12), 889-93 (1969). (142) New ways in welding: Electron beam welding (in German), Technica 19(5), 341—43 (1970). F. Benesovsky and A. Koeppe (143) The behavior of sintered molybdenum containing boron during electron beam welding (in German), Planseeber. Pulvermet. 18(2), 84-90 (June 1970). M. G. Bennett (144) Application of high voltage electron beam welding of structural assemblies, Proc. Symp. on Welding in the Aerospace Industry, London, 1968, paper No. 12, 16 pp. (145) Electron beam welding in partial vacuum, Weld. Met. Fab. 35, 374-78 (1967). 6

(146) High voltage electron beam welding of titanium alloys in partial vacuum, Science, Technology and Application of Titanium (Internat. Conf. on Titanium, London, 1968), pp. 1023-36. (147) Out-of-vacuum electron beam welding, Weld. Met. Fab. 38(3), 105-12 (March 1970). W. H. Bergmann and K. D. Koenig (148) New applications for electron beam technology to the production line and industry, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1970, pp. 369—80. M. J. Billings (149) Current research in electron beam welding: Electron guns for welding, Metal Constr. 2(11), 467-71 (1970). D. L. Binns (150) Welding airframe components — electron beam installations at B.A.C. works, Proc. Symp. on Welding in the Aerospace Industry, London, 1968, paper No. 13, 5 pp. J. V. Birnie (151) Design advantages of electron beam welding, Weld. Met. Fab. 34(1), 27—32 (January 1966). F. Bollenrath and W. Hartman (152) The static and dynamic strength properties of welded joints made from titanium and titanium alloys, Weld. Res. Abroad 15(7), 2-13 (1969). M. Boncoeur (153) Comparison of the behavior of different metals under the impact of the electron beam in a welding machine (in French), Mem. Sci. Rev. Met. 64,45-51 (January 1967). (154) Use of secondary, thermal back scattered electrons in the electron beam welding process, Proc. 10th Symp. on Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Technol., 1969, pp. 15-28. (155) Welding by electron bombardment: Applications to the welding of uranium alloys (in French), Met. Spec. 1(2), 41-50(1968). M. Boncoeur, J. Y. Marhic, and M. Rapin (156) Influence of electron beam focusing on shape and dimensions of welds in electron beam welding process, Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1968, pp. 358—83. M. Boncoeur and M. Rapin (157) Contribution to the study of factors affecting shape and dimensions of welds obtained by electron bombardment, Mem. Sci. Rev. Met. 64,953-64(1967). (158) Correlation between dimensions of an electron beam and those of welds obtained with it, Proc. 10th Symp. on Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Technol., 1969, pp. 43-50. (159) Effect of shape and current density distribution of electron beam welding machine on welded dimensions (in French),Mem. Sci. Rev. Met. 66, 57-65 (January 1969). (160) Study of a non-destructive and instant method for detecting defects in an electron-beam weld, Soud. Tech. Connexes 24(11/12), 485-95 (1970). R. F. Boolen (161) Isotope encapsulation by electron beam welding, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1970, pp. 313-68. K. L. Boring and R. V. Pohl (162) Application of plasma electron beam to welding, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1965, pp. 319-34. M. E. Boston (163) Electron-beam welding trends, Weld. Met. Fab. 33(4), 136-41 (1965). B. Boyce (164) Practical considerations in electron beam welding, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 215-23. 7

E. H. Bradburn, R. A, Huber, and P. W. Turner (165) Multipass electron beam welding for controlled penetration, Weld. J. 50, 190s—193s (1971). E. Brandon (166) of oxygen-free, boron-deoxidized and deoxidized phosphorus , Weld. J. 48, 187s-193s (1969). M. W. Brennecke (167) Electron beam welded heavy gage aluminum alloy 2219, Weld. J. 44, 27s-39s (1965). C. Bridoux ( i68) Advantages and limitations of electron-bombardment welding. Laboratory apparatus and industrial designs, Vide 16, 296-302 (1961). H. Brown (169) Tests put weld cracking in check, Iron Age 202,48-49 (Aug. 29, 1968). R. C. Bruner and C. J. Meinhart (170) Effects of electron beam welding upon adhesive bonded honeycomb structures, Weld. J. 47, 393s—397s (1968). W. Brunst and D. Fellendorf (171) Use of electron and laser beams in micro-technology (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 22(9), 382-85(1970). L. E. Bryant (172) Flash radiography of electron beam welding, Materials Evul. 29, 237—40 (1971). J. H. Budde (173) The fabrication of aluminum/copper tube joints for vaporizers (in German), Aluminum 45,746—52 (1969). C. S. Bull, D. E. G. Hathaway, and K. R. Nightingale (174) An electrostatic electro^ gun for electron-beam welding, Proc. Conf. on Advances in Welding Processes, 1970, pp. 194-200. R. F. Bunshah (175) High-power electron beams, Internat. Sci. Technol. 4, 30-38, 79 (April 1962). P. D. Burianov (176) Shaping of convergent ribbon electron beams for welding in a vacuum (in Russian), Priborostrvenie 1969(7), 73-78. G. Burton, Jr., and W. L. Frankhouser (177) Electron beam welding, Weld. J. 38(10), 401s-409s (1959). (178) Progress in electron beam welding, Engineer's Digest 20,441—44 (1959). G. Burton and R. L. Matchett (179) Electron beams — new technique for welding, Metalworking Prod. 103, 901—4 (1959). (180) Electrons shot from guns make high-purity welds, Amer. Mach. 103(4), 95—98 (1959). J. Campau and R. Unger (181) Electron beam joins roller bearing industry, Weld. Eng. 55, 50, 52 (October 1970). E. S. Candidus, M. H. Hablanian, and H. A. Steinherz (182) Electron beams in vacuum processes, Trans. 6th National Symp. on Vacuum Technology, 1959, pp. 188-91. G. Cannizzo (183) Electron beam: Space age welding process, Weld. Eng. 47(2), 35-38 (1962). 8

R. Canon (184) Electron-beam welding and other modern methods for welding aluminum alloys (in French), Rev. Soud. 26(3), 145-47(1970). R. E. Carlson (185) A look at four-slide welding process, ToolManuf. Eng. 61(1), 38-43 (July 1968). (186) New developments in four-slide welding process, ASTME Technical Paper AD-68-162, 1968, 12 pp. D. L. Cheever, D. G. Howden, and R. E. Monroe (187) Welding 99.999% pure aluminum, Weld. J. 50, 25s-30s (1971). J.J. Chyle (188) Some developments in metal-welding processes,Machinery (London) 95, 377—84 (1959). J.J. Chyle and P. W. Ramsey (189) Case study - welding research at O. A. Smith Corporation, Weld. J. 42,495-500 (1963). J. E. C!ine (190) Electron beam instrumentation, Integrated Circuit Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967, pp. 104-33. H. H. Coe, R. J. Parker, and H. W. Scibbe (191) Evaluation of electron beam welded hollow balls for high speed bearings, J. hub. Tech. 93,47-59 (1971). N. C. Cole and G. M. Slaughter (192) Weldability of tungsten and its alloys, Weld. J. 50,419s-426s (1971). L. W. Collins, Jr. (193) Big electron beam welder goes into production, Machinery (New York) 70(5), 79-83 (January 1964). (194) Electron beam welding operations on large parts, Machinery (London) 105,681—84 (1964). C'. Collot, M. Caput, and C. Guillaume (195) Development by annealing of the welds produced by electron bombardment on uranium- molybdenuin alloys containing 1.5 wt. % molybdenum (in French), Mem. Sci. Rev. Met. 65, 331-44 (1968). J. E. Coyne, P. J. Doyle, and G. H. Heitman (196) New forging technology in titanium, Soc. Manuf. Eng. Tech. Paper AD-70-735, 1970, 11 pp. T. H. Crane (197) A commercial electron-beam welder, Proc. Ist Symp. on Electron Beam Melting, 1959, pp. 84—88. (198) Design of electron beam welders for production service, Trans. Vacuum Conf., 1959, pp. 135-39. (199) Design of work-accelerated electron guns for electron beam welding, Trans. 6th National Symp. on Vacuum Technol., 1959, pp. 288-90. (200) Electron beam welding,Metalworking 15, 5-7 (December 1959). I. Csikos (201) Electron beam welding of instrument components (in Hungarian), Finommechanika 9, 214—17 (July 1970). G. M. Cull (202) Electron-beam welding of MSR alloy, Metal Constr. 1(8), 378-80 (1969). D. B. Dallas (203) Electron beam welding: Space age process comes down to earth, ToolManuf. Eng. 49,68-72 (July 1962). 9

(204) Nonvacuum electron-beam welding — big breakthrough, Tool Manuf. Eng. 54(1), 65—68 (January 1965). G. DeGroat (205) Electron beam goes on line, Amer. Mach. 109(9), 75-77 (April 26, 1965). (206) Ne/EB welder joins Navy, Amer. Mach. 112, 105-8 (August 12, 1968). F. S. Dickinson and B. Watkins (207) Welding applications to nuclear power, Weld. Met. Fab. 34, 204-15 (1966). W. Dietrich (208) Electron beam welding in vacuum and in the atmosphere, Proc. 3rd Internat. Vacuum Cong., Stuttgart, 1965, vol. 2, part III, pp. 595-600. W. Dietrich and H. D. Kluger (209) Electron beam welding, Proc. Cong. Internat. sur les Applications des Techniques du Vide a la Metallurgie, Strasborg, 1967, pp. 97-100. H. Dietz, H. Lamatsch, and H. Joachim (210) The calculation of depth of penetration in electron-beam welding (in German), VDI Z 112(7), 1181-86(1970). H. Dietz, H. J. Lippmann, and H. Lamatsch (211) Contribution to the depth penetration in electron beam welding, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1970, pp. 136-47. R. G. Donnelly (212) High flux isotope reactor welding development, ORNL-4170, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, pp. 181-82. L. Dorn (213) Contribution to electron beam welding of heat resistant materials, Proc. 6th Plansee Seminar on High Temperature Materials, Reutte, 1968, pp. 988-97. (214) Electron beam welding of structural steels (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 21(2), 60-63 (1961). (215) Electron beam welding of titanium in the German aerospace industry, Proc. 4th Intemat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1970, pp. 294-312. (216) Experience in electron beam welding of titanium in the aerospace industry (in German), Luft. Raumfah. 16,150-58 (June 1970). (217) Modern joining methods in the aircraft and aerospace industry, AGARD-CP-64, Report at the 35th AGARD meeting on Advanced Technology for Production of Aerospace Engines, London, 1970, Paper 27. (218) Temperature distribution during electron beam welding, Internat. Inst. Welding, Document IV/25/70. (219) Thermal processes during electron beam material processing, VDI Z. 112, 1143-48, 1575—79 (1970). L. Dorn and H. Schultz (220) Industrial applications of electron beam welding, Schweissen Schneiden 19,442—44 (1967). L. Dorn and H. Zuern (221) Industrial applications of electron beam welding (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 12(2), 41—57 (February 1965). A. P. Dostanko et al. (222) Characteristics of the real structure of silicon and germanium subjected to electron-beam (in Russian), Elektronnaia Obrabot. Met. 1967(6) 56-58. M. W. Dowse (223) Latest developments in electron-beam welding, Weld. Met. Fab. 38(3) 96-102, 104 (March 1970). 10

J. R. Doyle et al. (224) Comparison of inertia bonded and electron beam welded joints in a nickel-base superalloy, Weld. J. 48, 514s—520s (1969). J. F. Dudenhoefer (225) Increased uses seen for high-powered and nonvacuum electron beam welding, Mach. Tool Blue Book 61(8), 82-86(1966). (226) Recent advances in electron beam welding, ASTME Creative Manuf. Seminars, Technical Paper SP-65-93, 1965,9 pp. R. F. Duhamel (227) Current progress in development and application of non-vacuum electron-beam welding, Engineer's Digest 26(11), 93-95 (1965). (228) Nonvacuum electron beam welding technique development and progress, Weld. J. 44, 465—74 (1965). R. F. Duhamel and G. S. Lawrence (229) Electron beam welding - why it is rapidly gaining acceptance, Can. Mach. Metalwork. 79(11), 91-95, 126 (November 1968). R. F. Duhamel and F. R. Schollhammer (230) Electron beam holds promise in automatic pipeline welding, Oil and GasJ. 65(41), 162—64; 65(42), 94-100; 65(43), 113-17(1967). P. Dumonte (231) Electron beam welding (in French), Rev. Aluminum 41(325), 1147-56 (November 1964). D. K. Duncan and C. G. S. Saunders (232) The electron beam welding process — why it doesn't grow faster, Metal Constr. 2(11), 484-86 (1970). J. P. Durand et al. (233) Outgassing and assembling techniques in a special UHV apparatus, IEEE Annual Thermionic Conversion Specialists Conf., 9th, 1970, pp. 123-27. J. L. Edwards (234) Engine development in an operators' market, Aeronaut. J. 74, 42—51 (January 1970). H. Eggers and J. Ruge (235) Automatic focusing during high-output electron-beam welding (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 23,45-47 (February 1971). H. Ehrhardt (236) Influence of surface layers on the weld quality during electron beam welding (in German), ZISMitt. 11(1), 191-98 (January 1969). F. Eichhorn and E. O. Dessel (237) Electron-beam welding of nickel alloys (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 20(2), 58-63 (1968). F. Eichhorn and D. Neef (238) A method for controlling electron-beam welding (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 22(3), 106-7 (1970).

P. A. Einstein and R. Beadle (239) Electron-beam operation on materials, Proc. Conf on Machinability, 1965, pp. 227—33. H. C. Emerson (240) Welding and brazing of space age materials, pp. 606-31 in and Technology for Advanced Applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962. 11

A. Emery (241) Electron-optical control for electron beam deflection in welding and cutting, Proc. 9th Symp. on Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Technol, 1967, pp. 278-86. R. A. Endsley (242) Metal joining. The sixties and the seventies, West. Mach. Steel World 61(3), 23-24 (March 1970). R. D. Engquist (243) Parameters affecting electron beam welding,Metals Eng. Quart. 8(4), 56-63 (November 1968). A. A. Erokhin, V. F. Reznichenko, and A. F. Khudyshev (244) Efficiency of electron-beam welding (in Russian), Fizika i Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1970(3), 131—33. R. M.. Evans (245) Metals Joining, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1968, 5 pp. M. Evrard et al. (246) Influence of solidification structure on quality of joints in electron-beam welding (in French), Soud. Techn. Connexes 22, 237-42(1968). W. J. Farrell (247) Electron and laser beam techniques for joining, Materials Science and Technology for Advanced Applications, 2,451-510 (February 1964),Mach. Shop Eng. Manuf. 26(1), 17-30(1965). R. E. Fish (248) The influence of electron beam welding on the mechanical properties of several heat treated aerospace materials, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1965, pp. 75—95. M. J. Fletcher (249) Electron beam welding, English Elec. J. 20(5), 15-20 (1965). (250) Electron beam welding applied to heavy engineering. I. Weld. Met. Fab. 37(4), 133-36; 214-16 (1969). (251) Electron beam welding in Nimonic-80-A, Weld. Met. Fab. 38(3), 113-15 (1970). F. Floret (252) Making a welding joint under vacuum (in French), Le Vide 25, 260—63 (November/December 1970). P. Fowler and J. V. Minges (253) Welding of very thin foil, Rev. Sci. Instruments 48, 841-42 (1969). E. A. Franco-Ferreira and L. C. Williams

(254) Fabrication of instrumented fuel elements and in-pile capsules, Weld. J. 49,455—63 vJune 1970). R. J. Fuller (255) Applications of electron beam welding, Proc. Symp. on Welding in the Aerospace Industry, 1968, Paper 14, 5 pp. I. S. Gaev and E. V. Sheianova (256) Investigation of the weldability of molybdenum in relation to changes in its structural pattern (in Russian), Struktura i Svoistva Zharoprochnykh Metallicheskikh Materialov, Moscow, Izdat. Nauka, 1967, pp. 69-73. D. J. Garibotti and W. V. Lane (257) Microminiature electron beam welded connections, Weld. J. 42,417s—427s (1963). (258) Reliable electron beam welded micro-connections, Electronics Reliability and Microminiaturization, 2(2), 81-97 (August 1963). L. F. Gatzek (259) NAA offers tips on bimetal joining, Steel 155(11), 160, 165-66, 168, 170, 173, 176, 178 (September 14,1964); Light Metal Age 23(3/4), 10-13 (1965). 12

J. Gauthier (260) The influence of electron beam welding on by mechanical means (in French), Rev. Soucl. 24(1),55-59(1968). F. Gaydou (261) The welding with electron beams as compared with lasers and ion beams (in German), A.M.R. Angew. Mess-Regeltech. Ergaenzungsh. Sprechsaal 5(24), A253—A259 (1965). J. M. Gerken (262) A comparison of electron beam and tungsten of columbium alloys, Sciaky at Work 6(2). J. M. Gerken and J. M. Faulkner (263) Welding characteristics of commercial columbium alloys, Weld. J. 42, 84s—96s (1963). W. Gilde and G. Sobisch (264) Metallography and metallurgy of electron beam welding (in German), ZIS Mitt. 11(1), 24—36 (January 1969). H. G. Glaser (265) Metals joining techniques in the electronic tube industry, Weld. J. 50(2), 107-11 (1971). R. Goebel et al. (266) Electron beam welding (in German), Technik 18(10), 652-55 (1963). W. E. Goff (267) Electron-beam developments, Weld. Met. Fab. 32,420-23 (1964). (268) Factors affecting electron beam welding, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 249—62. (269) Practical approach to electron-beam welding, Weld. Met. Fab. 36(3), 101-7 (March 1968). J. A. Goldak, G. Burbridge, and M. J. Bibby (270) A comparison between predicted and experimental microstructure of electron-beam welded eutectoid steel, Can. Met. Quart. 9(3), 467-73 (1970). (271) Predicting microstructure from heat flow calculations in electron beam welded eutectoid steels, Can. Met. Quart. 9(3), 459-66 (1970). A. I. Gorshov (272) Porosity formation in the welding of titanium (in Russian), Svar. Proiz. 1968(7), 21—23. M. T. Graves and J. M. Gerken (273) Evaluation of electron beam welds in thick materials, AFML-TR-66-22, 1966. W. J. Greene, R. R. Banks, and R. M. Niedzielski (274) A new electron-beam welding unit, Weld. J. 39, 791-96 (1960). N. V. Grevtsev (275) Argon-arc and electron beam welding of titanium and niobium, Weld. Prod. (2), 15-22 (February 1962). K. H. Grobe (276) New methods of joining in micro-electronics using resistance-welding machines (in German), Widerstands-schweissen IVundMikrofugeverfahren, 1967, pp. 75-85. D. W. Grobecker (278) Welding unusual metals, Metal Prog. 76(1), 87-90 (1959). R. W. Gunkel, R. G. Donnelly, and G. M. Slaughter (279) Electron beam welding of strontium-fueled capsules. Weld. J. 48,950-55 (1969). M. G. Gunn and E. G. King

(280) Electron-beam fusion zone penetration in 12 mm (V2 in.) austenitic , Proc. Conf. on Advances in Welding Processes, 1970, pp. 183-87. 13

S. M. Gurevich (281) Problems of welding titanium and its alloys (in Russian), Titanium Alloys for New Technology, Moscow, Izdat. Nauka, 1968, pp. 262-71. S. M. Gurevich and V. E. Blashchuk (282) The weldability of a thermally stable titanium alloy, Automatic Welding 21,6-9 (April 1968). M. Haberstich (283) ELG tames the tough ones, Weld. Des. Fab. 42(1), 62-63 (January 1969). M. H. Hablanian (284) Electron-beam welding, Trans. Vacuum Metallurgy Conf, 1960, pp. 130—34. (285) Electron beam welding: Emphasis on precision and freedom from contamination, Metal Prog. 78(1), 127-29(1960). (286) Electron beam welding those hard-to-join metals, Assembly and FastnerEng. 4(1), 36—40 (January 1961). (287) Some aspects of electron gun design for welding, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Electron Beam Processes 1961, pp. 42-57. D. Halberda (288) Electron beam welding, Technical Paper AD-67-318, 1967, 15 pp. D. M. Halberda and L. W. Matthews (289) Electron beam welding -problem and solutions, ASTME Technical Paper AD-69-134, 1969, 18 pp. H. D. Hanes and F. T. Zurey

(290) Beryllium, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1968, 6 pp.

