ORNL-TM-4133 Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 Information Division UNCONVENTIONAL WELDING PROCESSES: A BIBLIOGRAPHY Compiled by Ruth M. Stemple Y-12 Technical Library Oak Ridge National Laboratory -NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, MARCH 1973 makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com- pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. NOTICE This document contains information of a preliminary nature and was prepared primarily for internal use at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, it is subject to revision or correction and therefore does not represent a final report". OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION CONTENTS Introduction v Electron beam welding 1 Index 34 Laser beam welding 37 Index 44 Ultrasonic welding 46 Index 56 Friction welding 57 Index 62 iii INTRODUCTION The newer methods for welding have been termed "unconventional" to differentiate them from the older ones, and include electron beam, ultrasonic, laser beam, and friction welding. This bibliography brings together the world literature on these processes through 1971. A separate section is devoted to each process, and the arrangement is by author with an introduction and key-word index. When an article or paper is authored by more than three individuals, only the first is cited. Indexing and abstracting services searched were: Applied Science and Technology Index Chemical Abstracts Engineering Index International Aerospace Abstracts Nuclear Science Abstracts Metals Abstracts STAR TAB Titanium Abstracts U.S. Government Reports Index v Unconventional Welding Processes: A Bibliography Compiled by Ruth M. Stemple ELECTRON BEAM WELDING INTRODUCTION "Electron beam welding is a process wherein coalescence is produced by the heat obtained from a concentrated beam composed primarily of high velocity electrons impinging upon the surfaces to be joined "Electron beam welding [takes] place in an evacuated chamber in which the beam generating and focusing devices, as well as the workpiece, are in this vacuum environment. Welding in a chamber imposes several limitations; but at the same time provides one of the outstanding advantages of the process: namely, the potential for a pure and inert environment in which the metal may be welded without fear of chemical contamination. "At the time of its invention, electron beam welding was strictly a high-vacuum process. Today the process has a much wider scope, being also practiced at medium vacuum and at atmospheric pressure. In each of these three operational modes, however, the beam is always generated in a high vacuum. It is the workpiece that may be at the same pressure as the beam generator or at a higher pressure. "Another outstanding feature of electron beam welding is its ability to make exceedingly narrow, deeply penetrated welds .... This stands in remarkable contrast to the fusion pattern in arc and gas welds, and is attributable to the unique penetration mechanism of the electron beam."1 Anonymous (1) Air space frontiers challenge welding, Weld. Eng. 54,39—44 (January 1969). (2) Aluminum scores for landing mats, Iron Age 203, 74-75 (Jan. 23,1969). (3) Aluminum welding advances, Modern Metals 22(2), 31 -49; 22(3), 40-60 (1966). (4) Applications of electron-beam welding, Technica 15,1225-30(1966). (5) Applications of electron bombardment (in French), Metallurgia Constr. Mec. 100(10), 506-8 (1968). (6) Automotive industry looks to electron beam, friction and MIG welding, Weld. Eng. 54, 52-54 (September 1969). (7) Biggest of the electron beam welders, Mach. Des. 40,40 (Nov. 21, 1968). (8) Cold cathode beam makes welds in glow discharge of electrons, Prod. Eng. 39,80 (July 1, 1968). (9) Cold cathode space welder is developed, Aerospace Tech. 21,21 (June 3, 1968). (10) Current applications of Sciaky electron beam welding equipment, Machinery (London) 109, 247-53 (1966). (11) Current welding research problems, Weld. J. 41,551s-568s (1962). (12) EB welds tiny parts, holds lap fit tolerances, Weld. Eng. 53,45-47 (June 1968). (13) EB unit works hard in soft vacuum, Iron Age 205,108-9 (March 12, 1970). (14) EB weld joins three parts at once in proximity to explosive charge, Mach. Tool Blue Book 64(8), 77-78(1969). (15) EB welding, Can. Weld. Fab. 60(12), 16-17 (December 1969). (16) EB welding; a firmer foothold, Weld. Eng. 53,48-49 (December 1969). (17) EB welding sweats market break, Steel 164(16), 29-32 (1969). (18) Electron beam facility production welds small parts, Automation 16, 15 (November 1969). 1. S. T. Walter (Ed.), Welding Handbook, Section 3, Part A, 6th ed., American Welding Society, New York, 1970. 