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Interfacial Microstructures and Properties of Hyper-Eutectic Al–21Si / Hypo-Eutectic Al–7.5Si Bimetallic Material Fabricated by Liquid–Liquid Casting Route
Mech. Sci., 11, 371–379, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-11-371-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Interfacial microstructures and properties of hyper-eutectic Al–21Si / hypo-eutectic Al–7.5Si bimetallic material fabricated by liquid–liquid casting route Mohamed Ramadan1,2 and Abdulaziz S. Alghamdi1 1Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440 Ha’il, Saudi Arabia 2Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Cairo, Egypt Correspondence: Abdulaziz S. Alghamdi ([email protected]) Received: 24 March 2020 – Revised: 10 August 2020 – Accepted: 11 September 2020 – Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract. The bimetal casting process using the liquid–liquid technique was developed to produce a high- quality hyper-eutectic Al–21Si / hypo-eutectic Al–7.5Si alloy bimetal material. Microstructure and microhard- ness were investigated as a function of the time interval between pouring hypo-eutectic and hyper-eutectic alloys. A bimetal material was successfully fabricated using a liquid–liquid casting technique with a 10 s time interval in a permanent mould casting. A unique structure comprised of hyper-eutectic Al–21Si, hypo-eutectic Al–7.5Si and a eutectic interface of 70 µm thickness was obtained. This structure totally differs from that obtained using a higher time interval above 10 s that showed an imperfect interface bond due to the shrinkage cavity and formation of oxides. The hardness variation from the upper zone of 117.5 HV to the lower zone of 76 HV corresponded to the variation in Si and the content of other alloying elements. -
Nickel Immersion Solution and Process for Electroplating of a Bimetal Bearing Utilizing the Same
Europaisches Patentamt J) European Patent Office Qv Publication number: 0 234 738 Office europeen des brevets A1 EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION Qy Application number: 87300675.3 © intci.3: C 25 D 5/34 C 25 D 7/10 @ Date of filing: 27.01.87 (30) Priority: 27.01.86 IL 77709 QJ) Applicant: TECHNO INSTRUMENTS INVESTMENTS 1983 LTD. P.O.B. 1233 Bat-Yam 591 128, Metzudat-Beitar Street (43) Date of publication of application : Bat-Yam 59592IIL) 02.09.87 Bulletin 87/36 @ Inventor: Relis, Joseph © Designated Contracting States: 80 Krinrtzi Street AT BE CH DE ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE RamatGan(IL) @ Inventor: Holtzman, Abraham Moshe 23 Usishkin Street Rehovot(IL) @ Representative: Bizley, Richard Edward et al, BOULT, WADE & TENNANT27 Furnival Street London EC4A1PQIGB) (54) Nickel immersion solution and process for electroplating of a bimetal bearing utilizing the same. © The invention provides an immersion solution for the pretreatment of a bimetal bearing, having one portion thereof composed of an aluminum base metal and another portion of the surface thereof composed of a ferrous base metal, com- prising nickel and halogen ions, the solution having an acidic pH. The invention also provides a process for the electroplat- ing of a bimetal bearing having one portion thereof com- posed of an aluminum base metal and another portion of the surface thereof composed of a ferrous base metal, compris- ing the pretreatment step of immersing the bearing, prior to the electroplating thereof, in a solution having an acidic pH and containing nickel and halogen ions, whereby the bearing is provided with a coating from the solution without the use of an external source of electricity, which coating can then be coated with an electroplated deposit without any further in- 00 termediary steps. -
SP-TRS-3278 Ultrasonic Welding Eastman Polymers
Ultrasonic welding Eastman polymers Ultrasonic welding Ultrasonic welding is a common method for joining plastic parts without using adhesives, solvents, or mechanical fasteners. Ultrasonic welding equipment operates on the principle of converting electrical energy to mechanical vibratory energy. This vibratory energy is transmitted to plastic parts by a specially designed horn that also applies pressure to force the parts together. The high-frequency vibration generated by the welding apparatus creates frictional heat that softens the plastic to create a bond at contact points between plastic parts. Ultrasonic welding offers several advantages, including: Figure 1. Typical joint design* • Environmentally safe; no chemicals used • Aesthetically