D. K. Hanink and N. F. Bratkovich (291) Weldability of low alloy steels heat treated after welding, Metals Eng. Quart. 9(1), 18—27 (February 1969). M. E. Harper and E. G. Nunn (292) Electron beam welding, Proc. Symp. on the Joining of Rare Metals, London, 1961, pp. I—13 , Brit. Weld. J. 7(5), 331 -36 (1960). R. Hartman and G. Neubert (293) Calculating the optimum parameters for electron-beam welding by the linear optimization method (in German), Schweisstechnik 20(8), 339-41 (1970). T. Hashimoto and F. Matsuda (294) Effect of welding variables and materials upon bead shape in electron beam welding, Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Metals, Tokyo 7,96-109 (1965). (295) Equation for calculating optimum welding conditions in electron beam welding, Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Metals, Tokyo, 9(1), 48-53 (1967). (297) Studies on electron beam welding, Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Metals, Tokyo 7(1), 20-29; 7(4), 144-52; 7(5), 177-85(1965). T. Hashimoto et al. (298) Experiments on soft vacuum electron beam welding, Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Metals, Tokyo 11(2), 109-15(1969). D. Hauser et al. (299) Electron beam welding of beryllium, Weld. J. 46,525s-540s (1967); 47,497s-514s (1968); USAEC Report AFML-TR-66-215, 216 pp. W. S. Hay (300) Adapting electron beam welding to the production of large weldments, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 225-36. 1 A ^ 1

U. Hcisig, G. Jasch, and K. Jessat (301) A high-voltage electron-beam welding installation (in German), ZIS Mitt. 11(1), 37-43 (January 1969). U. Heisig et al. (302) Type SE-30/5 low-voltage electron beam welding equipment (in German), Schweisstechnik 17(2), 76-79(1967). (303) Type ZIS-490 electron beam welding equipment (in German), Schweisstechnik 17(2), 79—83 (1967). (304) Investigations concerning penetration obtained with commercial low-voltage electron beam welding unit (in German), Schweisstechnik 18, 396-98 (1968). J. Hennion (305) Application of electron beam welding to the fabrication of heat exchangers (in French), Colloque Internat. Soudage Fusion Fiasceau d'Electrons, Paris, 1970, pp. 20—25. W. T. Hess, H. J. Lander, and S. S. White (306) Electron beam welding of beryllium, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Electron Beam Processes, 1961, pp. 167-88. R. S. Heurer

(307) A contour control for an electron beam welder, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp.f 1967, pp. 37-43. G. K. Hicken (308) Effects of beryllium oxide on the braze weldability of beryllium, Weld. J. 47,364s-370s (1968). G. K. Hicken and W. G. Booco (309) Penetration variations in electron beam welding, Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol, 1968, pp. 398-411. G. K. Hicken and W. B. Sample, JT. (310) Electron beam welding of radioactive and toxic materials, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 181-99. (311) Joining beryllium by an electron beam braze welding technique, Weld. J. 46, 541s-550s (1967). G. K. Hickox, E. L. Hoffman, and R. E. Handley (312) Joining of tungsten sheet, Proc. 3rd Tech. Conf Refractory Metals and Alloys. III. Applied Aspects, 1963, pp. 411-20. C. Hildebrand (313) Automation techniques applied to high-production electron beam welders, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 237-43. F. M. Hildebrandt and J. M. O'Brien (314) Flash, pressure and electron beam welding of aircraft material, ASTME WESTEC Tech. Paper MR-69-712, 1969,8 pp. J. F. Hinrichs and P. W. Ramsey (315) Electron beam butt welding of 5254 aluminum alloy pressure vessel, Weld. J. 46,39-46 (1967).

J. F. Hinrichs, P. W. Ramsey, and M. W. Zimmermann (316) Joining sintered steel to wrought steel using various welding processes, Weld. J. 50, 242s—246s (1971). H. H. Hoffman (317) Electron beam welding at high voltages, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Electron Beam Processes, 1961, pp. 116-44. (318) Vacuum joining by electron beam welding, Trans. Vacuum Metallurgy Conf., 1960, pp. 267-87. 15

W. Hoffman, H. Koch, and H. Seeler (319) Studies in electron beam welding — mechanism and penetration (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 15(5), 211-21 (1963). H. A. Hokanson (320) High-voltage electron beam welding of aerospace components, SAEPaper 514B, 1962, 5 pp. (321) Jet engine blades repaired with electron beam welds, Metal Prog. 94,7 (July 1968). H. A. Hokanson and W. I. Kern (322) Electron beam welding of tungsten and molybdenum, U.S. Air Force Report ASD-TR-61-461, 1961, 104 pp. H. A. Hokanson, W. I. Kern, and S. L. Rogers (323) Electron beam welding of aluminum, beryllium and alumina, Proc. 4th Symp. on Electron Beam Technology, 1962, pp. 464-95. H. A. Hokanson and J. W. Meier (324) Electron beam welding of aircraft materials and components, WeldJ. 41,999-1008 (1962). H. A. Hokanson, S. L. Rogers, and W. I. Kern (325) Electron beam welding of alumina, Ceramic Ind. 81(2), 44—47 (August 1963). R. V. Hoppes

(326) The welding of Saturn V, New Scientist 37(580), 128-31 (1968).

V. Horacek (327) Certain applications of electron beam welding (in Hungarian), Finommechanika 9, 210—13 (July 1970). P. J. Houldcroft (328) Welding in space, New Scientist 44, 502-4 (1969). P. T. Houldcroft (329) Welding Processes, Brit. Weld. Res. Ass., 1967, 194 pp. H. C. Hoy etal.

(330) Vacuum pump explosion, Y-1685, Oak Ridge Y-l 2 Plant, 1969, 28 pp.

R. A. Huber and P. W. Turner (331) Electron beam welding at the Oak Ridge Y-l2 plant, Weld. J. 48, 787-90: 795-99 (1969). R. W. Huber et a!. (332) Fracture toughness and stress-corrosion cracking of some titanium alloy weldments, Weld. J. 46, 439s—447s (1967). C. A. Hunt (333) Process parameters, theoretical considerations, and the effects on materials involved, Proc. Electron Beam Metallurgical Processing Seminar, 1971, pp. 1B1-1B19. S. Hurwitt and M. A. Adams (334) Using electron-beam melting equipment, Metal Prog. 83(2), 101-3 (1963). H. D. Ingenbrand (335) General demarcation between electron beam and plasma welding (in German), ZIS Mitt. 9,1659-71 (1967). H. G. Ingenbrand and R. Schlenk (336) Optimizing the parameters for electron-beam welding of aluminum foil, parts I and II (in German), Schweisstechnik 20(4), 169-74; 20(6), 253-57 (1970). 16

R. R. Irving (337) All systems are go for EB welding, Iron Age 197(17), 59-61 (1966). (338) EB welding leaves vacuum, Iron Age 192(14), 59-61 (1963). (339) Joining dissimilar metals, Iron Age 195( 13), 51 -66 (1965). (340) Management takes a look at the new generation of welding processes, Iron Age 201(12), 81-88 (1968). (341) Plasma electron beam unveiled, Iron Age 196(2), 98-99 (1965). G. G.Isaacs (342) Glow discharge electron guns for welding and heating, I EE Conf. Publication 70, 1970, pp. 494-97. G. I to et al. (343) Studies on electron-beam welding, Trans. 8th Nat. Vacuum Symp., 1961, pp. 693-98. A. N. Jacobs (344) Electron beam welding of large components, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 17-26.

P. Jacobson and M. Schwartz (345) Electron beam welding of brazed refractory joints, Proc. Nat. Electronics Conf., 1963, pp. 497—513; Weld. Eng. 49(4), 48-50(1964). H. James (346) Electron beam welding, Light Metal Age 24(5/6) 14-15 (1966). H. A. James (347) Electron beam welding equipment: Process parameters, limitations, and controls, Proc. Electron Beam Metallurgical Seminar, 1971, pp. 2C1-2C66. H. A. James and J. L. Solomon (348) Transition of electron beam welding from hard vacuum to soft vacuum, Proc. 8th Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1966, pp. 259-78. L. Jeschke and P. Hundorf (349) Automatic system for electron-beam welding of thin tubes (in German), ZIS Mitt. 8(8), 1102—12 (1966). E. Joerg (350) Electron-beam welding in the production of data-processing equipment (in German), Widerstands- schxveissen IV und Mikrofugeverfahren, 1967, pp. 141—45. J. D. Johnson (351) Electron beam welding of copper, Weld. J. 49,55s-60s (1970). B. Joliey (352) Technology of thermionic converters. Welding by electron bombardment (in French), Entropie 1967(17), 88-92. S. Jonas (353) Electron-beam welding technology (in Czech), Strojirenstvi 18(12), 852-59 (1968). H. S. Kalish (354) Electron-beam welding of Zircaloy and other materials, Metals Eng. Quart. 3(3), 18-25 (August 1963). A. B. 7' Kareh (35bj ciectron-beam machine,RCA Rev. 24(1), 5-46 (March 1963). G. Karger (356) This job shop is built around an electron beam welder, Weld. Eng. 52, 54-56 (November 1967). J. W. Kaufman 17

(357) Soldering and welding electronic joints, Metal Prog. 98(1), 95-99 (July 1970). G. S. Kazim et al. (358) Electron beam welding of the leads to electrical vacuum systems (in Russian), Tr. Tomsk. Inst. Radioelektron. Elektron. Tekh. 4, 112-15 (1965). J. J. Kelleher (359) Lasers and electron beam welders open design vistas, Prod. Eng. 40, 102-6 (July 14, 1969). D. M. Kenyon (360) Electron-beam welding, Electronics and Power 11,268-71 (1965). N. Kenyon (361) Some observations on the stress rupture ductility of welds, Weld. J. 50,261s-266s (1971). W. Kern (362) The electron beam as a salvage tool for aircraft engine components, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 201-13. W. I. Kern and L. E. Lubin (363) Electron-beam welding of aerospace materials, ASD-TR-63-132 (AD-403,681), 178 pp. J. R. King (364) Electron beam system welds variety of metals, Metal Prog. 98,57—59 (November 1970). (365) Electron beam welding, Assembly and Fastener Eng. 6(3), 24-29 (March 1963); 6(5), 36-42 (May 1963). (366) Electron beam welding of common engineering materials, SAE Paper 60-048. (367) Electron beam welding: What it can and can't do, Materials Eng. 67,66—68 (June 1968). (368) High production with electron-beam welding, ToolManuf. Eng. 57, 51—55 (October 1966). (369) New tools open fields for electron-beam welding, Amer. Mach. 108,63-65 (April 27, 1964). (370) Once exotic electron beam now welds the common steels, SAE J. 76,70-72 (September 1968). J. R. Kinget al. (371) The new welding processes, Metal Prog. 98(5), 56-55 (1970). J. King (372) The family of electron beam welding processes, Proc. Internat. Conf. Manufacturing Technology, 1967, pp. 1411-28. B. R. Kirichinskii; V. I. Mirutenko, and O. K. Nazarenko (373) X-radiation in electron beam welding apparatus, Automat. Weld. 20(8), 23—27(1967). R. W. Kitchin (374) Aerospace production applications for electron beam welding, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 73-85. G. N. Klebanov, I. M. Troianov, and A. A. Uglov (375) Thermal cycles in the electron-beam penetration of molybdenum sheet, Svar. Proiz. 1970(10). R. F. Klein (376) Electron beam welding of nuclear fuel cladding components, Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1964, pp. 655-73. P. G. Klemens (377) Energy considerations in electron beam welding, Electrochem. Soc. J. 116, 196-98 (February 1969); Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1968, pp. 291-300. H. Kluger (378) Electron beam welding under either vacuum or atmospheric pressure, ABTMetallurgie 5(6), 229—38 (1964/65); Compt. Rend. Colloque Internat. Met. Vide, Brussels, 1965, pp. 272-81. 18

H. Kluger and W. Dietrich (379) Electron beam at atmospheric pressure, Schweissen Schneiden 16(10), 411—IS (October 1964). F. Koch (380) Electron-beam welding in industry (in German), Technik 23(8), 478-83 (1968). F. Koch, E. Marquardt, and P. Wiesner (381) Type ZIS-456 electron beam welding machine (in German), Schweisstechnik 16,454—58 (1968). F. Koch and G. Neubert (382) Depth of penetration in electron beam welding (in German), ZISMitt. 9, 1625-33 (1967). F. Koch and P. Wiesner (383) Possible applications for physical welding processes with high power density (in German), Metalleverarbeitung 21(2), 46-49 (1967). R. Kohl (384) Electron-beam welding,Mach. Des. 42, 136-41 (October 15, 1970). M. L. Kohn and C. D. Schaper (385) Welding 18% Ni maraging steel by electron beam, Metal Prog. 85(5), 93-94 (1964). M. L. Kohn and C. W. Silha (386) Cold cathode welding for space applications, Proc. 2nd Nat. Conf. on Space Maintemnce and Extravehicular Activities, 1968, Paper IV.5, 20 pp. P. J. Konkol et al. (387) Parameter study of electron-beam welding, Weld. J. (in print). V. A. Kostiuk et al. (388) Industrial electron beam welding plant, Weld. Prod. 1961(1), 79-83. Y. M. Kozlov (389) Electron beam gun welding of metals under vacuum, Weld. Prod. 1961(1), 73-79. L. J. Ktacht (390) Use of electron beam welding for production, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 245-48. B. G. Krivkov and K. V. Petran (391) Some characteristics of weld formation in electron-beam welding (in Russian), Fizika Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1968(4), 20-25. B. Kufer (392) Welded and soldered joints between aluminum and steel (in German), Aluminum 46(4), 304—10 (1970). F. R. Kulikov and L. I. Serenkov (393) Electron beam welding VT-14 titanium alloy, Weld. Prod. 16(5), 55-58 (May 1969). R. E. Kutchera (394) Vacuum and non-vacuum techniques for electron beam welding, Machinery (London) 103, 1328—37 (1963). C. P. Lamb, Jr. (395) Electron beam welded 6Al-6V-2Sn titanium bar stock, Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co., Report R-68-21, 1968. H. J. Lander (396) Electron beam suitable for joining even ultra-small parts, Weld. Eng. 50(2), 55-57(1965). H. J. Lander, W. T. Hess, and S. S. White (397) Electron beam welding of rocket casing materials, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Electron Beam Processes, 1961, pp. 189-211. H. L. Lawrence (398) Introduction to Electron Beam Technology, Wiley, New York, 1962., pp. 85-88. V. P. Ledovskoi and A. A. Potsar (399) The influence of ionizing phenomena on electron-beam penetration in metal,IEE Conf. Publication 70, 1970, pp. 510-13. J. Lempert (400) Nonvacuum electron beam welder as a welding tool, IEEE Trans, hid. Gen. Appl. 3,438-53 (1967). J. Lempert et al. (401) Compact non-vacuum electron beam welder, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1965, pp. 393-427. (402) Preliminary evaluation of nonvacuum welder for aerospace applications, Proc. 8th Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1968, pp. 233—57. L. H. Leonard (403) Electron beam welding at atmospheric pressure,Proc. 5th Electron Beam Symp., 1963, pp. 378—94. G. Leroy, C. Molin, and G. Billon (404) Norisal: Metallic sandwich with a welded corrugated core (in French), Tech. Moderne 61(6), 194—98 (1969). A. Lesnewich (405) A laboratory prototype electron-beam welder, Proc. 1st Symp. on Electron Beam Melting, 1959, pp. 48-49. G. G. Lessman and R. E. Gold (406) The weldability of tungsten-base alloys, Weld. J. 48, 528s-542s (1969).

H. Nienau, J. F. Lowry, and C. B. Hassen (407) Adaptation of battery-powered electron beam device to perform in-orbit welding experiment, IEEE 9th Symp. on Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Technology, 1967, pp. 239—53. (408) Battery-powered electron beam device — adaptel to perform in-orbit welding experiment, Weld. Met. Fab. 35,472-78 (1967). (409) Electron beam welder for use in space, Westinghouse Eng. 28(2). 41-45 (March 1968).

A. H. Lippitt (410) Electron beam welding in aircraft components, SAE Report 69—318, 1969, 6 pp. B. T. Lubin (411) Correlation of electron beam welding parameters, ASME Paper 66-Wa/Met-18. (412) Dimensionless parameters for the correlation of electron beam welding variables, Weld. J. 47, 140s-144s (1968). M. J. Lucas, Jr., and C. E. Jackson (413) Welder heat-affected zone in nickel base alloy-718, Weld. J. 49,46s-54s (1970). C. D. Lundin and K. Farrell (414) Distribution and effects of gas porosity of welds in CVD tungsten, Weld. J. 49,461s-464s (1970). A. Luthy (415) Welding high-strength steel in engine construction (in German), Schweisstechnik 24(2), 17—20 (1970). 20

H. L. Luttrell (416) How to align electron beam optics, Weld. Eng. 53, 50 (August 1968). M. J. McCraeken and R. Wiltshire (417) Electron beam welding the lunar module descent engine, Weld. J. 48, 170—79 (April 1969). M. T. McGowan (418) Welding high-strength steels, at 1,400,000 PSI, joints as strong as parent metal, Metal Prog. 94. 79-80 (November 5%8). W. P. McGregor (419) Electron beam weldmg of the first AB»56A (Cheyenne) helicopter rotor hubs, Weld. J. 48, 876-81 (1969). (420) Electron beam welds tungsten - the unweldable,Machinery (N.Y.) 70(11), 97-102 (July 1964). (421) Some results obtained with clceuv.i beam welding,Machinery (London) 105, 1436-39 (1964).

W. P. McGregor and H. Marquez (422) Electron beam welding of molybdenum, Weld. Des. Fab. 43(4), 82-84 (1970).

W. P. McGregor and F. C. Nelson (423) Electron beam welds thick titanium partMachinery (TV. y.) 74, 80-82 (August 1968).

W. P. McGregor, F. C. Nelson, and A. G. Metcalfe (424) Electron beam welding of thick sections. TEPR-811-7(11), 1967.

H. I. McHenry, J. C. Collins, and R. E„ Key (425) Electron beam welding of D-6AC steel, Weld. J. 45,419s-425s (1966). (426) Electron team welding of D-6AC steel in heat-treated conditions, Weld. J. 46,337s-342s (1967). N. S. C. MacMillan (427) Developments in marine and land power pumps, Metal Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2,482-84 (1970). L. A. McNabb

(428) Electron beam welder aims at volume targets, Steel 164, 30-31 (April 7, 1969).