1 2 (19) Electron beam job shop bridges gap, Weld. Eng. 53,78 (November 1968). (20) Electron beam methods mov into production, Steel 147,124-27 (Sepi. 12, 1960). (21) Electron-beam power is closer to use on earth and in space, Prod. Eng. 39, 29 (June 3, 1968). (22) Electron beam process: A new German method for working hard materials, Aircraft Prod. 22(3), 122 (1960). (23) Electron beam process welds tubes in air, Iron Age 7(12), 44—45 (December 1968). (24) Electron beam seals delicate component, Weld. Eng. 54,66—67 (September 1969). (25) Electron beam solves metalworking problems, Machinery (N.Y.) 76, 51 (December 1969). (26) Electron beam speeds jetliner turnaround time, Weld. Eng. 54, 52 (August 1969). (27) Electron beam trusted with delicate sealing job, Mach. Des. 41, 12 (Jan. 23, 1969). (28) Electron-beam weld for high-stress part, Prod Eng. 39,101 (July 15, 1968). (29) Electron beam weld tube mill provides versatility, fast output, high quality, Modern Metals 23, 104 (November 1967). (30) Electron beam welder has nonvacuum capability, Metal Prog. 98, 56—57 (November 1970). (31) Electron beam welder is used in tube mill,/rem Steel Eng. 44, 147 (November 1967). (32) Electron beam welder moves out of laboratory into industry, Prod. Eng. 40, 76 (June 16, 1969). (33) Electron beam welder repairs jet engine parts, Machinery (N.Y.) 75,100—101 (March 1969). (34) Election beam welder works in open air, Electronic Eng. 28, 15 (July 1969). (35) Electron beam welding, Metal Ind. 97(6), 110 (1960). (36) Electron beam welding, Machinery Lloyd (European edition) 32(5A), 31, 33-34 (1960); also Metal Treatment 27 , 433 (1960); also Aircraft Prod. 24, 306-11 (1962); also Automobile Eng. 58, 356-57 (August 1968); also Automobile Eng. 61, 55-56 (February 1971); also Metal Const. Brit. Weld. J. 2(11), 473-99 (November 1970). (37) Electron beam welding adds autos to aerospace, Iron Age 201, 27 (April 4, 1968). (38) Electron beam welding applications keep growing, Weld. Eng. 53, 56-57 (January 1968). (39) Electron beam welding as a production tool, Mach. Shop Eng. Manuf. 28, 193-94 (May 1967). (40) Electron beam welding by Rolls-Royce, Engineering 206, 23-24 (July 5, 1968). (41) Electron beam welding cuts plane weight, Amer. Mach. 113,75—77 (Dec. 1, 1969). (42) Electron beam welding does it, Manuf. Eng. Manag. 64, 9 (February 1970). (43) Electron beam welding: Equipment for research and production application, Aircraft Prod. 23, 303-7(1961). (44) Electron beam welding goes into production on tiny instrument components, Weld. J. 47, 727—28 (1968). (45) Electron beam welding in space, Engineer 225, 1024-25 (June 28, 1968). (46) Electron beam welding joins bearing components, Materials Eng. 61, SI (March 1968). (47) Electron beam welding joins tiny parts made of dissimilar metals, Weld. J. 47, 966-67 (1968). (48) Electron beam welding joins tube seams at 80 FPM, Materials Eng. 67, 71 (May 1968). (49) Electron beam welding process operates in vacuum, Iron Age 183(13), 156-58 (March 26, 1959). (50) Electron beam welding proposed for space use, Chem. Eng. News 47, 17 (Oct. 27, 1969). (51) Electron beam welding seals delicate instrument component, Weld. J. 48, 205—6 (March 1969). (52) Electron-beam welding takes on wider field with new units, Prod. Eng. 39, 112 (Dec. 2, 1968). (53) Electron beam welding takes over from swagging. Weld. J. 48, 116 (February 1969). (54) Electron beam welding technique is being utilized more and more frequently for the manufacture of aircraft components, SAE J. 77, 73-74 (March 1969). (55) Electron beam welding: Where is it today? Weld. Eng. 53(6), 43-44 (June 1968). (56) Electron beam welding without a vacuum, Science J. 2(4), 11 (1966). (57) Electron beam welding yields high-performance composite saw bands, Mach. Tool Blue Book 64(2), 126-28(1969). (58) Electron beam welds miniature computer parts, Mach. Tool Blue Book 62(3), 120-21 (1967). (59) Electron beam welds explosive parts safely, Prod. Eng. 40, 86 (March 24, 1969). (60) Fifty-five years of welding progress, Weld. Eng. 56(10), 57-62; 56(11), 40-43 (1971). (61) Flame hot enough to cause vaporizing can still do cool work .Prod. Eng. 39, 98-99 (April 8, 1968). 3 (62) Focused beams are now production tools, Metalworking Prod. 114(6), 55—61 (Feb. 11, 1970). (63) Forging perforins EB welded or diffusion bonded, Metal Prog. 98,10 (August 1970). (64) Forging teamwork boosts titanium, Iron Age 205(21), 84-85 (1970). (65) Giant EB welders may stitch next U.S. Fighter planes, Steel 163(16), 51 (Oct. 14, 1968). (66) At Grumman Aerospace electron beam welds thick titanium, Light Metal Age 27, 16 (December 1969).