pleasing joints • Excellent product uniformity • Rapid bonding; higher productivity • Process adaptable to multiple tasks (inserting, swaging, etc.) • Low energy consumption • Computer-controlled process; suitable for statistical Textured Groove process control surface • Provides hermetic seals Some plastics soften and bond more easily than others, but by selecting the appropriate welding equipment and parameters, strong bonds can be obtained with most amorphous plastics. Parameters that significantly affect weld strength and appearance include vibration frequency and amplitude, horn pressure, weld time, and joint design. Step joint Joint designs Figure 2. Additional weld joint designs* There are multiple joint designs commonly used in the plastics industry, and the appropriate joint design should be utilized based on the application and product end use. A simple energy-director joint provides a small raised ridge of polymer between two flat surfaces to be joined. As the parts are pressed together by the vibrating welder horn, the ridge softens and flows over the width of the joint to create a bond. -
Ultrasonic Horns
Principles and Applications of High Power Ultrasonics Karl Graff Ultrasonics Group 614.688.5269 [email protected] The Field of Ultrasonics High frequency ultrasonics High power ultrasonics What is High-Power Ultrasonics? HPU … application of intense, • Power supply high-frequency acoustic Ultrasonic energy to change materials, Transducer processes. 60 ~ Ultrasonic energy Transmission causes change in Material or Process Material/Process Outline … Ultrasonic vibrations and waves Vibrations Transducers and systems Physical effects of HPU x Applications of HPU Transducers Effects Applications US Vibrations & Waves HPU … application of • Power supply intense (i.e., high- Transducer power), high-frequency (i.e., ultrasonic) 60 ~ acoustic energy to create change in Transmission materials and processes. • Vibrations & Waves enter at every stage of HPU Material/Process Ultrasonic energy causes change in Material or Process Oscillator iωt Foe k x m Λm c x k ω = n m Teaches … • Natural frequency Timoshenko, S., Young, D.H. and Weaver, W. Jr., “Vibration Problems in Engineering,” • Resonance Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974, Fig. 1.33. • High Q Equivalent Circuits F eiωt LR o I k m iωt C Voe c x (a) (b) F - force on the mass V - voltage applied to the circuit v - velocity of mass I - current in the circuit k - spring stiffness L - inductance m - mass R - resistance Longitudinal Vibrations Basic Vibration Concepts • Expansion/contraction nature of longitudinal vibrations Stress • Natural frequency • Nodes and antinodes • Amplitude, stress distribution • Wavelength - λ x c E cylinder-20khz.avi Node Antinode f = , c = (1 MB) 2l ρ Amplitude Steel, Al: c ≅5.1×103 m/ s λ/2 at 20 ×103Hz (20kHz) c 5.1×103 →l = = 2 f 2 ×20×103 =0.128 m =12.8cm ≅5in. -
Welding Methods for Electrical Connections in Battery Systems
TVE-Q; 19004/TVE-K; 19005 Examensarbete 15 hp Juni 2019 Welding methods for electrical connections in battery systems Harald Larsson, Alec Chamberlain, Sally Walin, Samir Schouri, Louise Nilsson, Elin Myrsell, Daniel Vasquez Abstract Welding methods for electrical connections in battery systems Harald Larsson, Alec Chamberlain, Sally Walin, Samir Schouri, Louise Nilsson, Elin Myrsell, Daniel Vasquez Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten The demand for high energy battery assemblies is growing in sectors such as transportation. Along with it is the need for reliable, efficient and cost-effective ways Besöksadress: to electrically connect the batteries to ensure their performance. Battery cells are Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 most often put into modules or packs when produced for electrically driven vehicles. Hus 4, Plan 0 The variable of greatest influence when welding battery packs is the contact resistance between the cell and the connection tab. It is crucial to minimize this Postadress: variable as much as possible to prevent energy loss in the form of heat generation. Box 536 751 21 Uppsala The purpose of this project is to conduct a comparative literature study of different Telefon: welding techniques for welding batteries. The compared techniques are resistance 018 – 471 30 03 spot welding, laser beam welding and ultrasonic welding. The performance was Telefax: evaluated in terms of numerous factors such as production cost, degree of 018 – 471 30 00 automation and weld quality. Hemsida: All three methods are tried and proven to function in the production of battery http://www.teknat.uu.se/student applications. Each method has separate strengths and limitations which makes them complement each other. -