B. M. MacPherson and W. W. Beaver

(429) How to fusion weld beryllium, Weld. J. 41, 327-30(1962).

A. M. Maraka, N. E. Protosei, and V. G. Gordonnyi (430) Resistance of clectron-bcam welded joints in high-strength steels to cold cracking, Automatic Weld. A. M. Maraka22(8), ,32-3 N. E6. Protosei(August, an1969)d V. A. Sarzhevsky (431) The electron beam welding of high-strength steels. Automatic Weld. 22( 11), 1-6(1968). A. M. Maraka et al. (432) The weakening of high-strength steels during welding. Automatic Weld. 21(8), I -6 (1968). T. H. Malim (433) Electron beam took play waiting game on orders. Iron Age 207,45 (February 25, 1971). G. Mnronna and W. School (434) Welding techniques for electrical connections in microelectronics (in German), Schweisstechnik 20(91 386-90 (1970). M. Marque!, M. Michel, and B. Savonun (435) Technical study concerning electron beam welding of BUGEY I reactor fuel elements, Proc. 4th huernuL Conf. on Electron and fon Beam Sci. and Technol. 1970. pp. 232-47. 2i

D. C. Martin (436) Narrow welded joints, Battelle Tech. Rev. 15, 10-15 (December 1966). (437) Unusual welding processes for modern steels,Metals Eng. Quart. 9(1), 87-95 (1969). D. L. Martin and W. W. Woods (438) Electron beam simulation of aerospace vehicle heating rates, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1965, pp. 59-74. J. T. Maskrey et al. (439) Glow discharge electron beam welding, Aircraft Eng. 40, 8-10 (December 1968). J. Mativet (440) Welding by electron bombardment (in French), Mecan. Mat. Elect. 255,42-44 (1971). F. Matsuda, T. Hashimoto, and Y. Arata (441) Some metallurgical investigations on electron beam welds, Trans. Japan Weld. Soc. 1(1), 72—85 (1970). A. Matting, H. Koch, and L. Dorn (442) A contribution to the electron beam welding of various combinations of metals, Metall 24(4), 345-53; 24(10), 1086-91 (1970). (443) Hardening and crack formation in electron beam welded quench hardening steels (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 22(4), 154-56 (1970). (444) Influence of electron-beam and inert-gas arc welding on the corrosion behavior of X-5-CrNiMo-18-10 (in German), Werkstoffe Korrosion 21(2), 94-97 (1970). (445) Investigations of melting mechanism during electron-beam welding (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 22(2), 73-78 (1970). A. Matting and K. Seifert (446) Electron-beam welding of spheroid cast iron (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 20(6), 266—69 (1968). A. Matting and G. Sepold (447) Basic research on welding with electron beams of high intensity, Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1968, pp. 318—34. (448) A comparison of electron-beam welding with other high-energy processes (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 20, 363-67 (1968). (449) Investigations on electron-beam welding of structural steels (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 22, 290-94(1970). J. W. Meier (450) Electron beam welding allows unique design concepts, SAE J. 70(4), 64—67 (1962). (451) Electron beam welding as production process, SAE Paper 827A, 1964, 5 pp. (452) Electron beam welding characteristics of several materials, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Electron Beam Processes, 1961, pp. 145-66. (453) High power density electron beam welding of several materials, Hamilton Standard Publication TP-61-02. (454) New developments in electron beam technology, Weld. J. 43,925-31 (1964). (455) Non-vacuum electron beam welding, Proc. 9th Nat. Symp. on Joining of Materials for Aerospace Systems, 1965,22 pp. (456) Partial vacuum - the key to production electron beam welding, Metal Prog. 90,63-64 (July 1966). (457) Production application of electron beam welding, J. Eng. Industry 86,280-86(1964). (458) Recent advances in electron beam welding technology, Weld. J. 42,963 -67 (1963). (459) Recent developments in vacuum and non-vacuum electron beam welding technology, Brit. Weld. J. 13(5), 296-306(1966). (460) Use of electron-beam welding as salvaging tool, ASTME Creative Manuf. Seminars, Tech. Paper SP-63-99,1963, I! pp. 22

A. H. Meleka (461) Advanced manufacturing technology in the aero-engine industry, Weld. Met. Fab. 37, 442—45 (1969). (462) Electron beam welding, Sci. J. 1,40-46 (March 1965). (463) Electron beam welding as a production process, Machinery (London) 107, 796—804; 852—61 (1965). (464) Electron-beam Welding: Principles and Practice, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971,338 pp. A. H. Meleka and J. K. Roberts (465) Electron beam welding — need for future development as revealed from production experience, Brit. Weld. J. 15,16-20 (January 1968). J. C. Merriam (466) The new welding process, Mat. Des. Eng. 51(1), 105-20 (1960). C. P. Messina (467) Electron beam welding, Proc. 9th Nat. Symp. on Joining Materials for Aerospace Systems, 1965, 12 pp. M. Meulemans (468) Welding of zirconium and its alloys by electron bombardment, Compt. Rend. Colloque Met. Vide, Brussels, 1965, pp. 265-71. E. Meyer and L. Dorn (469) Electron beam welding at different gas pressures (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 20, 261—66 (1968); Weld. Met. Fab. 38(3), 119-24(1970). W. E. Meyer, W. Scheffels, and K. H. Steigerwald (470) Study of formation and energy balance of capillary in electron beam deep penetration welding, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1965, pp. 531 -39. W. E. Meyer, K. H. Steigerwald, and K. D. Konig (471) Electron beam micrornachining and welding for device fabrication, Proc. Nat. Electronics Conf., 25, 834—38 (1969). N. Milakovich (472) EB welds the exotics - fast, Amer. Mach. 111(17), 98-99 (1967). K. J. Miller (473) Electron and - to date and 1970, Proc. 4th Ann. Western Metal and Tool Conf., 1967, paper WES-7-54, 15 pp. (474) Electron-beam welding - out of the laboratory into production,Machinery (N.Y.) 69(8), 81-86 (April 1963). (475) Electron-beam welds for pressure vessels, Western Metalworking 19(10), 31-32 (1961). K. J. Miller and L. M. Reese (476) Electron beam welding, Mach. Des. 36(10), 218-22; 36(11), 165-68 (1964). K. J. Miller and T. Takenaka (477) Electron beam welding, Weld. Res. Council, Bull. Series 100, 1964, 23 pp. J. Moir, B. C. Scogings, and J. Ridgway (478) Use of automatic control in electron-beam welding, Weld Met. Fab. 38(3), 90-95 (1970). R. E. Monroe and R. M. Evans (479) Electron beam welding of tungsten, DMIC-Memo-152, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1962, 15 pp. A. J. Moorhead and P. W. Turner (480) Welding thermocouple gauge to Apollo lunar sample return , Weld.J. 49,15-21 (1970). 23

J. E. Mortland and R. M. Evans (481) Metals Joining, Battelle Memorial Inst., 1968, 5 pp.; 1969,4 pp.; 1970, 3 pp. B. A. Movchan et al. (482) Some technical characteristics of electron beam welding in vacuum (in Russian), Avtomat. Svarka 1959(8), 12-17. R. C. Movich (483) of coiumbium, Proc. Western Metal and Tool Conf., 1966, 10 pp. O. Nasarenko (484) Industrial application of electron beam welding in the U.S.S.R. (in German), ZISMitt. 8,1770-89 (1966). O. K. Nazarenko (485) Achievements in the use of electron-beam welding and future prospects for the process, Weld. Prod. 14(11), 86-94(1967). (486) Precision electron beam welding and equipment (in Hungarian), Finommechanika 9, 201—9 (July 1970). O. K. Nazarenko, S. 1. Zozulya, and G. V. Baranov (487) Cathode nodes of fine-focus electron guns for electron-beam welding (in Russian), Prib. Tekh. Eksp. 9(3), 126-28(1964). O. K. Nazarenko et al. (488) Quality control and reproductibility of shape welds produced by electron beam welding (in Russian), Avtomat. Svarka 1968(1), 21-27.

V. I. Nazarov and N. G. Frolov (489) Electron beam welding of metal up to 0.5 mm thick, Weld. Prod. 1964(1), 34-40.

M. Nelles (490) Energy beams and working tools, Proc. Nat. Electronics Conf. 22,991-92 (1966).

G. Neubert (491) Influence of scale and rust on the electron beam welding of plain carbon and low-alloy steels (in German), Schweisstechnik 19,393-94 (1969). (492) Technological and metallurgical problems of introducing electron beam welding into industry (in German), ZIS Mitt. 11(1), 44-51 (1969). K. H. Nightingale (493) Welding beats brazing for joining ceramics, Engineer 230,28-29 (January 15, 1970). V. S. Novosadov (494) The effect of heat treatment on the properties of joints between zirconium—2.5% niobium alloy and niobium alloys (in Russian), Avtomat. Svarka 1969(1), 26-29. (495) Properties of welded joints of zirconium alloy containing 2.5% niobium with titanium alloys (in Russian), Svar. Proiz. 3969(1), 22-24; English translation, Weld. Prod. 16(11), 41-44 (November 1969). (496) Weldability of zirconium with niobium alloys, Weld. Prod. 16(8), 40-44 (August 1969). E. G. Nunn (497) Electron beam welding, Eng. Mat. Des. 6(9), 640-44 (1963). H. A. Nyenhuis (498) Practical application of electron beam welding and milling, Proc. 6th Electron Beam Symp., 1964, pp. 124-43. 24

M. L. Ochieano (499) Nondestructive testing of electron beam welds, Proc. Symp. on Nondestructive Testing of Welds and Materials Joining, 1968, 18 pp. N. A. Olshansky (500) Progressive method for vacuum electron beam welding (in Russian), Svarka Tsvetn. Splavov i Nekotorykh Legirovan. Stalei. Sb. 1962, 181-98. N. A. Olshansky and E. L. Mamutov (501) Vapor pressure in the melting channel in electron beam welding (in Russian), Elekt. Obrabot. Mat. 1969(1), 46-49. N. A. Olshansky and O. K. Nazarenko (502) The current status of electron beam welding in the U.S.S.R., Proc. Ist Internat. Conf on Electron and Ion Beam Technol., 1964, pp. 587-605. N. A. Olshansky, V. G. Razzhivin, and S. A. Durnov (503) Electron beam welding type VKS-I high-strength steel, Automat. Weld. 22(3), 6-10(1969). W. Opiiz (504) The electron beam as a novel tool, Werkstattstechnik 51,448-51 (1961). N. E. Orrok

(505) Welding in the auto industry, Metal Prog. 94,141-49 (October 1968).

M. Osumi et al. (506) Practical application of electron beam welding to magnesium, and titanium alloys (in Japanese), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review 7(3), 347-57 (1970). J. Otter (507) High volume electron beam welding, Tool Manuf. Eng. 61,40-42 (August 1968). A. G. Pankov, K. G. Utkin, and V. V. Cheparukhin (508) Experimental apparatus for electron-beam welding in a vacuum (in Russian), Radioelektronika 1965(255), 172-73. S. Panzer (509) Welding and machining with an electron beam, Vide 16, 259-69 (1961). P. G. Parks and R. V. Hoppes

(510) Welding in aerospace applications, Light Metal Age 24(3/4), 14-15, 20 (1966).

H. L. L. van Passen, E. C. Muly, and R. J. Allen (511) Cold hollow cathode discharge welding, Proc. Nat. Electronics Conf. 18,597-600 (1962). D. E. Passoja (512) Heat flow in electron beam welds, Weld. J. 45,379s-384s(1966). (513) Penetration of solids by high-power density electron beams, Brit. Weld. J. 14, 13-16 (January 1967). B. E. Paton and V. N. Kubasov (514) Experimental welding in space (in Russian), Avtomat. Svarka 1970(5), 7-12. H. E. Pattee, R. M. Evans, and R. E. Monroe (515) Joining dissimilar metals, USAEC Report DMIC-S-16, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1968,48 pp.

I. M. Pavlov et al. (516) Some problems in the manufacture of welded tubes from niobium alloys (in Russian), Tsvet. Metally 1970(3), 50-52. 25

R. J. Perdue (517) For the young engineer - a brief review, Metal Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2( 11), 478-80 (1970). C. Phillips and G. L. Reeves (518) The development and evaluation of joining stainless steels to ferritic steels for high-pressure/high- temperature service, Metal Constr. 1( 12s), 96-108; 134-42 (1969). W. M. Phillips (519) Welding and aging of bimetal refractory metal joints, Proc. 9th IEEE Ann. Thermionic Conversion Specialists Conf., 1970, pp. 1-6. N. V. Podola et al. (520) Stabilizing electron beam welding conditions, Automat. Weld. 1965(4), 26-31. R. M. Poorman and K. L. Boring (521) Plasma electron beam development for welding applications, Materials and Processes for the 70's, Proc. SAMPE 15th Nat. Symp., 1969, pp. 633-48. A. G. Povod (522) Mixing of the metal during electron-beam welding with dagger-shaped penetration, Automat. Weld. 1963(8), 76-78. J. L. Privoznik, R. S. Smith, and J. S. Heverly (523) Electron beam welding of thick sections of 12%Cr turbine grade steel. Weld. J. SO, 567-72(1971). N. N. Prokhorov and T. N. Osokina (524) Distribution of deformation in welded joints (in Russian), Svar. Proiz. 1970(8), 11—12. R. Prummer (525) Residual stresses due to electron beam butt welding of a 0.32% plain-carbon steel,/. Soc. Mat. Sci. Japan 17, 1066-70(1968). J. G. Purchas and H. R. W. Cobb (526) Aspects of reactor fuel-element fabrication, Weld. Met. Fab. 28(8), 302-8(1960). B. Raab and A. Schock (527) Electron beam welding of tungsten to tungsten/rhenium and tungsten/rhenium to niobium, Proc. 9th IEEE Ann. Thermionic Conversion Specialists Conf., 1970, pp. 7—11. M. Rapin (528) Electron beam welding (in French), Arts et Manufactures 216,11-14 (March 1971). W. J. Reichenecker and J. Heuschkel (529) NASA contributions to metals joining, NASA-SP-5064, 1967, 143 pp. E. Rexer (1»30) On the deformation, recrystallization, and welding of molybdenum single crystals,Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1964, pp. 541-49. H. Richter and 3. C. Tverberg (531) Properties of welds with zirconium alloys containing niobium, Metall 17,678-84(1963). A. D. L. Riches (532) Welding aluminum alloys, Aust. Weld.J. 14(9) (November 1970). H. Rieger (533) Investigations on electron beam welded aluminum alloys (in German), Aluminum 44(10), 599—605 (1968). K. P. Rissmann (534) Recent methods for the welding of copper (in German), Metall 24(5), 467-79 (1970). 26

S. Robelotto (535) Electron beam welding of refractory materials for ion propulsion systems, Proc. 5th Electron Beam Symp.. 1963, pp. 218-29. J. P. Roos, P. R. Payne, and J. R. Morlcy (536) Design of programmed electron beam welder, Proc. 6th Electron Beam Symp., 1964, pp. 348-69. R. E. Roth (537) Electron beam welding: Applications and design considerations for aircraft turbine engine gears, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp.. 1967, pp. 45-71. R. E. Roth and N. F. Bratkovich (538) Characteristics and strength data of electron beam welds in four representative materials, Weld. J. 41, 229s—240s (1962). S. Rowden (539) Modern welding engineering in relation to production engineering, Prod. Eng. 46,685-96 (1967). D. V. Russell (540) Developments in electron beam welding machines, Sheet Metal bid. 39,495-99 (1962). (541) Electron beam welding process and machine design concept, Sheet Metal Ind. 40,872-80 (1963). (542) Scope of electron beam welding, Aircraft Eng. 40,21-22 (December 1968). J. D. Russell (543) Electron beam welding - a progress report, Metal Constr. Brii. Weld. J. 2(11), 475-78 (1970).

C. M. Ryerson (544) Reliability aspects of microjoints, Proc. 14th Nat. Symp. on Advanced Techniques for Material Investigation and Fabrication, 1968, 16 pp. F. N. Ryzhkov and V. S. Postnikov (545) Welding by electron beam oscillating along the weld, Automat. Weld. 22(11), 66-70(1969). F. Samuelson (546) Equipment and applications for partial electron beam welding, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 157-65. (547) Nonvacuum electron-beam welding, Mod. Mach. Shop 42(10), 98-102 (March 1970). A. Sanderson (548) Electron beam delineation and penetration, Brit. Weld. J. 15, 509-13 (1968);£ri7. Weld. Res. Ass. Report P/22/67. (549) Electron beam monitoring techniques, Proc. Conf. on Advances in Welding Processes, 1970, pp. 161-66. A. Sanderson and M. J. Adams (550) Beam characteristics of a 30kV electron gun, Brit. Weld. Res. Ass. Report P/27/68. D. J. Sandstrom et al. (551) On the measurement and interpretation and application of parameters important to electron-beam welding, Weld. J. 49,293s-300s (1970). L. E. Savoie (552) Power system for electron beam welding in space, IEEE Trans, on Aerospace A5-2,975-84 (1964). L. N. Sayer (553) Electron beam welding, Lucas Eng. Rev. 3(1), 2-13 (March 1966). (554) Quality in electron beam welding, Brit. Weld. J. 14, 163-69(1967). L. N. Sayer and T. E. Burns (555) Practical aspects of electron beam welding, Brit. Weld.J. 11(4), 163-71 (April 1964). 27

W. Scheffels (556) Welding and machining by high-intensity electron beams, Draht 12,352-56 (1961). W. Scheibe (557) Electron beam welding and its application in reactor technology (in German), German AEC Report KFK-404, 1966, 36 pp.

