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Volume 53 Number 4 1993 Page . 2 Emerald Metropolis Karl Arnoldia (ISBN 004-2633; USPS 866-100) is Haglund published quarterly by the Arnold of Harvard University. Second-class postage paid at 18 The Waverly Oaks , . Charles S. Sargent

are $20.00 per calendar year Subscriptions domestic, 20 Historic in a New $25.00 in advance. are Setting: foreign, payable Single copies The Evolution of the Hunnewell $5.00 All remittances must be in U.S dollars, by Building check drawn on a U.S. bank, or by international Landscape money order. Send orders, remittances, change-of- Stephen A. Spongberg &> Peter Del Tredici address notices, and all other subscription-related communications to: Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, 26 The Asian Connection The , 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Robert E. Cook MA 02130-3519. Telephone 617/524-1718 31 subsessilis Postmaster: Send address changes to: Introducing Weigela Stephen A. Spongberg Arnoldia, Circulation Manager The Arnold Arboretum Chaenomeles x ’Mandarin’ 125 Arborway 34 Superba Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-3519 Gary L. Koller

Karen Madsen, Editor 37 Index to Volume 53 Editorial Committee Phyllis Andersen Front cover: Winter at the Arnold Arboretum, Robert E. Cook looking down from Hemlock Hill to Valley Road. Peter Del Tredici This photograph, by David Akiba, appears on the Gary Koller jacket of New England Natives. A Celebration of Richard Schulhof People and Trees written by Sheila Connor, librarian Stephen A. Spongberg of the Arnold Arboretum, and published by Harvard University Press, 1994. Arnoldia is set in Trump Mediaeval typeface and printed by the Office of the University Publisher, Inside front cover: The Hemlock Gorge Reservation, Harvard University. near the juncture of Wellesley, Needham, and

. Newton, was acquired by the Boston Metropolitan Copyright © 1994. The President and Fellows of Park Commission (now the Metropolitan District Harvard College Commission) in 1895. From Report of the Board of Metropohtan Park Commissioners, 1896.

Back cover: The Arboretum’s thirty-five-foot Linodendron tuhpifera x chinense (a hybrid tulip tree) is moved to its permanent location in the landscape of the Hunnewell Building. Photograph by Peter Del Tredici.

Inside back cover: "The Museum," the Hunnewell Building, as designed by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow, Architects, in 1892. Pen-and-ink watercolor by Harry Fenn for "The Tree Museum" by M C. Robbins, which appeared in the April 1893 issue of Century Luiodendron chmense Magazine. Emerald Metropolis

Karl Haglund .i

One hundred years ago the founders of Boston’s Metropolitan Park Commission realized a transcendentalist vision by reserving as public open space "the rock hills, the stream banks, and the bay and the sea shores" of the region.

At the height of the Panic of 1893 Charles port addressed the urban environment, but not Francis Adams and his brother Henry "packed by focusing on the city center as Chicago’s up our troubles and made for Chicago" to see White City had done. Nor did they advocate the World’s Columbian Exposition. Like thou- taking control of suburban development- sands of others they were captivated and aston- street plans and public transportation as well ished by the fantastic ensemble of images they as parks-an approach that Olmsted and oth- saw there-neoclassical buildings, all perfectly ers had unsuccessfully urged in New York City white, arrayed according to Frederick Law in the 1870s. Looking instead to the margins Olmsted’s site plan to display "the successful and the in-between spaces of the region, they grouping in harmonious relationships of vast envisioned an "Emerald Metropolis." More and magnificent structures." Employing the than a city in a park, more than a second Em- talents of America’s best architects, the fair’s erald Necklace, more, even, than a system of "White City" generated enormous enthusiasm parks, it was a visual definition of the region’s for what soon came to be called the City Beau- structure that could be sustained, they were tiful movement.’1 convinced, even in the face of unimagined In his autobiography, Henry Adams puzzled growth. The Emerald Metropolis would help over the exhibits and the architecture of the Bostonians feel at home by preserving what exposition. Given that these extraordinary Eliot called "the rock-hills, the stream banks, white structures had been "artistically in- and the bay and the sea shores" of greater duced to pass the summer on the shore of Lake Boston-the natural edges, paths, and land- Michigan," the question was, did they seem at marks of the region.2 home there? More than that, Adams wondered whether Americans were at home in the fair’s The Idea Defined idealized New World city. But neither of the Eliot and Baxter moved to shape the region by Adamses, in their published works or private reserving as open space large tracts hitherto writings, connected what they saw in Chicago unbuildable but now on the verge of develop- with Charles’ work as chairman of the Metro- ment ; the shores of rivers and beaches still politan Park Commission in Boston. marshy or shabbily built up; and the most pic- In January 1893 the six-month-old park turesque remaining fragments of the aboriginal commission had published its report, written New England landscape. The natural features by Sylvester Baxter and Charles Eliot, the of the region should establish the armature for commission’s secretary and landscape archi- urban development, not the existing haphaz- tect ; Adams wrote the introduction. Their re- ard assemblage of streets, lots, railroads, and 3