General Guidelines for Ultrasonic, Vibration and Spin Welding
DUPONT PERFORMANCE POLYMERS Joint Design: A Critical Factor in Strong Bonds GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ULTRASONIC, VIBRATION AND SPIN WELDING Introduction Welding techniques for assembling parts molded with DuPont thermoplastic resins conventionally require an input of energy that results in heat. This heat causes a brief melting of material at the interface of two parts to be joined. Simultaneous application of pressure produces a strong, homogenous bond. Techniques range from simple processes such as hot plate welding to electromagnetic/induction heating and laser welding. These techniques are used to join large or complex parts. Hot plate welding is seldom used with engineering plastics because of their higher melt temperatures and rapid solidification when heat is removed. Electromagnetic welding utilizes a magnetically “activated” thermoplastic in the joint interface which is heated by electromagnetic coils while under clamping pressure. (An induction welding variation uses metal inserts which are heated by the magnetic field.) Laser welding relies on the transmissive and absorptive characteristics of the materials to be welded. Because of the specialized nature of these methods, designers should contact their DuPont representative for specific application assistance. The methods covered in this overview, ultrasonic, vibration and spin welding, offer quick, precise and economical means of assembly. Each method requires close attention to joint design, holding and alignment fixtures, and material moisture. Safety Considerations Read the -
Manufacturing Technology I Unit I Metal Casting
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY I UNIT I METAL CASTING PROCESSES Sand casting – Sand moulds - Type of patterns – Pattern materials – Pattern allowances – Types of Moulding sand – Properties – Core making – Methods of Sand testing – Moulding machines – Types of moulding machines - Melting furnaces – Working principle of Special casting processes – Shell – investment casting – Ceramic mould – Lost Wax process – Pressure die casting – Centrifugal casting – CO2 process – Sand Casting defects. UNIT II JOINING PROCESSES Fusion welding processes – Types of Gas welding – Equipments used – Flame characteristics – Filler and Flux materials - Arc welding equipments - Electrodes – Coating and specifications – Principles of Resistance welding – Spot/butt – Seam – Projection welding – Percusion welding – GS metal arc welding – Flux cored – Submerged arc welding – Electro slag welding – TIG welding – Principle and application of special welding processes – Plasma arc welding – Thermit welding – Electron beam welding – Friction welding – Diffusion welding – Weld defects – Brazing – Soldering process – Methods and process capabilities – Filler materials and fluxes – Types of Adhesive bonding. UNIT III BULK DEFORMATION PROCESSES Hot working and cold working of metals – Forging processes – Open impression and closed die forging – Characteristics of the process – Types of Forging Machines – Typical forging operations – Rolling of metals – Types of Rolling mills – Flat strip rolling – Shape rolling operations – Defects in rolled parts – Principle of rod and wire drawing – Tube drawing – Principles of Extrusion – Types of Extrusion – Hot and Cold extrusion – Equipments used. UNIT IV SHEET METAL PROCESSES Sheet metal characteristics – Typical shearing operations – Bending – Drawing operations – Stretch forming operations –– Formability of sheet metal – Test methods – Working principle and application of special forming processes – Hydro forming – Rubber pad forming – Metal spinning – Introduction to Explosive forming – Magnetic pulse forming – Peen forming – Super plastic forming. -
Very High Power Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (Vhp Uam) for Advanced Materials K