(558) Electron beam welding of fuel elements filled with U02-Pu02 (in German), Kerntechnik 9,148-51 (1967). (559) Investigation of the modification of the occurrence of brittle phases in welded joints between different types of material welded by the electron beam procedure (in German), German AEC Report KFK-736, 1968,111 pp. S. Schiller, U. Heisig, and G. Jaesch (560) Electron beam welding installations at the Manfred von Ardene Research Institute, East Germany (in German), Schweisstechnik 20(4), 159-68 (April 1970). (561) On the behavior of electron beams in weak vacuum, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1970, pp. 115-35. F. Schleich (562) Control devices for semiautomatic and automatic electron-beam welding machines (in German), VDI Z. 108(26), 1269-73(1963). F. R. Schollhammer (563) Application of electron beam techniques for in-space fabrication, Proc. Symp. on Manufacturing Methods in Space Flight Technology, Munich, 1964, pp. 189-210. (564) Electron beam v/elder for space, Proc. 6th Nat. Symp. on Materials for Space Vehicle Use, 1963, vol. 1,51 pp. (565) Electron beam welding for in-space assembly and maintenance, Proc. 1st Nat. Conf. on Space Maintenance and Extra Vehicular Activities, 1966, pp. 2.6.1 —2.6.26. (566) Electron beam welding may be ready in 1969, Pipe Line Ind. 28(3), 53-56; 59-61 (1968). (567) Hand-held electron beam gun for in-space welding, Proc. 4th Space Congress on the Challenge of the 1970's, 1967,31 pp. (568) Status of electron-beam welding for in-space applications, IEEE 9th Symp. on Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Technol., 1967, pp. 215-38. D. C. Schubert (569) Computation of small-angle scattering and its importance for electron beam welding, Proc. 10th Symp. on Electron, Ion, and Laser Beam Technol., 1969, pp. 459-72. D. C. Schubert and B. W. Schumacher (570) Effect of electron scattering in metal vapor on energy dissipation in cavity present during electron beam welding, Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1968, pp. 269-90. H. Schultz (571) Electron beam welding of copper/steel joints, Metall 21,1114-15 (1967). (572) Present position of electron beam technology, Weld. Met. Fab. 36,246-55 (1968). (573) Strength behavior of certain electron beam welded high strength structural steels (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 20, 591-98 (1968). B. W. Schumacher and F. D. Seaman (574) Study of factors producing high efficiency welds with a nonvacuum electron beam welder, Proc. 10th Symp. on Electron, Ion, and Laser Beam Technol., 1969, pp. 29-42. M. Schwartz (575) Electron-beam welding of brazed refractory joints, Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1964, pp. 713-33. 28

M. M. Schwartz (576) Electron beam welding of dissimilar metals, Proc. 5th Electron Beam Symp., 1963, pp. 252-61, (577) Electron beam welds moly-foil, Iron Age 191(3), 84-85 (March 28, 1963). (578) Modern Metal Joining Techniques. Welding and Brazing, Wiley, New York, 1969,479 pp. (579) Molybdenum honeycomb for aerospace structures, Proc. 5th Electron Beam Symp., 1963, pp. 230-39. (580) Short term production applications for electron beam welding,Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1968, pp. 433—46. (581) Tooling for electron beam welding, ToolManuf. Eng. 51(5), 87-90 (November 1963). N. B. Schwartz (582) Electron beam processing shows unique advantage, Iron Age 207,75-78 (March 18, 1971). H. Schwartzbart (583) Refractory metals, Weld. Eng. 48(5), 31-35 (May 1963). (584) Welding of refractory metals, High Temperature Materials, Part 2, Metallurgical Society Conferences, vol. 18, 1963, pp. 583-97. H. Schwarz (585) Mechanism of high-power-density electron beam penetration in metal, J. Appl. Phys. 35, 2020—29 (1964). (586) Present knowledge of fundamental processes of electron beams as material working tools, Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1968, pp. 301—17. Sciaky Brothers, Inc. (587) Electron beam welding developments, Sciaky Engineering Report 353, 1968. A. Scott (588) The many ways of microwelding, Engineering 208,524-26 (November 14, 1969). D. Scott (589) Electronic welding and grinding at GM, Strasbourg, Automot. Ind. 140(5), 53-57 (March 1, 1969). M. H. Scott and P. M. Knowlson (590) The welding and brazing of the refractory metals niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten: A review,/. Less Common Metals 5(3), 205-44(1963). F. Seaman et al. (591) Joining 2219 aluminum alloy with the Westinghouse out-of-vacuum EB welder, Proc. 9th Nat. Symp. on Joining of Materials for Aerospace Systems, 1965, 19 pp. F. D. Seaman (592) Advanced metals joining technology: A new viewpoint, Weld. Eng. 54,41-44 (October 1969). (593) Experimental, as welded, properties of out-of-beam electron beam welds in 2219—T87 aluminum alloy, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1970, pp. 248-80. (594) Where out-of-vacuum electron beam welding fits into today's welding processes, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 167-80. H. Seeler (595) Investigations into the penetration behavior of the electron beam during electron beam welding (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 13(12), 581 -85 (1961). P. Shahinian et al. (596) Metal mixing during electron beam welding, Electrochem. Technol. 6, 282-86 (July 1968); Proc. 3rd Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1968, pp. 384—97. D. P. Shchetanov (597) Welding of niobium alloy VN-2 to bronze BrKh0.8, Weld. Prod. 17,66-67 (August 1970). 29

B. A. Shutov and A. A. Erokhin (598) The optimum composition of the weld metal during fusion welding of copper with low-carbon steel (in Russian), Avtomat. Svarka 1970(11), 17-19. R. Sifferlen ct al. (599) Electron beam welded zones in uranium molybdenum alloys containing 0.5% to 2% molybdenum (in German), Mem. Sci. Rev. Metallurgie 64(9), 757-68 (1967). S. M. Silverstein, V. Strautinan, and W. R. Freeman (600) Application of electron beam welding to rotary gas turbine components, Proc. 9th Nat. Symp. on Joining of Materials for Aerospace Systems, 1965,41 pp. J. W. Slemmons (601) The Microworld of Joining Technology, American Welding Society, 1969,48 pp. S. S. Smith et al. (602) Study of electron beam welding, Weld. J. 41,279s-288s (1962). L. D. Smullin (603) Some elementary considerations in the design of electron beams for welding and heating, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Electron Beam Technology, 1961, pp. 8-25. G. Sobisch (604) Metallurgical problems in electron-beam welding (in German), ZiS Mitt. 12(1), 33-43 (1970). J. L. Solomon (6C , Electron-beam welding, Mech. Eng. 87(1), 28-33 (1965). (606) New developments in electron beam welding, ASME paper 64-PROD-12, 1964, 16 pp.; Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol., 1964, pp. 606-33. (607) New developments in electron beam welding equipment, Weld. J. 41(8), 719-27(1962). J. L. Solomon and H. A. James (608) Electron beam welding fulfills industrial tool role, Steel 156(5), 38-40(February I, 1965). J. L. Solomon a.id P. R. Thome (609) Some new developments in EB welding, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1965, pp. 191-218. J. Sommeria (610) Applications of electron bombardment, Met. Constr. Mecan. 102(4), 201-12 (1970). (611) Possibilities of bombardment, Vide 17,307-11 (1962). L. H. Stauffer (612) Plasma electron beam welding, Proc. 9 th Nat. Symp. on Joining of Materials for Aerospace Systems, 1965,28 pp. E. J. Stefanides (613) Electron beam welds tubing formed from continuous strip, Design Nevjs 23(14), 52-53 (July 5, 1968). S. J. Stefanski (614) Electron beam weld joint design, Proc. Electron Beam Welding Symp., 1967, pp. 99-111. H. D. Steffens and C. H. Sepold (615) Recent developments in electron beam welding of unalloyed steels, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Electron and Ion Beam Sci. and Technol, 1970, pp. 281-93. K. H. Steigerwald (616) Electron beam welding and cutting (in German), Schweisscn Sctmeiden 12(3), 89-95 (1960). (t-17) Action of forces and pressure conditions in electron beam deep-welding capillary (in German), Optik 22(4), 307-13 (March 1965). 30

(618) Klectron-beam welding of fully machined precision parts in the light of design and metallurgical influences (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 18(12). 592-96 (1966). K. H. Steigerwald et al. (619) Electron beam welding. Weld. Met. Fab. 30(7), 261-66 (July i962). NV. 1. Stcinkamp (620) Electron beam welding - new development for industry, Weld. Eng. 44(4), 38-41 (1959). J. C. Sterling, Jr. (621) Electron beams. Steel 159(3), SI-S5(July 18, !966). J. A. Stohr (622) Electron beam welding in France, Proc. 3rd Symp. on Electron Beam Processes, 1961, pp. 102-15. (623) Electron beam welding: Use of electron beams with variable distribution of specific power on the

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H. Tong and W. H. Giedt (638) Depth penetration during electron beam welding, J. Heat Transfer 93, 155—63 (1971). (639) Dynamic interpretation of electron beam welding, Weld. J. 49, 259s-266s (1970). (640) Radiographs of electron beam welding cavity. Rev. Sci. lustrum. 40, 1283-85 (1969). R. E. Travis, C. M. Adains, and V. P. Ardito (641) Comparison of processes for welding ultra-high strength sheet steels, Weld. J. 42, 9s—17s (1963). R. E. Trillwood (642) Electron beam welding of small components, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2,480—81 \Proc. Conf. on Advances in Welding Processes, 1970, pp. 116-21. (643) Small component electron-beam welding, Weld. Met. Fab. 38(3), 116-17 (1970). W. C. Truckenmiller (644) Electron beam welding of pearlitic malleable iron, Mod. Castings 50(1), 126-34 (July 1966). J. P. Trzil and D. W. Hood (645) Electron beam welding 2219-aluminum alloy for pressure vessel applications, Weld. J. 48, 395s-408s (1969). G. Tulisiak (646) Electron beam applications to welding space propulsion components, Proc. 6th Electron Beam Symp., 1964, pp. 98-111. P. W. Turner and C. D. Lundin (647) Effect of iron on the hot cracking of uranium weld metal, Weld. J. 49, 579s-587s (1970).

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INDEX advantages, 2,36.44.52. 71. 118, 151, 164, 168, chromium. 153 175. ! 7l>. 180, 188,205.231.232,247, 267, chromium alloys, 444, 523 284, 285. 292. 331. 3^6. 260, 261. 262, 335, cold cathodes. 8. 9. 386, 511.612 36 7. 368, 384. 398.448.450,457.458,462, columbium alloys. 68.97, 262, 263,483 464.466,473.474.477. 509, 542, 554. 555. columbium/stcel, stainless, 629 556.608,626.627,648.659.666,684, 685 computer industry, 25, 58 aerospacc industry. 1.9. 21,45, 50, 55, 66, 80. control. 128, 148. 223,238.241. 307, 313,450, 105. 124. 125, 144. 150,183. 215.216. 217. 465,478,488,549,562,618,649 240. 255. 320. 326. 328. 337. 363. 374, 386. copper, 351,497,534.687 397.402.4i 7.438.461.480. 510. 514, 529. copper alloys. 166 543, 552, 563. 564. 565. 567, 568, 579, 608, copper/aluminum, 442,670 646, 648.650.656, 672. 677 copper/beryllium. 661 aircraft industry. 1. 16.41. S4.65.69, 103, 104, copper/molybdenum, 631 150. 206. 217, 234, 283, 314, 321, 324, 362, copper/aluminum tubes, 173 369. 4)0,419, 537.655 copper/nickel, 442 aircraft landing mats, 2 copper/silver, 442 aircraft maintenance, 26, 28,33. 38 copper/steel, 471, 598 alumina. 323,325 copper/steelalloy, 631 aluminum. 2.3. 72. 112, 153. 170, 187.323, copper/tantalum, 631 497,651 costs, 36 aluminum alloys, 162.167,170, 184, 288, 289, curia/plutonia, 658 315.506,532,533,591, 593,639,645 data processing industry, 350 aluminum/beryllium. 665 deep welding, 617,619 aluminum/copper, 442.670 defects in welds, detection, 113, 117, 160 aluminum/copper tubes, 173 depth of penetration, 377,382,399,445,452, aluminum foil. 336 548,586,595,637,638,686 aluminum, sintered. 111 dissimilar meials, 5,47,87,259, 264,286, 339, aluminum/siecl, 392 450,472,476,515,554, 576,605,606 applications (general) {see also names of economics, 164 industries), 55.71.92.95. 177, 178, 203, 220. efficiency, 244 221. 239. 247.318. 327,359, 383,384,428, electrical industry, 360 433.440,464.467.474,477.484,498. 502, electron guns (see welding equipment) 555.666 electronics industry, 27,265,276,357,434,459, automation of welding equipment, 102, 536 619,683 automobile industry, 6, 17.36,37,226,360, explosive parts, 59 505. 589.600.648 fillers. 115, 137. 189,596 ball bearings, 191 foil, metal, 253 bearings (see also ball bearings, roller bearing four-slide equipment, 186, 187 indusiry). 38. 46 gas turbines (see turbines, gas) beryllium, 11.90, 290,299.306, 308, 311,323, germanium, 222 429,602,668 hard vacuum, 372, 469 beryllium/aluminum, 665 heat exchangers, 305, 636 beryllium/copper, 661 heat input, 94 boron/molybdenum, 143 heat resistant materials, 213 bronz, 120 heat transfer, 637 carbon steels, 11,390,443,491, 525 high vacuum, 129,679 carbon steel/copper, 599 high voltage, 80, 98. 144, 301, 317, 320,453, cast iron (see iron, cast) 538, 585,618,629, 639 cathodes (see also cold cathodes), 128. 130, 511 industrial applications (see applications) ceramics, 493 instrument components. 201 35 inn propulsion systems, 535 norsial, 404 iron, 153 nuclear applications, 5, 207, 212, 254, 279,337, iron, cast. <*46 376,435. 526. 557, 558. 620, 622, 624, 625, iron, pea Hi tic, 644 629, 664, 688 isotope encapsulation (aw also nuclear applications). optical industry, 671 85. 161 oscillating beam, 545 job shops. 116, 119 partial vacuum (see vacuum, partial) joint design. 476. 554. 614 penetration, d^plh of (see depth of penetration) large parts, 139. 194, 300. 344,605, 606,673 pipeline industry, 229, 230 limitarions. 55, -!68, 232, 284, 331, 347,360, 367, plasma electron beam, 521 384,436.464, 509, 542, 581, 526,627, 666 plutonia/curia, 658 low voltage. 80.99, 288. 289. 304, 538,639 powder metals, 636 magnesium alloys. 506 precision machine industry, 671 maintenance of welding equipment. 507 pressure vessels. 11.315,475, 645 many parts. 14 problems, 492 marine applications, 427 production tool (see also applications), 39, 60,62, mechanics of process. 4, 5, 15. 20, 3 J, 35, 36, 43, 75, 141 49, 80. 82, 89,91,95, 101. 112, 123, 127, 133, properties of welds, 96, 101, 106, 124, 127, 132, 138. 142, 153. 154. 176. 179, 180, 182, 188. 135, 140, 152,156, 157,158, 159, 169, 177, 190, 200. 202. 203, 209, 218, 219, 221, 231. 178, 202, 203,209,210,211,224, 229, 236, 249, 252. 278. 284, 285, 288, 289, 292, 294, 246, 250, 264,273, 288,297,304, 309, 331, 297, 318, 319. 329, 331, 346,359, 360,365, 332, 343,354,361,382, 391,430,431,432, 378. 384, 389, 393, 398.403,421,436,440, 436,441,452.476,464,477,494,499, 509, 457.462. 464. 466, 467,470,474,476,477, 524, 525, 538, 545, 554, 559, 572, 573, 580, 481. 482.485.489,490, 500, 502, 504, 509, 593, 596,602,604,612,620, 629,635,, 651, 513. 517, 522. 529, 539, 541, 55S, 556. 569, 654, 657. 666, 667,668, 676, 686 570. 578. 585, 586,606,616,619,620,623, pumps, 427 648. 663, 680.685, 686 parameters, 4, Q9, 114, H 5, 117, 122, 127, 229, microtcchnology. 17 i 243, 268, 288, 289, 293, 294, 333, 336, 347, microwclding. 590. 257, 258, 276,434,459,471, 364, 377, 387,4II, 412, 551, 609, 662,684 544. 588, 601.619 radioactive materials (see also nuclear applica- molybdenum. 256. 322, 375,422, 530, 590,668 tions), 310 molybdenum alloys, 80, 97, 577, 579, 580 reactive metals, 633,634 molybdenum/boron. 143 refractory metals, 80, 100, 240,286,345,472,497, molybdenum/copper, 631 519, 535, 575,583, 584, 590,610,633,634 molybdenum/titanium alloy, 635, 650 residual stresses, 11,96 molybdenum/uranium alloys, 195 rods, 88 nickel. 153 roller bearing industry, 181 nickel alloys. 94. 97. 224, 237, 413, 559, 678 safety, 43, 93, 123, 373,653 nickel/copper, 442 nickel/silver, 442 salvage tool, 460 nickel/steel alloy, 94, 385 saw bands, 57, 81 nimonic alloys, 251 sheet metal fabrication, 74 niobium, 162. 275, 494, 516, 590 silicon, 222 niobium alloy/bronze alloy, 597 silver/copper, 442 niobium/tungsten rhenium, 527 silver/nickel. 442 niobium/zirconium alloy, 140,494, 495,496, 531 small parts, 12, 18, 24,44,47, 51, 58, 136, 396, nondestructive testing of welds, 465, 499, 635, 640 642, 643, 660 non-vacuum. 23,34, 56, 120, 123, 147, 204, 208. soft vacuum, 2, 13. 120, 124, 298,348, 366, 225, 226, 227, 228, 242, 338, 360, 368, 371, 372, 368, 372, 469 378, 379, 394, 400, 401,402,403,451,454, spiking, 107, 109, 639 455,458,459, 469, 547, 574, 586, 591, 593, 594,621 steam turbines (see turbines, steam) 36 steel. 214. 270, 271. 316, 354, 366, 370,415, turbines, gas, 457, 600 418. 425.426,430. 431. 432, 437, 449, 503, turbines, steam, 427 538. 573. 615. 641, 668, 670 uranium. 153, 155, 331,647 steel/aluminum, 3l)2 uranium/molybdenum alloys, 195 steel alloy/copper. 631 vacuum, partial, 145, 146,456,546, 561,621 steel alloys. 162, 523,682 vapor pressure, 501, 617 steel, austenitic, 280 variables, 112. 120 steel, jcthete. 681 welders (see welding equipment) steel, low alloy. 11. 250. 291,443. 491 welding equipment, 1,2, 7, 10, 16, 19, 22,30,31, steel, tnaraging. 94, 132 36,40.41, 43, 45, 49, 52, 67, 73, 76, 79, 83, 84, steel rings, 132 89,93, 101, 102, 110, 112, 114, !2!; 122, 123, steel, stainless. 69, 280,452.458, 489, 497,639. 127, 131. 149, 162, 163, 174. 176, 177, 179, 657 180, 188, 190, 193, 197, 198, 199, 220, 223, tantalum/copper. 631 229, 233, 235, 239, 242, 247, 266, 269, 274, temperature distribution. 218, 219, 377, 512 287, 292, 297, 301, 302, 303, 318, 334, 337, 342, thermocouples. 480 343,346, 347, 355, 356, 359,360,364, 368, thermionic converters. 352 371, 372, 380, 381, 400,401,402, 405, 407, thick structures, 5, 101, 273,424 408,409,416, 421,428, 439, 454,458, 459, /titanium alloys, 395 463,464,474, 477, 485, 486,487,497, 502, titanium, 28,41,63.64, 66, 77. 86, 152, 196, 507, 508, 509, 520, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 215, 216, 242, 272, 275, 281,423,650, 675 546, 555, 560, 562, 564, 566, 567, 574, 591, titanium alloys, 146, 152, 281, 282, 332, 393f 603, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 612, 616, 621, 495, 506, 538.602,650,656, 668 626, 627, 628, 632, 648, 649,651, 652, 666, titanium/molybdenum. 650 669,681,684,685,686 titanium/tin alloys. 395 welding equipment, automation, 102, 313 tooling. 121 welding equipment design, 130 toxic materials, 310 welding equipment efficiency, 134 tube mills, 29.31, 78, 226,516 welds, quality of (see properties of welds) tubes. 23,48. 349,613,629 wire, 115 tungsten, 192,312, 322,420,479, 590,650, 668 zircaloy, 120, 122, 177, 178,354 tungsten alloys, 192,406,414,420 zirconium, 468 tungsten/tungsten rhenium, 527 zirconium alloys, 354,468, 630 tungsten rhenium/niobium, 527 zirconium niobium alloy, 140,494,495,496, 531 tungsten rhenium/tungsten, 527 LASER BEAM WELDING

INTRODUCTION

"Laser welding is accomplished by focussing the high intensity light beam from the crystal, at or near the location on the workpiece where focal fusion is to be accomplished. The objective is to bring about fusion at the point of contact of the two workpieces, thereby accomplishing a weld. As with other welding processes, the amount of metal melted depends upon the intensity and total energy transferred by the laser beam."1 "The laser is able to weld or machine a very tiny area because its beam can be focused to a spot approaching that of the wavelength of the generated light. ... The small spot has two advantages; first, it minimizes the size c-f :he region affected by the heat due to the absorbed laser light and, therefore, allows welding or machining close to heat sensitive components. In addition, it allows materials to cool very rapidly since the relatively enormous surrounding area acts as a heat sink. Therefore, materials whose structures and properties are changed after brief exposure to heat may be less affected by laser welding or machining than by conventional techniques." "Another advantage is that the laser beam penetrates any optically-transparent gas, liquid, or solid, allowing the welding or machining of encapsulated or otherwise inaccessible parts.,... Laser welding and machining are non-contact processes. ... Thus there is no possibility of contamination from particles, which are sometimes ejected during conventional welding. Finally, because metals absorb light to depths of only a few Angstroms, laser beams can weld or machine thin metal films without damaging underlying substrate."2 Items 20, 71, 76, 89, 98, and 135 have been deleted from this listing, because reference to laser beam welding was negligible.

Anonymous (1) Automatic laser machine tools a reality, Mach Tool Blue Book 63(10), 120-23 (1968).

(2) CO2 laser welding research shows good results in light-gauge metals, West. Mach. Steel World 61(8), 16 (1970).

(3) Cutting and welding with the C02 laser, Metal Form 36(9), 258-60 (1969). (4) Electrical machining and . II. Lasers, Engineer 224, 819-20(1967). (5) Fabrication technology; joining, Metal Prog. 99: 82-84 (January 1971). (6) Laser light: Fabrication method of the future? Welding 31(2), 77-78 (1963). (7) Evaluating pulsed-laser welding, Mack Design 39(30), 126, 128(1967). (8) Joint venture - lasers and electronics, Weld. Des. Fab. 39(12), 67-70(1966). (9) Laser and its application in machining (in Polish), Mech. Miesiecznik-Nauk-Tech. 43(3), 137-38 (1970). (10) Laser developments in the U.S.A., Weld. Metal Fab. 31(12), 518-20(1963). (11) Laser - Electronic tool for fabricating electronic systems, Weld. Des. Fab. 41(3), 78-80 (1968). (12) The laser: Practical applications, Design Comp. Eng. 1969(3) 6-10. (13) Laser welding becomes standard bonding technique at computer plant, Laser Focus 3(13), 17—19 (1967). (14) Laser welding gains ground, Ind. World 81(5), 48 (1967). (15) Lasers ready for production role, Steel 155(20), 62-64 (1964). (16) Pulsed ruby crystal laser welding, Engineer 218, 78 (July 10, 1964). (17) Techniques in the joining of metals, Engineer 229, 59-60 (July 17, 1969).

1. Welding Handbook, Section 3, Part B, 6th ed., American Welding Society, New York, 1971, p. 55.4. 2. M. I. Cohen, "Laser beams and integrated circuits," Bell Laboratories Record 45, 247-51 (1967).

37 38

C. M. Adams, Jr. (18) Laser welding, ASTME Creative Manuf. Seminars. 1965, Tech. Paper SP-65-99, 14 pp. (19) Laser welding — Unusual process solves unusual problems, Mach. Tool Blue Book 61(6), 102—5 (1966).

W. G. Alwang, L. A. Cavanaugh, and E. Sammartino (21) Continuous butt welding using carbon dioxide laser, Weld. J. 48, 110s— 115s (1969). American Welding Society (22) Welding Handbook, Section 3, Part B, 6th ed., American Welding Society, New York, 1971, pp. 55.13-55.20.

J. E. Anderson and J. E. Jackson (23) Evaluation of pulsed laser welding, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp. 1965, 17-50. (24) Laser welding - where it stands today, Mat. Des. Eng. 61(2), 92-96 (1965). (25) Theory and application of pulsed laser welding, Weld. J. 44, 1018-26(1965).

J. A. Bagley (26) Laser welding versus electron beam welding, ASTME Tech. Paper MR-70-523,1970,11 pp.

C. J. Bahun and R. D. Engquist

(27) Metallurgical applications of lasers, Metals Eng. Quart. 4, 27—35 (February 1964).

M. S. Baranov and I. N. Geinrikhs

(28) Energy balance in laser welding of metals, Weld. Prod. 15( 10), 4-8 (1968).

M. S. Baranov, L. A. Metashop, and I. N. Geinrikhs (29) Laser welding of some dissimilar metals, Weld. Prod. 15(3), 23-27 (1968).

A. D. Battista and M. A. Ponti, Jr. (30) Laser welding of microcircuit interconnections - simultaneous multiple bonds of aluminum to kovar, Proc. SAE Microelectronics Packaging Conf. 1968,85-93. A. P. Bennett (31) Application of laser to welding, Weld. Metal Fab. 36, 263-66, 269 (1968).

L. Benson, J. Missenbaum, and D. Mulvaney (32) Laser welding simplified, Amer. Mach. 114(8), 81-85 (1970).

G. Boyer, J. R. Huriet, and B. Lamouroux (33) Micro-machining by means of coherent light, Optics and Laser Technol. 2(4), 196-99 (1970).

R. L. Brown et al. (34) High-temperature process with special reference to flames and plasmas, J. Inst. Fuels 41, 433—40 (1968). G. Buness (35) Laser welding (in German), Schweisstechnik 15( 10), 433-38 (1965).

M. G. Busche

(36) The revolution in materials joining, Mat. Des. Eng. 63(3), 64-71 (1966).

M. I. Cohen (37) Laser beams and integrated circuits, Bell Lab. Rec. 45, 246—51 (1967). 39

M. 1. Cohen and E. P. Epperson (38) Application of lasers to micro-electronic fabrication, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, suppl. 4, pp. 139-86, 1968. M. I. Cohen, F. J. Mainwaring, and T. G. Melone (39) Laser interconnection of wires. Weld. J. 48(3), 191-97 (1969).

R. J. Conti

(40) Carbon dioxide laser welding, Weld. J. 48(10), 800-806 (1969).

R. G. Daniels (41) Guidelines to safe laser welding, Weld. Eng. 50(4), 62 (1965). G. De Groat (42) Lasers: Tools not toys,Amer. Mach. 111(22), 145-48 (i967). R. F. Donovan

(43) Laser techniques for metal joining, ASTME Tech Paper SP-64-105,1964.

K. W. Dunlap and D. L. Williams (44) High power laser for welding applications, Proc. Nat. Electronics Conf. 18,601—6 (1962). (45) Will lasers weld circuit components? Electronics 36(28), 54.56-57 (1963).

L. P. Earvolino and J. R. Kennedy (46) Laser welding of aerospace structural alloys, Weld. J. 45(3), 127s—134s (1966).

R. A. Endsley

(47) Metal joining: The sixties and the seventies, West. Mach. Steel World 61(3), 23-24(1970).

R. D. Engquist

(48) The laser - a metallurgical tool of tomorrow, Metal Prog. 82(5), 69 (November 1962).

J. P. Epperson (49) Laser welding in electronic circuit fabrication, EDN Magazine, Packaging and Materials Annual, October 1965. R. H. Fairbanks, Sr. (50) Use of laser beam for welding, Proc. 5th Electron Beam Symp., 1963.

R. H. Fairbanks, Sr., and C. M. Adams, Jr.

(51) Laser beam fusion welding. Weld. J. 43,97s-102s (1964).

R. H. Fairbanks, Sr., and R. T. Daly (52) Laser (optical msser) beam fusion welding, ASD Project IR-7-985, Reports I—VI. R. J. Frick (53) Electronic lead welding with the laser, Metal Prog. 90(3), 91-92 (1966). F. P. Gagliano (54) Laser microwelding of uncommon metal combinations, IEEE WESTCON Technical Paper 13 (part 7), 1969, 12 pp.;also/>oc. 10th Internat. Electronic Circuit Packaging Symp., 1969,12 pp. L. A. Gatzek (55) More ways to join dissimilar metals, Mat. Eng. 67(3), 60-62 (1968). 40

R. Guenot, J. Racinet, and A. Bousquet (56) Application of lasers to welding and to connection techniques (in French), Rev. Gen. I Electricite 76, 12^5-54(1967). (57) Thermal probbems and prospects of using laser in welding (in French), Soudage Techn. Connexes 20(3/4), 105-28(1966).

G. A. Hardway (58) The use of lasers for processing materials and components for metalworking and electronic industries, ASTME Tech Paper MR-69-577, 1969, 11 pp. W. J. Harris (59) Physics in welding. Part 13, Weld. Eng. 53(2), 74-75 (1968).

A. Hoffman (60) The laser; a tool for working materials of the most varied descriptions (in German), Technica 17: 2487-2528(1968). R. R. Irving (61) Laser welding moves up a notch, Iron Age 199(21), 83-85 (1967). (62) Welding reacts to new demands, Iron Age 191(14), 83-90(1963). (63) Will laser make grade as proven welding process? Iron Age 193(17), 85-88 (1964). J. E. Jackson (64) Packaging with laser welding. Seniicand. Prod. Solid State Tech 9(5), 21-28 (1966): also laser Focus 1(20), 5-12 (1965). (65) Promising tool for welding micro-miniature parts, Weld. Eng. 50(2), 61 -66 (1965).

N. L Kakhovskv et al. (66) The welding of chromium-r.ickel-molybenum single-phase austenitic steels, Automat. Weld. 23(1), 35-39(1970). R. A. Kaplan (67) A laser system for welding and machining of aerospace materials, Proc. Nat. Electronics Conf., 1964, pp. 929-33. J. W. Kaufman (68) Soldering and welding electronic joints, MetalProg. 98(1). 95-99(1970).

J.J. Kelleher

(69) Lasers and EB welders open new design vistas. Prod. Eng. 40( 14). 102-6, 108, 110 (July 1969). P. H. Kim and S. Namba (70) Laser beam micro-processing. Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1965. pp. 335--42. V. A. Kondratev and A. A. Uglov (72) Welding thin conductors with a laser beam (in Russian), Fizika i Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1969(6), 17-24. V. S. Kudryavtsev, A. I. Struchkov, and S. A. Shapiro (73) Laser welding of metals for electric contacts (in Russian). Elektrotechnika 1967(7), 50-52.

F. J. Lavoie (74) Laser welding: A state-of-the-art report. Mack Des. 41(4), 136-40(1969). 41

A. I. Litvintsev (75) Influence of the method of manufacture on the structure and properties of SAP (sintered aluminium powder) semifinished products, Sov. Powder Met. Metal Ceram. 1969, 842-48.

H. J. McCracken (77) Production laser welding and annealing, PentL State Univ. Col. Eng. Proc. P-46, 1<370, pp. 75—80.

S. M. MacNeille (78) Laser beam welding - How good is it? ToolManuf. Eng. 50(6), 59-63 (1963). (79) Present trends in laser-beam welding techniques. Engineers' Digest 24(8), 66—67 (1963).

T. H. Malm (80) More power to new breed of lasers, Iron Age 205( 17), 99-106 (1970).

J. J. Marklew

(81) Rolls-Royce evaluating high-power laser equipment,Machinery (London) 117,486-88 (1970).

G. Maronna and W. Scheel (82) Welding techniques for electrical connections in microelectronics (in German), Schweissfechnik 20(9), 386-90 (1970). R. P. Meister and D. C. Martin (83) Welding aluminum and aluminum alloys, USAEC report DMIC-236, Battelle Memorial Institute, i967, 76 pp.

K. J. Miller and J. D. Ninnikhoven (84) Laser-space age welding process, SAE Paper 650753, 1965, 10 pp.; also Ijiser Focus 1(23), 10-19 (1965). (85) Laser welding, Mach. Des. 37(18), 120-25(1965). (86) Production laser welding for specialized applications. Weld. J. 44, 480-85 (1965).

A. J. Moorhead (87) Laser welding and drilling applications, Weld. J. 50(2), 97-106(1971).

A. J. Moorhead and P. W. Turner (88) Welding a thermocouple gauge to Apollo lunar sample return containers. Weld. J. 49(1), 15—21 (1970).

J. H. Myer (90) Design of production-worthy laser microwelder, Proc. 8th Electron and Laser Beam Symp., 1966, pp. 207-15.

K. G. Nichols (91) Laser as a microelectronic tool, Laser Focus 1(21), 9-11 (1965). (92) Review of laser microwelding and micromachining, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. 116(12), 2093-2100 (1969).

N. E. Orrok (93) The laser in machining and welding. Metal Prog. 91(2), 150-58 (1967).

T. A. Osial, K. B. Steinbruegge, and P. Scharf (94) Laser welding of microcircuits, Proc. Electron and Laser Beam Symp,. 1965, pp. 343-68.

B. Faszkowski et al. (95) Some problems of laser beam welding and drilling, Electron. Tech. 2(1), 175-86(1969). 42

L. N. Pcckham. M. 0. Hagler, and M. Kristiansen (96) Industrial applications of lasers. ISA Trans. 9(3). 216 -21 (1970).

D. Peters (97) Lasers bridge the cutting and welding gap. Engineer 230, 36 -37 (April 16, 1970). A. R. Pfluger and P. M. Maas (99) Laser beam welding electronic-components leads, WeldJ. 44. 264s -269s (1965). F. S. Phi I pott and K. D. Harris

(100) Machining and welding with laser. Automobile Eng. 55: 494-501 (1965).

A. N. Pikhtin. V. A. Popov, and D. A. Yaskov (101) Obtaining ohmic contacts to semiconductors (in ssian). Pribory Tekhn. Eksper. 1970(2), 238-39. W. N. Platte and J. F. Smith

(102) Laser technique for metals joining, Weld. J. 42,48 ls-489s (1963).

T E. Price

(103) Laser welding of semiconductors, Ind. Electronics 2( 10), 478- 79 (1964).

C. Rauscher (104) Applications of lasers in metal working and design considerations (in German), STZ Schweitz. Tech. Z. 64(38). 805-12(1967). (10t:> New production method* using laser beams (in German), Werkstattstechnik 59(1), 6-11 (1969). J. F. Bsady (106) t-aser applications in metal working, Tool Manuf. Eng.. 62(3), 24-28 (1969); also ASTME Tech. fever MR-68-406, 1968. 19 pp. J. F. Ready. E. Bernal. and L. P. Levine (107) App-'ications of cffects of nigh-power laser radiation, Laser Focus 2(4), 3-7 (1966).

W. J. Reed R. L. Mount

(108) Laser .-evolution in the making - fact or fiction, Mach. Tool Blue Book 65(7), 80-93 (1970).

S. Reich (109) Final report on laser (optical maser) beam fusion welding, TRG Inc., Tech. Report AFML-TR-65-23, 1965, 301 pp. W. J. Reicheneck^r and J. Hueschkel (110) NASA contributions to metals joining. NASA-SP-5064, 1967.

J. F. Rudy

(111) Unique welding processes for special design applications, ASME Paper 63-MD 5 , \ pp.

N. N. Ryaklin and A. A. Uglov (112.) Calculating heating processes in laser welding, Weld. Prod. 14(6), 1-8(1967). (113.) Heating of thin sheets in laser welding (in Russian), Akad. Nauk SSSR. Doklady 165(2), 319-22 (1965>. (114) Role of vapour foimaiion in the heating of metals by laser radiation, Fizika i Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1970(2). 30-33. (115) Some characteristics of heat sources for laser welding, Weld. Prod. 16(11), 1-6(1969). (116) Temperature field of dissimilar materials in butt welding with a surface source (in Russian), Fizika i Khim. Obrabot. Mat. 1969(5), 13-22. N. N. Rykaiin, A. A. Uglov, and N. I. Makarov (117) Effect of peak repetition frequency in a laser pulse on the heating of metal sheets (in Russian), Akad. NaukSSSR. Doklady 174(5), 1068-71 (1967). (118) Influence of non-ideal contacts in the laser welding of different kinds of materials (in Russian), Akad. Nauk SSSr. Doklady 174(4), 824-27 (1967).

A. O. Schmidt, I. Ham, and T. Hoshi (119) Evaluation of iaser performance in microwelding, Weld. J. 44, 481s—488s (1965).

M. M. Schwartz

(120) Modern Metal Joining Techniques, Wiley, New York, 1969, 479 pp.

R. J. Schwinghamer (121) Laser welding, NASA-TM-X-53285, 1965.

B. F. Scott (122) Design and application of laser machine tools, a review, Proc. Internat. Conf. Manufacturing Technology, 1967, pp. 457-80.

B. F. Scott and D. L. Hodgett (123) Pulsed laser machining, Proc. Conf. on Electrical Methods of Machining, Forming and Coating, 1970, pp. 229-38 (IEE Conf. Pub. No. 61).

J. R. Shackieton (124) Laser microwelding, Semiconductor Prod. Solid State Tech. 8(5), 15-19(1965).

J. G. Siekman

(125) Welding with a carbon dioxide laser (in Dutch), Lastechneik 34(11), 248-51 (1968).

J. W. Slemmons

(126) The Microworld of Joining Technology, American Welding Society, New York, 1969,48 pp.

J. F. Smith and A. Thompson (127) Metalworking lasers in engineering service applications, Proc. 9th Symp. on Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Tech., 1967, pp. 268-77. M. L. Stitch and M. J. Weiner (128) Laser apparatus for machining and micromachining (in German), Werkstatt Betrieb. 104(4), 209—12 (1971).

J. E. Stovel'2 and B. F. Scott (129) Carbon dioxide laser machining, Proc. Conf. on Electrical Methods of Machining, Forming and Coating, 1970, pp. 7-13. V. P. Veiko and M. N. Libenson (130) Projection method of treating materials with a laser beam (in Russian), Fizika iKhim. Obrabot. Mat. 1968(4), 44-50.

A. A. Vuylsteke (13!) Optical systems analysis for a laser welder-driller, Penn State Univ., Col. Eng. Proc. P-46,1970, pp. 27-41. fC Weigel (132) Welded joints of very small parts (in German), Werkstatt Betrieb. 101(12), 727-30(1968). 44

K Winter ton (133) Which weld for what job and when. Can Metahvorking 29, 42 -46 (1966); 30f 1), 47-51 (1967). R. 11. Witt, W. Kaehlcr. and D. Klospper (134) Laser welding structural alloys and parts, SAMPE I5th Nat. Symp.. 1969, pp. 649-79. V. V. Zhukov (136) Structure of wire-film microjoints made by laser welding, Metal Sci. Heat Treat. 13(1/2), 137-39 (1971). (137) Welding of gold to kovar by means of laser radiation, Avtomat. Svarka 23( 1). 47-48 f 1970).