VERY HIGH POWER ULTRASONIC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (VHP UAM) FOR ADVANCED MATERIALS K. F. Graff, M. Short and M. Norfolk Edison Welding Institute, Columbus, OH 43221 Abstract To extend current ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) to advanced materials, higher speeds and larger parts, it was essential to greatly increase the process ultrasonic power. EWI, with Solidica™, several industry, agency and academic partners, and support of Ohio’s Wright Program, have developed a “Very High Power Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing System” that greatly extends current technology. A key part was the design of a 9.0 kW “push-pull” ultrasonic system able to produce sound welds in materials such as Ti 6-4, 316SS, 1100 Cu and Al7075. The VHP system can fabricate parts of up to 1.5m x 1.5m x 0.6m, with process and software developments that enable forming contoured surfaces. Introduction The process of ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM), introduced by Solidica™ in 2000, has shown significant promise for a wide range of applications, such as rapid prototyping, low volume tooling, direct parts manufacture, tailored materials, embedded fibers, smart materials, cladding and thermal management. Specific examples include injection mold dies, embedded channels for thermal management or chemical processing, and the embedding of materials, e.g. wires, tapes or meshes, within a metal matrix. In order to greatly extend the current technology to advanced materials, higher speeds and larger parts, it was essential to greatly increase the ultrasonic power applied to the process. Accordingly, EWI, with Solidica™, several industry, agency and academic partners, and the support of Ohio’s Wright Program, have developed a “Very High Power Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing System” that will greatly extend current technology. -
Introduction to Non-Arc Welding Processes
Introduction to Non-Arc Welding Processes Module 2B Module 2 – Welding and Cutting Processes Introduction to Non-Arc Welding Processes Non-Arc Welding processes refer to a wide range of processes which produce a weld without the use of an electrical arc z High Energy Density Welding processes Main advantage – low heat input Main disadvantage – expensive equipment z Solid-State Welding processes Main advantage – good for dissimilar metal joints Main disadvantage – usually not ideal for high production z Resistance Welding processes Main advantage – fast welding times Main disadvantage – difficult to inspect 2-2 Module 2 – Welding and Cutting Processes Non-Arc Welding Introduction Introduction to Non-Arc Welding Processes Brazing and Soldering z Main advantage – minimal degradation to base metal properties z Main disadvantage – requirement for significant joint preparation Thermite Welding z Main advantage – extremely portable z Main disadvantage – significant set-up time Oxyfuel Gas Welding z Main advantage - portable, versatile, low cost equipment z Main disadvantage - very slow In general, most non-arc welding processes are conducive to original fabrication only, and not ideal choices for repair welding (with one exception being Thermite Welding) 2-3 High Energy Density (HED) Welding Module 2B.1 Module 2 – Welding and Cutting Processes High Energy Density Welding Types of HED Welding Electron Beam Welding z Process details z Equipment z Safety Laser Welding z Process details z Different types of lasers and equipment z Comparison -
M Odeling and Process Control of Ultrasonic W Elding of Plastics
Order Number 9307773 Modeling and process control of ultrasonic welding of plastics He, Fugui, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1992 U M I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 MODELING AND PROCESS CONTROL OF ULTRASONIC WELDING OF PLASTICS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio state University By Fugui He, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Avraham Bern tar Chon-Liang Tsai fafaJuwn Adviser Ming J Liou Department of Welding Engineering To My mother-in-law Yude ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Avraham Benatar for his guidance as an advisor and his help as a friend. He is one of those who has played a key role in ray life. I once said to him: "I have to thank you, because it is you who has forced me to enter the new fields of electronic circuit, data processing, and automatic control which I wasn't previously familiar with but which have proven to be more them useful in ray engineering career." My thanks goes to professor Chon-Liang Tsai and professor Ming Liou who have served as committee members of both ray qualifying and general examinations. Professor Tsai especially provided me with advice of a wide range both academically and personally during the last five years. My thanks also goes to professor L. Adler who was ray advisor of the master program in the NDE field. I thank Branson Ultrasonics Corporation that sponsored the project. -
What Is Al-Cu Bimetal?