J. M. Webster (138) Welding at high speed with the carbon dioxide laser, Metal Prog. 98(5), 59-61 (1970).

INDEX

Specific information concerning the general process of laser beam welding, heat source, types of equipment, etc., is listed in this index undei (he phrase "mechanics of process." advantages, 6, 7, 8, 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 31, efficiency, 70 32, 35, 36, 37, 42,44, 61, 65, 74, 84, 87, 94, electronics industry, 18, 19, 24, 25, 49, 53, 56.. 58, 100, 102, 104, 111, 120, 134, 138 64, 65, 68, 72, 73, 82, 91, 93, 94, 99, 102, 105, aerospace industry, 67, 86, 134 124,138 aluminium, 75, 83 energy balance, 28 aluminium alloys, 83 evaluation, 81 aluminium/kovar, 30 gas lasers, 2, 3, 5, 21, 40, 69, 125, 1.29 applications (general), 12, 14, 22, 34, 35, 47, 69, gold, 51 80, 81, 84, 96, 97, 106, 120, 122, 127, 133 gold/kovar, 137 applications (specific), 87 gold wire/titanium wire, 32 austenitic steel (see steel, austenitic) integrated circuits, (see also electronics industry), 11 i^ryllium/copper, 13 kovar/aluminium, 30 beryllium/copper wire, 39 kovar/gold, 137 brass/copper, 29 light metals, 2 carbon dioxide laser, 2, 3, 5, 21, 40, 69, 125, 129 limitations (see advantages and disadvantages) characteristics of welds, 21, 23, 24, 29, 46, 93, 94, low-alloy steel (see steel, low alloy) 102,109,119,136 mechanics of process, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, chromium, 66 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 27, 31, 32, 37, 45, 48, 50, 57, columbium alloys, 46 59, 63, 64, 65, 69, 77, 78, 84, 85, 87, 107, 108, conductors, 72 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 120, 121, 124, 128, control, 40, 138 129,131,134 copper, 13, 51 microcircuits (see also electronics industry), 30, 93, copper/beryllium, 13 94 copper/beryllium wire, 39 micromachining, 33 copper/brass, 29 microwelder, design, 90 copper/steel, low alloy, 29 microwelding, 54, 92, 126, 128, 132 copper/stainless steel, 29 molybdenum, 66 copper wire/chromium-copper film, 136 molybdenum alloys, 46 cost of equipment and process, 74, 84, 85 nickel, 66 disadvantages, 22, 26,65, 74, 120, 124 nickel alloys, 46 dissimilar metals and materials, 18, 25, 54, 55, 60, off-axis capability, 87 74, 93, 116, i 18 parameters, 7, 38, 39, 63, 84, 87, 109 45 problems. 95,102, 109 steel, stainless/copper, 29 safety. 40,41.69, 134 structural alloys, 46 semiconductors, 11. 101. 102, 103 techniques, (see also mechanics of process), 79 sheet metal, 51. 104, 117. 130 thermocouples, 4, 13, 27, 87, 88 sheet/sheet, 15. 18. 23, 25, 38 thin films, 130 sheet, thin, 113 titanium wire/gold wire, 32 silver, 51 vapor formation, 114, 130 , 45, 123 wire, 4, 8, 15,27, 39,64, 104 springs, welding of, 105 wire/foil, 16,40 stainless steel (see steel, stainless) wire/sheet, 15 steel, austenitic, 66 wire/thin films, 40 steel, low alloy/copper, 29 wire/wire, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 38 steel, stainless, 5, 32, 119 Zircaloy, 44,45 ULTRASONIC WELDING:

INTRODUCTION "Ultrasonic welding is a solid state welding process wherein coalescence is produced by the local application of high frequency vibratory energy as the work parts are held together under pressure. The workpicces are clamped together under moderately low static force, and ultrasonic energy is transmitted into the intended weld area. A sound metallurgical bond is produced without an arc or melting of the weld metal and without the cast structure associated with melting."1

Anonymous

(1) AEC experiments with ultrasonics to join fuel elements, Weld. Eng. 45,41 (July 1960). (2) Advances improve ultrasonic soldering, Prod. Eng. 38, 104 (July 17, 1967). (3) Budget priced machine makes welded three-piece cans from finished aluminum, Modem Metals 23, 72 (March 1967). (4) Foils joined by ultrasonics, Metal Prog. 77, 66-77 (March 1960). (5) How to join columbium alloys, Iron Age 186, 110—12 (Dec. 15, 1960). (6) Metals joined with ultrasonic welder, Elect. Eng. 77, 474 (May 1958). (7) New plateau for ultrasonic welding, Iron Age 199, 24-25 (Jan. 26, 1967). (8) New ultrasonic welder takes on production job, Iron Age 180, 86-87 (Nov. 28, 1957). (9) New welding methods join exotic metals, Chem. Eng. 66, 222 (Oct. 19, 1959). (10) Progress report on ultrasonic welding,Machinery (N.Y.) 65, 122—23 (February 1959). (11) Pulsonic welding: The development of a new joining technique, Weld. Metal Fab. 30(6), 235—39 (1962). (12) Strategy calls for metallurgy, Iron Age 195, 61-66 (April 1, 1965). (13) Ultrasonic bonder is portable, Electronics 39, 276 (Aug. 8, 1966). (14) Ultrasonic foil welding method, Light Metal Age 17, 27 (June 1959). (15) Ultrasonic welding, Machine Des. 36, 130-37 (April 9, 1964). (16) Ultrasonic welding can improve joints in dissimilar metals, Steel 146, 78—79 (Feb. 8, 1960). (17) Ultrasonic welding comes of age, Weld. Eng. 44, 52 (January 1959). (18) Ultrasonic welding conquering refractories, superalloys and aluminum, Missiles and Rockets 29, 26-28 (January 1962). (19) Ultrasonic welding equipment, Engineer 223, 324 (Feb. 24, 1967). (20) Ultrasonic welding for automotive uses, Automotive Eng. 120,60-61 (Jan. 15, 1959). (21) Ulrrasonic welding joins foil to wires, Electronics 30, 216 (Dec. 1, 1957). (22) Ultrasonic welding: Low-pressure high-frequency method of joining metaL, Aircraft Prod. 19(8), 300(1957). (23) Ultrasonic welding makes rapid advances, Steel 142, 80—81 (March 31, 1958). (24) Ultrasonics: A sound welding technique, Weld. Eng. 43, 52-53 (October 1958). (25) Ultrasonics: Big noise in aluminum joining, Weld. Eng. 51, 39—45 (December 1966).

1. Welding Handbook, Section 3, Part B, 6th ed„ American Welding Society, New York, 1971, p. 59.3.

46 47

(26) Ultrasonics in production, Aircraft Prod. 25,46—52 (February 1963). (27) Ultrasonics make ring welds, Iron Age 193, 140 (April 30, 1964). (28) Welding aluminum conductors, Canad. Weld. Fab. 60(11), 10-12 (1969). (29) Welding/bonding, Ultrasonics 6, 52 (January 1968).

Aeroprojecis Incorporated (30) Fundamentals of ultrasonic welding, Bi-monthly Report No. 3, 1958, 23 pp. (AD-205, 394). (31) Method and apparatus employing vibratory energy for bonding metals, U.K. Patent 837,869. (32) Sealing of propellant containers by ultrasonic welding, Research Report 63-39; 64-41; 65-13. (33) Ultrasonic weld cladding of flatplate fuel elements, USAEC Report NYCM0456, June 1962. (34) Ultrasonic welding of selected refractory metals and alloys, Research Report 63—54,102 pp.

S. B. Ainbinder (35) Some problems of ultrasonic welding (in Russian), Svar. Proiz. 32(12), 4—6 (1959).

Aluminum Company of America (36) Welding ALCOA aluminum, 1967,243 pp.

R. S. Ames and J. B. Jones (37) Ultrasonic metal joining and machining, paper presented at SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, 1962, paper SAE 483D, 16 pp.

J. N. Antonevich (38) Ultrasonic welding equipment, IRE National Convention Record 1959, 7, 204—12; also IRE Trans, on Ultrasonics Engineering 7, 26—31 (February 1960).

J. N. Antonevich and R. E. Moore (39) Ultrasonics and welding, Battelle Tech. Rev. 8(3), 9-13 (1959).

(40) are seen as aids in improving conventional welds, Weld. Eng. 44,48—49 (May 1959).

A. J. Avila (41) Metal bonding in semiconductor manufacture: A survey, Semicond. Prod. Solid State Tech. 7(11), 22-26(1964).

L. Balamuth (42) Ultrasonic motors fabricate metals and , SAE J. 74,17—IS (June 1966).

G. F. Balandin and L. L. Silin (43) Role of friction in ultrasonic welding, ARS. J. 32, 1804-06 (1962).

A. Baranek (44) Welding by ultrasonics (in Polish), Prz. Kolejowy Mechan. 13(9), 262-64 (1961).

k. C. Bingham and Y. Gurler (45) Ultrasonic chip-bonding techniques, Proc. Conf. on Thick Film Technology, London, 1968, pp. 16^ -82.

T. W. Black (4(») iHtPlsnnji '•••Minis, lb. ' I'/iy. 39, 111-13 (December 1957). 48

J.R. Bradley

(47) Ultrasonic vibrations in joining metals, Ind. Phot. 8,80 (June 1959).

B. Brown

(48) Metallurgical applications of high intensity ultrasonics, Ind. Elect. 2, 113—16 (March 196 ').

B. Brown and J. E. Goodman

(49) High Intensity Ultrasonics: Industrial Applications, Iliffe Books, London, 1965, pp. 160—95.

R. Canon (50) Electron-beam welding and other modern methods for welidng aluminum alloys (in French), Rev. Soudure 26(3), 145-47 (1970). W. J. Clement (51) Soundless soldering and welding, Mill and Fact. 63, 108-9 (October 1958).

F. R. Collins

(52) Ultrasonic welding of aluminum, Weld. J. 38,969-75 (1959).

H. P. C. Daniels

(53) Ultrasonic welding, Ultrasonics 3, 190-96 (Oct./Dec. 1965).

T. A. Dickinson

(54) Welding with , Weld. Metal Fab. 25(10), 403-4 (1957).

W. Dippe (55) A hypothetical mechanism for welding without melting with special reference to ultrasonic welding (in German), Wws. Z. Techn. Hochschule von Otto von Guericke 13(2), 143—46 (1969). (56) Measuring the efficiency of ultrasonic welding of aluminum (in German), Schweisstechnik 20(3), 108-10(1970). W. Dippe and E. Heymann (57) A survey of the theories and applications of the ultrasonic welding of metals (in German), Wiss. Z. Techn. Hochschule Otto von Guericke 1967(5/6), 701-11.

D. W. Drayer (58) Ultrasonic spot weld evaluation, USAEC Report BDX-613-14, Bendix Corp., 1961, 10 pp.

P. Drews (59) Investigations on ultrasonic spot-welding of metals (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 22(2), 66-69 (1970).

S. Z. Dushkes (60) A design study of ultrasonic bonding tips, IBM J. Res. Dev. 15(3), 230-35 (1971).

R. A. Eade (61) Applications of ultrasonics, Mach. Tool Blue Book 58, 103-5 (February 1963). (62) Ultrasonic welding of difficult-to-join materials, Mach. Tool Blue Book 59, 138-40 (February 1964).

A. A. Erokhlin and L. L. Silin (63) Methods of introducing ultrasonic vibrations into the weld pool (in Russian) Svar. Proiz. 1960(5), 4-7. 49

C. L. Estes (64) Practical applications for the ultrasonic welding process, Soc. Manufacturing Eng., Technical Paper AD-70-571, 1970, 14 pp.

G. W. Fabel (65) Ultrasonic welding optimizing variables, Assembly Fast. Eng. 3,32-36 (November 1960).

G. Fischer (66) Ultrasonic welding (in French), Tech. Moderne 54,373-80 (1962). (67) Ultrasonic welding machines, Rev. Gen. Mechan. Elect. 151,29-38 (January 1962).

L. E. Gatzek (68) More ways to join dissimilar metals, Mat. Eng. 67(3), 60—62 (1968).

R. Geilert (69) Ultrasonic vibrations help join metals, SAEJ. 74,48-49 (July 1966). (70) Updating principles and capabilities of ultrasonic joining, Mach. Des. 37(30), 136—40(1965). (71) Vibrations new aid to joining, Mach. Des. 37, 136 (Dec. 23,1965).

H. T. Gencsoy et al. (72) Some fundamental problems in ultrasonic welding of dissimilar metals, Weld. J. 46, 145s—153s (April 1967).

S. K. Ginzburg, A. M. Mitskevich, and Y. G. Nosov (73) Formation of joint in ultrasonic welding, Weld. Prod. 14(5), 83-87 (1967).

S. K. Ginzburg and Y. G. Nosov (74) Characteristics of diffusion process in commercial iron during ultrasonic welding, Metal Sci. Heat Treat. 1967(3/4), 306-8.

J. Gorczunski (75) Ultrasonic welding (in Polish), Prz. Spawalnictwa 13, 296—99 (November 1961).

H. Grossman (76) Ultrasonic weiding of metal components (in German), ZIS Mitt. 5(3), 377—91 (March 1963). (77) Ultrasonic welding. Recent technological process with wide applications (in German), Nachrich- tcntechnik 11(10), 438-41 (October 1961).

R. M. Gustafson (78) Progress in ultrasonic, electron-beam and plasma jet welding, Metal. Prog. 76, 128 (August 1959).

L. Habraken (79) Techniques for the welding of non-ferrous metals (in French), Rev. Soudure 26(2), 53—60(1970).

T. H. Hazlett and S. M. Ambekar (80) Additional studies on interface temperatures and bonding mechanisms of ultrasonic welds, Weld. J. 49, 196s—200s (May 1970).

R. Honorat (81) Ultrasound: industrial applications (in French), Achats Entretien. 148, 759—61; 763—65; 767—69 (October 1964). 50

R, R. Irving (82) Management takes a look at the new generation of welding processes, Iron Age 201(2), 81—88 (1968).

S. E. Jacke (83) Sonic energy joins rigid plastics, Iron Age 195(14), 143-45 (1965).

C. Joanovic

(84) Ultrasonic welding (in Serbo Croat), Zavarivanje 3(6), 110-12 (1960).

K. I. Johnson (85) Thermal compression and ultrasonic microbonding techniques, Ultrasonics 6(1), 14-18 (1968). (86) Ultrasonic welding of integrated circuitry, Ultrasonics for Industry 1969, 44—46.

J. B. Jones (87) Ultrasonic welding, Proc. CIRPInternat. Conf. on Manufacturing Technology 1967, 1387-1410. (88) Ultrasonic welding, Proc. Molybdenum Fabrication Conf. 1959,88-102. (89) Ultrasonic welding: A new technique grows, Metal Prog. 73(4), 68-72 (1958). (90) Ultrasonic welding in 1966, paper presented at the 1966 National Metals Congress, Chicago. (91) Welding aluminum, copper and stainless steel with ultrasonics, Metal Prog. 78, 117—20 (July 1960). (92) Welding aluminum with ultrasonic sound waves,Modern Metals 15,72—73 (April 1959).

J. B. Jones and H. L. McKaig (93) Ultrasonic welding and improved structural efficiency, Proc. 28th Annual Meeting Inst. Aeronautical Sciences, 1960, paper 60-10.

J. B. Jones and F. R. Meyer (94) High-frequency vibrations weld metals in few seconds, Eng. News Rec. 160,70 (May 15, 1958). (95) Ultrasonic welding of structural aluminum alloys, Weld. J. 37(3), 81s—92s (1958).

J. B. Jones and W. C. Potthoff (96) Certain structural properties of ultrasonic welds in aluminum alloys, Weld. J. 38(7), 282—88 (1959). (97) Ultrasonic soldering, brazing and welding, Prod. Eng. 28, 14-16 (mid-October 1957).

(98) Ultrasonic welding comes of age, Tool Eng. 41,90-94 (September 1958). (99) Ultrasonic welding: Types of equipment and progress in development, Aircraft Prod. 20(12), 492-95 (1958).

J. B. Jones and J. J. Powers (100) Ultrasonic welding, Weld. J. 36(8), 761-66 (1956).

J. B. Jones and E. E. Weismantel (101) Ultrasonic metal joining, Electrical Manufacturing 59(4), 125-29 (1957). (102) Ultrasonic welding of structural aluminum, Aeroprojects Incorporated, Research Report 57-13, 1957,81 pp.

J. B. Jones et al. (103) Application of ultrasonic energy to cold welding of metals, Aeroprojects Incorporated, Research Report 53-57, 1953, 55 pp. (AD-25 843). 51

(104) Development of ultrasonic welding with emphasis on producing hermetic seals, final summary report, Aeroprojecis Incorporated, Research Report 61-99, 1963 (AD-600 597).

N. F. Kazakov and V. A. Bachen (110) Micro-welding of the elements of thick-film circuits using ultrasonics (in Russian), Elektronnaya Obrabot. Mat. 1967(6), 64-69.

J. Kevern (111) Ultrasonics: Intense energy with a delicate touch, Prod. Eng. 39, 102-10 (April 22,1968).

Y. 1. Kitaigorodsky et al. (112) Solid-state joining of metals with ultrasonics (in Pvussian), Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1958(8), 88-90.

A. P. Kozhevnikov and N. V. Grevtsev (113) The ultrasonic welding of aluminum conductors with spray-deposited gold films, Automat. Weld. 20(5), 58-61 (1967).

J. Koziarski (114) Sealing of propellant containers by ultrasonic welding, Aeroprojects Incorporated, Research Report 64-41, 1964 (AD-605 394). (115) Ultrasonic welding: Engineering, manufacturing and quality control problems, Weld. J. 40(4), 349-58(1961).

J. Koziarski and P. Dick (116) Ultrasonic welding joins stainless steel to aluminum in nuclear power plant, Mats. Des. Eng. 53(5), 146-4^" (1961).

J. Krai (117) The possibilities of employing ultrasouic welding to join metal and plastic materials (in Czech), Zvaranie 19(8), 242-47 (1970).

J. Kratky (118) Ultrasonic welding (in Czech), Zvaranie 10(7), 213-14 (1961).

B. B. Kudryavtsev (119) Ultrasonic applications in industry, Russian All-Union Conf. on Ultrasonics in Industrial Processing and Control, 1964, pp. 19-38.

W. Lehfeldt (120) The state of development of ultrasonic welding (in German), Baender-Bleche-Rohre 20(7), 130—38 (1969). 52

H. Linke (121) Joints and joining materials for fine mechanisms (in German). VDI-Z 111(22), 1585-89(1969).

F. E. Littleford (122) Welding electronic devices by ultrasonics, Ind. Electronics 6,123-26 (March 1967).

P. G. Luckhardt (123) Advances encapsulation by ultrasonic ring welding, Semicond. Prod. Solid State Tech. 8(5), 24—27 (May 1965).

A. D. Maher and P. Walklin (124) Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastics, Brit. Plastics 38(7), 436-38 (July 1965).

T. H. Malin (125) The expanding world of ultrasound, Iron Age 201(8), 62-67 (1968).

G. Maronna and W. Scheel (126) Welding techniques for electrical connections in microelectronics (in German), Schweisstechnik 20(9), 386-90 (1970).

N. Maropis and J. G. Thomas (127) Ultrasonic welding of refractory metals and alloys with power-force programming, Aeroprojects Incorporated, Research Report 63-66, 1963 (AD-427 997).