What Is Al-Cu Bimetal? Bimetal Consists of Copper Sheet cladded on pure Aluminum Which is Base Metal alloy , both metal being diffused to form an inseparable whole by rolling bonding process. Bimetal , is therefore not and alloy and copper layers are not electro Plating but are rather mechanically welded Aluminum Plates / Sheet . Bi-Metal of Aluminium and Copper has Different name In different Sector and Country . ● Aluminium Copper Bimetal ● Al-Cu Bimetallic Sheet ● Aluminium Copper Cladded Sheet ● Al-Cu clad sheet ● AluCu Bi Sheet ● AlCu BI Sheet ● Bimetallic Sheet ● Cladded Sheet of Aluminium and Copper . What form BiMetal is Available With MetalFort ? 1. Sheet 2. Plates 3. Circle 4. Square Sheet 5. Hexagoanal Sheet 6. Round Sheet 7. Washers 8. Square washers 9. Customized Design . Thickness Available In Bimetal With MetalFort ? 1 mm , 1.5 mm , 2 mm and 3 mm Width Avaibale in BiMetal With MetalFort ? Width : 10 mm to 300 mm Length : 10 mm to 600 mm . What is The Percentage of Aluminium and Copper Respectfully ? Aluminium By weight is 80 % and Copper by 20 % What are The Applications of Bimetallic Sheets? . ● CPU heat Sink ● Terminals of copper connecting conductors with aluminium conductors ● Terminal stirps ● Switchgears ● Substation and Switch-yard Bimetallic Clamps and Connectors ● Substation accessories like bimetallic clamp and connectors ● Sleeve shape insert in terminals in copper & aluminium ● Semiconductor packages ● Safety vent for Li-Ion secondary battery ● Distribution and panel boards ● Current bars & similar parts ● Circuit breakers ● Cable thimbles in copper ● Cable Lugs ● Cable end connectors ● Cable clamp ● Busducts ● Busbar chambers ● Bimetallic Clamp ● As packing & washers bet aluminium & copper bars ● Apparatus construction . -
Improvement of Shaped Charge Penetration Capability and Disturbation of the Jet by Explosive Reactive Armor
ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online) https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20190216141334 Original scientific paper Improvement of Shaped Charge Penetration Capability and Disturbation of the Jet by Explosive Reactive Armor Hicham KEMMOUKHE, Zijah BURZIĆ, Saša SAVIĆ, Slavica TERZIĆ, Danica SIMIĆ, Miodrag LISOV Abstract: This paper presents a numerical study of the effect of main parameters (liner material, explosive charge, stand-off distance and the presence of the wave-shaper), on one hand, on the jet formation, jet velocity and the jet length, and on the other hand, on the penetration depth. We propose a numerical approach to evaluate their effects on the performance of the shaped charge. AUTODYN-2D software is used for numerical simulations of the shaped charge. The multi material Euler solver of the AUTODYN is used for the jet formation investigation, whereas, Lagrange solver is used for the resolution of the penetration problem. Results have shown that the presence of wave- shaper increases the shaped charge depth penetration. For the standoff of 6 charge calibres, the jet penetration is found to be deepest. It is found that the jet velocity is proportional to the jet energy, and the penetration is proportional to the liner density. The oblique explosive reactive armor is more efficient for the protection of the main target. Numerical results have a good agreement with the data from available literature – with experimental results for the chosen explosives. Keywords: ERA; HEAT; high explosive; metal liner; wave-shaper 1 INTRODUCTION wave shaper which overlaps the liner. This latter increases the tip velocity of the coherent portion of the liner to A shaped charge is generally a high explosive cylinder approximately 10 km/s.