J. C. Merriam (128) New welding processes, Mats. Des, Eng. 51,111-13 (January 1960).

R. E. Monroe (129) Welding keeps up with uncommon inetals; electron beam, ultrasonic and modified arc, Steel 149, 121-22 (July 17, 1961).

R. E. Morre, N. E. Weare, and J. N. Antonevich (130) Fundamental studies of ultrasonic welding, paper presented at the 40th annual meeting of the American Welding Society.

J. A. Mumford et al. (131) Ultrasonic welding of a beryllium window assembly, NASA-TM-X-935, L964.

G. Najork (132) Progress achieved in ultrasonic welding (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 13,593-95 (December 1961).

V. V. Nefedov and Y. V. Kholopov

(133) Ultrasonic seam welding of a foil (in Russian), Avtomat. Svarka 1970(2), 58-59.

E. A. Nenpiras (134) Ultrasonic welding of metals, Ultrasonics 3, 128-35 (1965). (135) Very high energy ultrasonics, Brit. J. Appl. Physics 11, 143 -50 (1960).

S. W. Neville (136) Ultrasonic welding, Brit. Weld. J. 8(4), 177-87 (1961). 53

K. H. Nightingale

(137) Welding beats brazing for joining ceramics. Engineer 230,28-29 (Jan. 15, 1970).

E. Nippes and J. B. Jones (138) New technique for metals joining in die space age; by ultrasonics, J. Metals 16, 244-45 (March 1964).

B. E. Noltingk

(139) Ultrasonic welding, Weld. Metal Fab. 28(7), 260-66(1960).

E. Obeda

(140) How to get good ultrasonic welds, Mod. Plastics 42,130 (November (1964).

H. Ohara, K. Sato, and G. Kamoshita

(141) Metallurgical study of flip-chip bonding, Metallurgical Trans. 1(3), 679-83 (1970).

M. Okada

(142) Joint mechanism of ultrasonic welding, Japan Inst. Metals Trans. 4, 250 (August 1963).

M. Okada and S. Shin

(143) Investigation on ultrasonic welding, Japanese Weld. Soc. J. 32(1), 14-31; 32(2), 116-29 (1963).

N. A. Olshansky and A. V. Moidvintseva (144) Ultrasonics in welding, Russian All-Union Conf on Ultrasonics in Industrial Processing and Control, 1964, pp. 56-68. N. A. Olshansky et al.

(145) Seam and spot welding by ultrasonic vibrations, Avtomat. Svarka 10,75—80 (1958).

E. V. Padgett, Jr. (146) An ultrasonic welding process for attaching aluminum support rails to cylindrical aluminum clad Hanford fuel elements, USAEC Report HW-70938,1961.

E. Pawlak (147) The use of ultrasonics for joining miniature and precision elements (in Poiish), Pomiary. Automat. Kontrola 8(10), 479-82 (1962).

J. M. Peterson (148) Ultrasonic welding in electronic production, Electronics 35,62 (June 8, 1962).

J. M. Peterson et al. (149) Electronic applications of ultrasonic welding, Electronics 35, 112 (June 29, 1962). (150) Ultrasonic welding in electronic devices, IRE Internat. Convent. Rec. 10(6), 3—12 (1962).

P. F. Pfaelzer and J. Fritsch (151) Ultrasonic welding of metals in vacuum, Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Final Report MD-67-3, 1967.

S. H. M. Pirard (152) Special welding processes (in French), Rev. Soudure 18(3), 188-95 (1962). 54

R. Pohlman (153) Welding and testing of plasties materials by ultrasonics, Ultrasonics 1. 130-34 (July/September 1963).

W.C.Potthoffet aL (154) Ultrasonic welding of dissimilar-met3l combinations. WelU.J. 39, 131-38 (February 1960). (155) Ultrasonic welding of electronic components, IRE Internat. Convent. Rec. 8(6), !! -18 (1960). t. Praceus (156) Ultrasonic welding ( in German), Schweisstechnik 11, 220—222 (May 1961).

B. Prakas

(i 57) Welding by two different methods (in Serbo Croat.),Zvarivac 7(1), 17-20 (1962).

R. Prakash

(158) New achievements in welding technology (in Slovene), Varilna Tech. 11(2), 33-42 (1962).

F. N. Rhines (159) Study of changes occurring in metal structure during ultrasonic welding, Univ. Florida, Metallurgical Research Lab., Sumtnary Report TP-82-162 (1962). H. Richter (160) Investigations of the bonding mechanism during ultrasonic welding of metals (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 22(2). 70-73 (1970).

A A. Rossoshinsky, V. A. Lebiga, and V. M. Kistitsyn

(161) Some features of ultrasonic welding (in Russian),/ljVcww/. Svarka 1968(9), 23-25.

S. Rowden (162) Modern welding engineering in relation to production engineering, Prod. Eng. 46(12), 685—96 (1967).

A. Scott (163) Fixing and joining with ultrasound, Engineering 208,372-73 (Oct. 3, 1969). (164) Ultrasonics clean, cut and weld, Engineering 207,507 (March 28, 1969).

S. Shin (165) Ultrasonic welding of metals to non-metallic materials, Technol. Rep. Osaka Iniv. 19 (853/875) 49-63(1969).

S. Shin and H. T. Gencsoy (166) Ultrasonic welding of metals to nonmetallic materials, Weld. J47,398s-403s (September 1968).

A. A. Snaper (167) Some practical application parameters for the ultrasonic bonding of plastic materials, IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrasonics SU12,19-20 (1965).

R. Stemmer (168) Factors affecting bonding of copper and aluminum to glass by ultrasonic joining (in German), Metall 22(1), 1103-8 (1968). 55

W. Szachnowski (169) The ultrasonic method of joining metals and alloys, parts 1 and 2 (in Polish), Technolotnicza 1962(7), 206-9; 1962(8), 242-44.

D. Tadgell-Foster

(170) Ultrasonic aids to metal/plastic assembly, Sheet Metal Ind. 47(1), 31-37, 40 (1970).

J. R. Terrill, F. R. Collins, and J. D. Dowd

(171) Applications for ultrasonic welding of aluminum, ASME Paper 60-WA-322.

R. F. Tylecote

(172) The Solid Phase Welding of Metals, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1968,334 pp. i. Varga (173) The effect of some variables on joints made by ultrasonic welding (in Hungarian), Femipari Kutato Intezet Kozlemenyei 8,173-86 (1966). T. Varga (174) Ultrasonic welding (in German), Schweiz. Tech. Zeit. 60,229-35 (March 28, 1963). (175) Welding with ultrasonics (in German), European Machinery Review 11, 29—231 (November 1963); 12,34-35 (December 1963).

A. I. Vitalov et al. (176) Ultrasonic welding of a metallic contact to a semiconductor (in Russian), Pribory Tekh. Eksper. 1969(4), 221.

N. E. Weare and R. E. Moore (177) Ultrasonic welding of heat-resisting metals, Weld. J. 40,351s-358s (August 1961).

N. E. Weare et al. (178) Fundamental studies of ultrasonic welding, Weld. J. 39,33Is-341s (August 1960). (179) Welding Handbook, Section 3, Part B., 6tli ed., American Welding Society, New York, 1968, pp. 59/1-59/56. K. Wetzlar (180) Old and new technical applications of ultrasonics, DEW Tech. Ber. 7(4), 227—32 (1967).

J. R. Wirt

(181) Ultrasonic welding: Theory and practice, Industry and Welding 32(4), 38-39 (1959).

D. Wunderlich

(182) Advanced welding techniques and the high-nickel alloys, Rev. Soudure 26(3), 148-56 (1970).

C. Zgkir.icki (183) For a cool weld try ultrasonic welding, Prod. Eng. 36, 87-91 (Feb. 15, 1965); also Metalworking Prod. 109,68-72 (May 19, 1965). H. Zuern and H. Richter (184) Ultrasonic welding (in German), Werkstatt Betrieb 102,299-302 (1969).

L. J. Zukor (185) Ultrasonic sealing for welding plastic materials, Plastics Tech. 7,58-59 (March 1961). 56

INDEX aerospace structures, 32, 114 high intensity, 48, 49 aluminum, 3, 18, 25, 28, 36, 50, 52, 56, 91, 92, 95, in electronics, 148, 149, 150 96, 102, 106, 109, 116, 168, 171 in production engineering, 162 aluminum, 113 in vacuum, 151 applications, general, 57, 61, 64, 77, 81, 119, 146, improvements, 2, 23 180 integrated circuits, 86 automotive industry, 20 interface temperatures, 80 beryllium, 131 iron, commercial, 74 bending mechanism, 80, 160 joint mechanism, 142 capabilities, 70 low-pressure, 22 cathodes, 60 manufacturing problems, 115 ceramics, 137 metal/plastic welds, 117 chip-bonding, 45 metal structure changes, 159 copper, 91, 168 metals, uncommon, 129 cold welding, 103, 183 microbonding techniques, 85 columbium alloys, 5 miniature elements, 147 difficult to join materials, 62 nickel alloys, 182 diffusion process, 74 non-ferrous metals, 79 dissimilar metals, 16, 68, 72, 154 non-metallic materials, 166 efficiency, 56 plastic/metal welds, 117 electrical connections, 126 plastics, 42,153, 167, 170, 185 electronic components, 155 plastics, rigid, 83 electronic devices, 122 portable welder, 13 encapsulation, 123 precision elements, 147 engineering problems, 115 problems, 35 exotic metals, 9 quality control problems, 115 flip-chip bonding, 141 refractories, 18, 34, 127 foils, 4, 14, 21, 133 ring welds, 27, 123 friction, role of, 43 seam welding, 145 fuel elements, 1, 33 semiconductors, 41, 176 general information, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, solid phase, 172 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 50, space age, 138 51, 53, 54, 55, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, spot weld, 58, 59, 105, 107, 145 78, 82, 85, 87. 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, steel, stainless, 91, 116 101, 108, 111, 112, 118, 120, 121, 125, 128, 130, superalloys, 18 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 152, 156, thermal compression, 85 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 169, 173, 174, 175, 178, thermoplastics, 124 179, 181, 184 thick-film circuit elements, 110 glass, 168 uncommon metals, 129 heat-resisting metals, 177 variables, optimizing, 65 hermetic seals, 104 wires, 21 high frequency, 22 FRICTION WELDING

INTRODUCTION

"Friction welding is a process in which the heat necessary for welding is generated by rubbing or sliding two mating surfaces together. Because there is a direct conversion of mechanical to thermal energy precisely at the welding plane, it is inherently rapid and economical. In principle there are no limitations on geometric configurations and sizes that can be friction welded. In practice, however, the process seems limited to welding the ends of objects, one of which must be rotated about an axis of symmetry. Ideally, friction welding is suited for joining solid bars, tubes, studs to plates, caps on containers and similar geometric configurations."1 Two variations of this process are called flywheel welding and inertia welding.

(1) Aluminum distribution cables joined by friction welding, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld.J. 2(5), 195 (May 1970). (2) Automotive industry looks to EB, friction and Mig welding, Weld. Eng. 54(9), 52—54 (1969). (3) Bi-metal fastener combines high strength with good ductility, Prod. Eng. 40(22), 118, 120 (1969). (4) Breakthrough on aluminum welding problems, Engineer 228, 23 (April 17, 1969). (5) Flywheel inertia friction welding, Engineer 22,6, 148-49 (July 26, 1968). (6) Flywheel method improves friction welding, Mach. Lloyd 39(18), 26-27 (1967). (7) Friction welding, Automobile Eng. 61, 57 (February 1971). (8) Friction welding, Engine Des. Appl. 1(13), 8-11 (October 1965). (9) Friction welding, Des. Comp. Eng. 17, 28-38 (September 1966). (10) Friction welding, Welding Handbook, vol. 3, Part A, 6th ed., Amer. Weld. Soc., New York, 1970. (11) Friction welding, Machinery (London) 97, 892-96 (1960). (12) Friction welding behind Iron Curtain, Machinery(N.Y.) 67(9), 108-13 (May 1961). (13) Friction welding copper and copper alloys. Can. Weld. Fab. 60(12), 20-21 (1969). (14) Friction welding cuts manufacturing costs in new Ford Escort, Des. Comp. Eng. 1968(3), 11 — 13. (15) Friction welding might solve pipeline problems, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2(5), 198 (May 1970). (16) Friction welding on production line, Mach. Shop Eng. Manuf. 29(3), 24-27 (1968). (17) Friction welding: Practical process, Engineering 190, 250—51 (August 19, 1960). (18) Friction welding reactor tubes, Engineering 209, 549 (May 29, 1970). (19) Friction welding spins its way onto production floor, Iron Age 194(14), 59-61 (October 1, 1964). (20) Friction welding stainless steel, Stainless Steel 1968(6), 12-13. (21) Friction welding: Versatile joiner of dissimilar metals, Weld. Eng. 55(12), 42-45 (1970). (22) Friction welding - weldability of materials, Weld. Eng. 52(10), 65 (1967). (23) Friction welder takes on size, Iron Age 206(20), 79 (November 12, 1970). (24) Friction welds bimetal rivets, Amer. Mach. 113(21), 100-101 (1969). (25) How good are aluminum-to-stainless steel transition joints? Met. Prog. 92(5), 157—58, 160, 162 (November 1967). (26) Inertia welder profits turn on Caterpillar, Steel 165(2), 44a (July 14, 1969). (27) Inertia welding permits new metal-joining combinations, Western Mach. Steel World 60(2), 20—23 (1969). (28) Inertia welding process, Engineer 222, 107-8 (July 15, 1966). (29) Microfriction welding, Des. Comp. Eng. 13,16-18 (July 1, 1968). (30) New friction welding developments, Weld. Met. Fab. 37(3), 111-13 (1969). (31) Now it's micro-friction welding, Metalwork. Prod. 112(13), 53, 55 (1968). (32) D. F. Adams, Friction welding of bi-metal studs, Weld. Met. Fab. 36(2), 44-53 (1968). (33) D. F. Adams and S. K. Taylor, Detection of faults in friction welded studs by ultrasonics, Weld. Met. Fab. 37(9), 412-21 (September 1969).

1. M. B. Hollander, "Developments in Friction Welding," Met. Eng. Quart. 2(2), 14 (May 1962).

57 58

(34) D. F. Adams and J. E. Turner, Dissimilar metal joints for high-temperature application, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 1 (12s), 41 -49 (1969). (35) G. V. Aim, - methods and applications. II. Techniques, Adhes. Age 13(8), 33—37 (1970). (36) K. Ando, Y. Tasaki, and Y. Hirai, Friction welding, Rep. Gov. Indus. Res. Inst., Nagoya 11(8), 446 (1962). (37) K. Ando, Y. Tasaki, and Y. Hirai, Friction welding. Welding Titanium, Rep. Gov. Indus. Res. Inst., Nagoya 14(11), 402-6 (1965). (38) A. W. Astrop, Thompson-double-ended friction welder for axle cases, Machinery (London) 115, 972-75 (December 17, 1969). (39) M. P. Bartle and C. R. G. Ellis, Diffusion bonding and friction welding: Two newer processes for dissimilar metal joint, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 1(12s), 88-95 (1970). (40) H. Behnisch, Friction welding: An economical method of fabrication (in German), Klepzig Fachber. 77(8), 512-13(1969). (41) E. Beirau, Impressions of the USSR industrial exhibition in Moscow: Friction welding, Schweiss- technik 9( 1), 28-30 (1959). (42) E. Bishop, Friction welding in the Soviet Union, Weld. Met. Fab. 28(10), 408-10 (1960). (43) R. A. Black, Practical applications of friction welding, Assembly Fastener Methods 7(8), 71—74 (September 1969). (44) R. A. Black, The present stage of the art, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2(5), 196-97 (1970). (45) J. Bland, Friction welding, ASME Paper 67-DE-25, 1967, 8 pp. (46) Y. G. Bolotov et al., Improving the endurance of friction welded joints, Automat. Weld. 20(8), 44-47(1967). (47) A. J. BohveU, Friction welding of bimetallic connectors halves — their length and cost, Des. News 25(3), 40-41 (1970). (48) S. Buchholz, Efficiency in friction welding (in German), ZIS Mitt. 9(12), 1686-94 (1967). (49) S. Buchholz, Friction welding — an economical joining technique (in German), Mss. Z. Techn. Hochschule Karl-Marx Stadt. 10( 1), 97-100 (1968). (50) R. Canon, Electron-beam welding and other modern methods for welding aluminum alloys (in French), Rev. Soud. 26(3), 145-47(1970). (51) C. J. Cheng, Transient temperature distribution during friction welding of two dissimilar materials in tubular form, Weld. J. 42(5), 233s-240s (1963). (52) C. J. Cheng, Transient temperature distribution during friction welding of two similar metals in tubular form, Weld. J. 41(12), 542s-550s(1962). (53) R. D'Angelo, Theories for forming joints by cold pressure/friction welding (in German), ZIS Mitt. 12(2), 161-64(1970). (54) P. Drews and G. Wichelhaus, Joining of Cr-Ni steel with aluminum and aluminum alloys by friction welding (in German), Ind.-Anzeiger 92(44), 993-95 (1970). (55) F. D. Duffin and B. Crossland, Friction welding with sudden release of the fixed component,Proc. Conf. Advances in Welding Processes, 1970, pp. 25—33. (56) C. Dumont, Investigation of the welding of SAP in the case of nuclear fuel elements (in Spanish), Ing. Ind. 34, 94 (June 1969). (57) B. Dzieyk, Friction welding as economic method of joining (in German), TZ Prak. Metallbear. 60(10), 664-65(1966). (58) J. W. Eden, Friction welding can make transition joints, Weld. Des. Fab. 37(12), 34—35 (December 1964). (59) J. W. Eden, Friction welding — its impact on materials and processes,Mach. Tool Blue Book 58(12), 70-74(1963). (60) F. Eichhorn and R. Schaefer, Fundamental investigations concerning conventional friction welding (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 21(5), 189-98 (May 5, 1969). (61) F. Eichhorn and R. Schaefer, Process in welding zone during conventional friction welding of steel (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 20(11), 563-70 (1968). 59

(62) C. R. G. Ellis, Design for friction welding, Mat. Des. 13(12), 1503-6 (1970). (63) C. R. G. Ellis, Friction welding, what it is and how it works, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2(5), 185-91 (1970). (64) C. R. G. Ellis and D. Ball, Friction welding at lnvergordon.Afef. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2(10), 447-51 (1970). (65) C. R. G. Ellis and R. H. Lilly, Friction-welding development for aluminum smelters, Proc. Conf. Advances in Welding Processes, 1970, pp. 201—7. (66) B. Feinberg, Inertia welding pays off at Fruehauf, Manuf. Eng. Manag. 65, 29—32 (July 1970). (67) E. E. Ferda, Friction welding application, ASTME Creative Manuf. Seminar, 1970, Paper AD-70-575, 10 pp. (68) P. B. Foister, Flash-butt welder manufacturer enters friction welding, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2(5), 192 (May 1970). (69) L. H. Freeman, Inertia welding. One step beyond friction welding, Mach. Tool Blue Book 65(3), 126-31 (March 1970). (70) P. Galan and J. Gudrian, Development and present state of friction welding (in German), Schweisstechnik 24(6), 77-83 (June 1970). (71) K. Gale, Like and unlike materials are forced to bond, Engineer 231,30—32 (December 3, 1970). (72) K. Gale, Saving the silver, or friction welding at its best, Engineer 232, 34-35 (March 18, 1971). (73) W. K. V. Gale, Friction welding: Simple, clean and accurate, Engineer 229, 38—39 (November 20, 1969). (74) A. S. Gelman, The nature of friction welding, Automat. Weld. 1965(3), 5-10. (75) 0. Gengenbach, Friction welding: State of the art and survey (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 19(7), 305-10(1967). (76) S. K. Ginzburg and S. N. Prokofev, Friction welding of aluminum to steel and requisite conditions for strong joints, Weld. Prod. 1962(12), 21-25. (77) F. M. Giordano, Welding method uses frictional heat, Tool Manuf. Eng. 56(1), 40-43 (January 1966). (78) E. N. Gregory, Friction welding, Machinery (London) 33(8A), 20-23 (1961). (79) P. J. Gripshover, H. D. Hanes, and J. H. Peterson, Friction welding of aerospace materials, Proc. 14th SAMPE Nat. Symp., 1968, paper II-1B-5,12 pp. (80) N. E. Hardy, Welding big aluminum sections, Engineering 207, 612-14 (April 18, 1969). (81) J. D. Harrison, Some tests on effect of friction welded studs on fatigue, Brit. Weld. J. 12(8), 420—23 (1965). (82) A. Hasui, S. Fukushima, and J. Kinugawa, Experimental studies on friction welding phenomena, Nat. Res. Inst. Metals, Tokyo, Trans. 10(4), 207-25 (1968). (83) A. Hasui, S. Fukushima, and J. Kinugawa, Latest development in friction welding process, Nat. Res. Inst. Metals, Tokyo, Trans. 11(1), 33-42 (1969). (84) A. Hasui, S. Fukushima, and J. Kinugawa, Some experiments with a new-designed friction welding machine, Bull. Jap. Soc.Mech. Eng. 12(51), 656-64 (June 1969). (85) T. H. Hazlett, Fundamentals of friction welding,Metals Eng. Quart. 7, 1-7 (1967). (86) T. H. Hazlett, Properties of friction welded plain carbon and low alloy steels, Weld. J. 41(2), 49s—52s (1962). (87) T. H. Hazlett, Properties of friction welds between dissimilar metals, Weld. J. 41(10), 448s-450s (1962). (88) T. H. Hazlett and K. K. Gupta, Friction welding of high strength structural aluminum alloys, Weld. J. 42, 490s—494s (1963); Engineer's Dig. 25(3), 95-97 (March 1964). (89) E. S. Hodge, Friction joining, Battelle Tech. Rev. 14(8/9), 10-13 (1965). (90) W. Hofmann and S. Jenssen, Friction welding of metals, Z. Metallkunde 51(11), 642-45 (1960). (91) W. Hofmann and M. Schildwacher, Friction welding of metals, Schweissen Schneiden 11(9), 349-52 (1959). (92) W. Hofmann and L. Thome, Some factors affecting friction welding of steel and aluminum (in German), Schweissen Schneiden 17(5), 194-99 (May 1965). 60

(93) M. B. Hollander, Developments in friction welding, Metals Eng. Quart. 2(2), 14-24 (May 1962). (94) M. B. Hollander, Welding metals by friction, Mat. Des. Eng. 55(2), 79-81 (1962). (95) M. B. Hollander, C. J. Cheng, and J. A. Quimby, Friction wel ding - a natural for production, SAE Trans. 73,242-54(1965). (96) M. B. Hollander, C. J. Cheng, and J. C. Wyman, Friction welding parameter analysis, Weld. J. 495s—501s (1963). (97) R. R. Irving, How friction welding joins bar stock and tubing, Iron Age 186(2), 47—49 (December 29, 1960). (98) Y. Ito and K. Ishir, A study of a transition piece used for super-heater tube of power plant (in Japanese), Sumitomo Metals 19(4), 46-57 (1967). (99) P. Jennings, Some properties of dissimilar metal joints made by friction welding, Proc. Conf. Advances in Welding Processes, 1970, pp. 147—52. (100) I. J. Jones, Practical application of friction welding, Lastechniek 30(7), 205-9 (July 1964); Well Met. Fab. 33(9), 377-82 (1965). (101) J. F. Justice, Design control: Keys to quality in friction (inertia) welding, Me?. Prog. 94, 91—94 (July 1968). (102) J. F. Justice, Designing for Inertia Welding, Amer. Soc. Metals, Technical Paper W-8-14, 1968, 11 pp. (103) V. N. Kalyanov et al., Influence of carbon, boron and nickel on spalling resistance of high-chromium surface deposits, Weld. Prod. 15(1), 14-17(1968). (104) Y. M. Kershenbaum, B. A. Averbukh, and N. G. Lyudmirskaya, Research into the friction deposition of bronze on steel, Automat. Weld. 20(6), 38-42(1967). (105) A. I. Khristoforov, Friction welding of small-tool blanks, Weld. Prod. 12(5), 59-62 (1965). (106) J. Kilbride and D. F. Adams, Friction welding stainless steel to Zircaloy-2, Weld. Met. Fab. 39(1), 26—35 (1971). (107) J. Kiwalle, Designing for inertia welding, Mach. Des. 40, 161—66 (November 7, 1968). (108) G. Lawes, Welding on the micro scale, New Scientist 38(591), 20-21 (1968). (109) J. Mandaus and J. Voboril, Friction welding, Mecan. Elect. 45(142), 51-58 (1961); Strojirenstvi, November 1957. (110) D. C. Martin, Unusual welding processes for modern steels, Metals Eng. Quart. 9(1), 87—95 (1969). (111) I. N. Medrish and I. Bluzhansky, Friction welding of steel with copper (in Russian), Svar. Proiz. 1967(10), 14. (112) C. D. Moore, G. L. May, and A. B. Dove, Welding in the wire industry, Steel Wire Handbook, Wire Assoc., Inc., Bradford, Conn.. 1969, vol. 2, pp. 229-49. (113) J. E. Mortland and R. M. Evans, Metals joining, DMIC Rev. of Recent Developments, Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, 1970, 3 pp. (114) K. Nakamura et al., Study on friction welding. I. Torque in the frictional process (in Japanese), J. Mech. Lab. Tokyo 23(5), 196-208 (September 1969). (115) E. D. Nicholas, Friction welding, Engineering 210, 275-78 (September 11, 1970). (116) K. H. Nightingale, Welding beats brazing for joining ceramics, Engineer 230, 28-29 (January 15, 1970). (117) G. Nitrel, Friction welding, Founding, Welding Production Eng. J. 9(1), 43-54 (January 1969). (118) T. L. Oberle, Applications of inertia welding, SAE Paper 68-0047, 1966, 6 pp. (119) T. L. Oberle, Inertia welding, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 2(5), 193-95 (May 1970). (120) T. L. Oberle, What's up and coming in friction welding, Weld. Des. Fab. 41(9), 67-69 (1968). (121) T. L. Oberle, C, D. Loyd, and M. R. Calton, Caterpillar's inertia weld process, SAE Paper 66-0470, 1965, 8 pp. (122) T. L. Oberle, C. D. Loyd, and M. R. Calton, Friction welding, Werkstatt Betr. 103(6), 381-86 (1970). (123) T. L. Oberle, C. D. Loyd, and M. R. Calton, Inertia welding: An efficient joining technique, Met. Prog. 87, 104, 109-110, 112, 114, 116, 118 (June 1965). (124) T. L. Oberle et al., Inertia welding dissimilar metals, Weld J. 46, 511-16 (June 1967). (125) J. Orlowski, Welding by friction, Przeg. Technic. 78(17), 668-69 (September 1957). 61

(126) N. E. Orrok, Meeting competition in the 1970's. How we will weld, Met. Prog. 96(4), 147-50 (October 1, 1969). (127) N. E. Orrok, Welding in the auto industry, Met. Prog. 94(4), 141-49 (October 1968). (128) G. Paseoe, An observation of surface deformation in copper under high-wear-rate conditions, Wear 16(5), 375-80 (1970). (129) H. E. Pattee, R. M. Evans, and R. E. Monroe, Joining aluminum to steel, Light Metal Age 26(5/6), 18-19(1968). (130) A. Pauer, Friction welding of plastic materials by means of a friction element (in German), ZIS Mitt. 12(7), 884-951 (1970). (131) C. Phillips and G. L. Reeves, The development and evaluation of new methods of joining stainless steels to ferritic steels for high-pressure/high-temperature service, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 1(12s), 96-108 (1970). (132) L. Pliva, Technical and economical importance of friction welding (in Czech), Zvaranie 18(7), 210, 214, 219 (July 1969). (133) R. W. Posely, Where friction (inertia) welding is used,Met. Prog. 94(1), 95-97 (July 1968). (134) A. I. Pugin and V. A. Vasileva, The heating and cooling of rods butt welded by friction process, Weld. Prod. 42-52 (October 1959). (135) J. A. Quimby, Friction welding — past, present and future, ASTME Creative Manuf. Seminar, 1965, Tech. Paper SP-65-90, 7 pp. (136) M. Rao and T. H. Hazlett, Study of the mechanisms involved in friction welding of aluminum alloys, Weld. J. 49, 18Is-188s (April 1970). (137) C. J. Reichel, A review and critique of current explanations given for the mechanism of friction welding, ASTME Creative Manuf. Seminar, 1970, Technical Paper AD-70-574, 18 pp. (138) T. Rich and R. Roberts, The forge phase of friction welding. Parts I and II, Weld. J. 50(3), 137s-145s (1971). (139) T. Rich and R. Roberts, Thermal analysis for basic friction welding, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 3(3), 93-98(1971). (140) N. N. Rykalin, A. I. Pugin, and V. A. Vasileva, Heating and cooling of rods butt welded by friction process, Weld. Prod. 42-52 (October 1959). (141) R. Schaefer, Friction welding of metals, Ind.-Anzeiger 89(10), 11-19 (February 3, 1967). (142) D. Scott, Electronic welding and grinding at GM, Strasbourg, Automot. Ind. 140(5), 53-57(1969). (143) R. W. Shaw, Jr., Design and testing of dissimilar-metal transition joints employing roll-bonded and friction welded components, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 12,678—88 (1967). (144) L. A. Shternin, Friction welding of dissimilar metals, Automat. Weld. 1965(3), 11-14. (145) G. Sleigh, Friction welding of high carbon wire rods, Wire J. 4(1), 39-45 (1971). (146) E. J. Sluetz, T. L. Oberle, and B. C. Brosher, Inertia welding, Amer. Mach. 112(21), 113-20(1968). (147) E. J. Sluetz, T. L. Oberle, and B. C. Brosher, Inertia welding, Metalwork. Prod. 113(13), 57-63 (1969). (148) K. R. Spiller, Welding problems in aluminum cryogenic vessels, Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. 1(4), 212-17(1969). (149) I. F. Squires, Thermal and mechanical characteristics of friction welding mild steel, Brit. Weld. J. 13(11), 652-57(1966). (150) Y. Sugiyama, Study on friction welding of aluminum ?lloys (in Japanese), Sumitomo Light Metal Tech. Rep. 11(4), 256-70 (October 1970). (151) Y. Sugiyama et al., Friction welding of aluminum to copper (in Japanese), Sumitomo Light Metal Tech. Rep. 9(3), 158-68 (July 1969). (152) P. M. Sutovskii, S. M. Ganief, and V. I. Timofeev, Machine for friction welding tool joints to drill pipes, Weld. Prod. 1964(2), 27-31. (153) E. A. Taylor, P. R. Pomeroy, and K. F. Layland, Friction welding of sintered powder aluminum, Weld. Met. Fab. 30(12), 477-81 (December 1962). (154) A. B. Tesmen, Friction welding: Lesson in economics from Russia, Met. Prog. 78(2), 101—3 (August 1960). 62

(155) G. A. Tirskii, Problem of heating of rods by friction (in Russian), Akad. Nauk SSSR Izvest. Otd. Tech. Nauk, Me tall. Tap. 6, 34-41 (1960). (156) K. A. Tyayar, Friction welding in reconditioning of worn components. Weld. Prod. 71—76 (October 1959). (157) R. J. Tylcote, The Solid Phase Welding of Metals, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1968, 334 pp. (158) I. G. Valter and E. S. Komarcheva, Friction welding of high alloyed metals used in diesel super-chargers, Energomashinostronenie 1965(12), 26—29. (159) V. S. Vernik and N. G. Geinriksdorf, Friction welding of steel sub-assemblies operating in conditions of wear in an aggressive medium (in Russian), Avtomat. Svarka 1968(9), 56-57; English trans., Automat. Weld. 21(9), 57-59 (1968). (160) V. 1. Vill, Friction Welding of Metals, translated from Russian by the American Welding Society, New York, 1962. (161) V. G. Voinov, Mechanism of joint formation in friction welding, Weld. Prod. 15(1), 8—13 (1968). (162) V. P. Voinov and G. M. Kupershlyak-Yuzifovich, Relative speed in friction welding, Weld. Prod. 1964(3), 15-20. (163) A. Wadleigh, Inertia welding in a job shop, Amer. Mach. 114(23), 69-71 (1970). (164) B. D. Wakefield, Production welding of PM parts comes of age, Iron Age 207(3), 39-41 (1971). (165) K. K. Wang and P. Nagappan, Transient temperature distribution in inertia welding of steels, Weld. J. 49(9), 419s—426s (1970). (166) H. D. Weiss and T. H. Hazlett, Role of material properties and interface temperatures in friction welding, ASME Paper 66-Met-8, 1966, 11 pp. (167) D. Wunderlich, Advanced welding techniques and the high-nickel alloys, Rev. Soud. 26(3), 148-56 (1970). (168) R. I. Zakson and F. G. Turukin, Friction welding and hardfacing of agricultural machine parts, Automat. Weld. 1965(3), 49-52. (169) R. I. Zakson and V. D. Voznesenskii, Power and heat parameters of friction welding, Weld. Prod. 63-70 (October 1959).

INDEX advantages, 2, 6, 9, 40, 42, 43, 48, 49, 64, 67, 70, aluminum tubes, 53 75,77, 89,94, 102, 109, 110, 121, 133, 146, applications (general), 10, 93, 95, 123 147, 154, 158 atomic reactors, 18 aerospace industry, 58, 79 austenitic steel (see steel, austenitic) agricultural machines, 168 automobile industry, 2, 7, 14, 16, 19, 38, 127, 142 aircraft industry, 118 bars (metal), 8 aluminum, 4, 60, 74, 92, 153 bronze/steel, 104 aluminum alloys, 50, 60, 88, 100, 136, 150 carbon steel (see also steel, low carbon; steel, high aluminum alloys/Cr-Ni steel, 54 carbon), 86 aluminum alloys/steel, 144 carbon steel/carbon steel, 83 aluminum/aluminum, 90 carbon steel/steel, stainless, 20,83 aluminum/Cr-Ni steel, 54 ceramics, 116 aluminum cable/copper, 44 cermets/steel, 75 aluminum cables, 1 copper, 13, 60, 128 aluminum/copper, 71, 90, 151 copper alloy/steel alloy, 111 aluminum pipe, 91 copper alloys, 13 aluminum smelting industry, 65 copper/aluminum, 90, 100 aluminum/steel, 64, 76, 80 copper/aluminum cable, 44 aluminum steel bars, 44 copper/copper, 90 aluminum/steel, low carbon, 129 copper pipe, 91 aluminum/steel, stainless, 20, 25, 129, 148 Cr-Mo steel/Inconel, 98 63

Cr-Mo steel/steel, stainless, 83 quality of welds (see properties of welds) Cr-Ni steel, 159 reactors (see atomic reactcis) Cr-Ni steel/aluminum, 54 rivets, 3, 24 Cr-Ni steel/aluminum alloys, 54 rods, 78, 134, 140 cryogenic materials, 143 small parts, 31 cryogenic applications, 58 small tools, 105 defects in welds, detection of, 33 spalling, 103 diesel engines, 8, 158 stainless steel (see steel, stainless) dissimilar metals, 6,8, 12, 19,21,45,51,58,59, steel, 60,61,84, 92, 100, 110 71,73,78,87,99, 102, 107, 115, 120, i23, steel alloy/copper alloy, 111 124, 133, 144, 147, 166 steel/aluminum, 76, 80 duralumin, 74 steel/aluminum alloys, 144 economics of process, 57 steel, austenitic/Inconel, 98 electric industry, 47 steel bars/aluminum, 44 electronics industry, 108 steel/bronze, 104 energy conversion, 60 steel/cermets, 75 ferrous metals, 107 steel, high carbon, 145 flywheel process, 5, 6, 9,45, 119, 122, 135 steel, low alloy, 86 forging process, theory of, 138 steel, low carbon, 162 heat transfer, 156 steel, low carbon/aluminum, 129 Inconel/Cr-Mo steel, 98 steel/nonferrous metals, 75 inertia process, 5, 26, 27, 28, 45, 66, 69, 102, 113, steel, perlitic/iron-Ni steel, 158 118, 119, 121, 124, 146, 163 steel, stainless/aluminum, 20, 25, 129, 135 interface temperatures, 82, 149, 166 steel, stainless/carbon steel, 20, 83 iron-Ni steel/perlitic steel, 158 steel, stainless/Cr-Mo steel, 83 large parts, 123 steel, stainless/steel, 51, 96 limitation of process, 67, 77, 89, 160 steel, stainless/steel, ferritic, 131 mechanics of process, 10, 11, 17, 27, 36, 39,41,42, steel, stainless/steel, stainless, 83 43, 45, 48, 49, 53, 55, 59, 62, 63, 69, 70, 73, 75, steel, stainless/Zircaloy-2, 106 77, 82, 85, 86, 89, 90, 93, 97, 100, 101, 107, 109, steel/steel, 52 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 132, steel/steel, stainless, 51, 96 136, 137, 141, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167 steel/titanium, 37 microwelding, 29, 31, 63 steel/titanium alloys, 144 mild steel/steel, stainless, 34 steel tubing, 161 nickel alloys, 167 thermal analysis, 139 nimonic alloys, 100 titanium/steel, 37 nondestructive testing of welds, 34, 35, 81 titanium/titanium alloy, 3 nonferrous metals, 107 titanium alloys/steel, 144 nonferrous metals/steel, 75 tractor industry, 26, 154 nuclear applications, 8, 18, 58 tubes, 8, 78, 155 nuclear fuel elements, 56 variables, 12, 63, 94, 96 parameters, 10, 12, 19, 57, 61, 79, 85, 95, 96, weldability of materials, 22 100, 114, 123, 130, 132, 138, 149, 165, 166, welders (see welding equipment) 169 welding equipment, 10, 11, 12, 16, 19, 23, 26, 29, perlitic steel (see steel, perlitic) 30, 35, 38, 39,43, 44, 55, 63, 68, 70, 75, 84, 90, pipeline industry, 15 91,92, 93, 108, 109, 115, 141, i45, 152, 153, plastics, 130 157, 160, 169 powder metals, 164 welding equipment, design, 60 progress, 126 wire industry, 112 properties of welds, 6, 9, 10, 27, 32, 37, 46, 66, , 74 67,81,84,86,88,92,98,99, 105, 109, 110, Zircaloy-2/steel, stainless, 106 137, 143, 144, 150, 151, 153, 156, 157, 160