By the 1890s the Middlesex Fells was entirely surrounded by rapidly growmg towns whose boundaries met in the middle of the woods. The towns had already begun to purchase land around the ponds to protect their water supply when the reservation was created m 1894, expandmg the protecuon of the watershed. This view looks across Spot Pond toward Pickerel Rock. From Report of the Board of Metropolitan Park Commissioners, 1895. streetcar lines. Once set aside, these reserva- with another sort of open space. He looked out tions would forever enhance the city’s fitness from the State House and saw, within a ten- for human habitation, joining unique and char- mile radius, many still-surviving remnants of acteristic landscapes to the placemaking the New England wilderness. There were half power of the city’s historic landmarks. The a dozen scenes of uncommon beauty, "well park commission’s plan offered the citizenry of known to all lovers of nature near Boston ... Boston an opportunity to see the metropolis in in daily danger of utter destruction." He urged an entirely new way; the figure and ground of the immediate creation of an association to the region’s topographical features would be hold "small and well-distributed parcels of transposed. land ... just as the Public Library holds books Baxter and Eliot had begun formulating and the Art Museum pictures-for the use and these ideas several years earlier. In February enjoyment of the public." Generous men and 1890, Eliot responded to an editorial by women would bequeath these irreplaceable Charles Sprague Sargent in his new periodical properties to such a group, just as others Garden and Forest that since the cities and give works of art to the city’s museums. Eliot towns around Boston had failed to act, the pro- helped organize a standing committee of vision of "well-distributed open spaces" for twenty-five, which set to work in the spring of public squares and playgrounds would have to 1890. As an energetic member of the commit- wait for the establishment of a commission by tee, Baxter drew on his ties to newspaper edi- the legislature. Eliot, however, was concerned tors and writers across the state and to other 4

veterans of the twenty-year-old campaign to Boston appeared, Eliot read it and proposed preserve the Middlesex Fells. The legislation that they work together to realize the metro- to create a privately endowed Trustees of Pub- politan park system. At their urging the newly lic Reservations was signed in May of 1891.3 organized Trustees of Public Reservations Though Eliot did not note the distinction in agreed to convene a meeting of park commis- his letter, the analogy with the art museum sioners from across Greater Boston in Decem- and the public library suggested two ap- ber 1891. After public hearings the following proaches to preserving open space, one private spring, a temporary Metropolitan Park Com- and the other public. Even before the campaign mission was authorized by the legislature in to organize the Trustees was completed, Eliot June 1892.5 and Baxter moved-first separately and then Baxter’s concerns were the administrative jointly-to promote a public regional park au- inefficiencies and parochial jealousies of the thority. Eliot wrote a letter to his boyhood myriad cities and towns in the Boston basin, friend Governor William Russell in December and Eliot knew firsthand how the wariness of 1890, recommending that the State Board of town officials affected the development of pub- Health develop a plan for metropolitan reser- lic open space. From his extensive explorations vations. Three months later, Baxter wrote a on the region’s fringes, he knew that town bound- series of articles in the Boston Herald about aries often bisected the most scenic areas, what he called "Greater Boston." He too especially along ponds and river valleys. It scanned the ten-mile view from the State would be senseless, he said, for one town to act House, but he described an image that was the without the other, but too often one city had very inverse of Eliot’s fast-disappearing land- refused to spend money for fear that the adjoin- scapes. From that height he observed "a bil- ing city would enjoy what it had paid for.6 lowy sea of buildings stretching away in nearly So when the park commissioners planned a every direction, apparently without interrup- series of daytrips through the district in Sep- tion, as far as the feet of the chain of hills that tember and October of 1892, they invited city encircles the borders of the bay from Lynn officials and prominent residents of the towns around to Milton." The pattern of construc- to join them. The secretary’s minutes recount tion paid little heed to town boundaries, and the itinerary of these ten excursions, which the limits of Boston covered only a fraction of took the commissioners and their guests the true city. The proper management of this throughout the metropolitan district. Several Greater Boston would be a regional commis- required transit by train, carriage, barge, and sion with authority over all the major public steam launch, all in the same day. The places services-water supply, sewerage, fire, police, they visited were unfamiliar to most of the schools, highways, transit, parks. Here members, and Baxter wrote later that the out- Baxter’s perspective joined with Eliot’s. Of all ings "were like voyages of discovery about these functions, Baxter reserved his lengthiest home." Again and again the minutes of these description for a chain of pleasure grounds ex- journeys underline the fascination with ob- tending (under regional administration) from taining grand and scenic views. On Milton Hill Lynn Beach and the Lynn Woods to the they found "one of the noblest prospects in the "mountain-like" Blue Hills range. Taken to- neighborhood of Boston." The outlook down gether with the recently completed parks in the valley of the Saugus River toward the the City of Boston, these large woodland reser- meadowland, the serpentine stream, and the vations would constitute one of the grandest uplands "formed a picture of exceptional park systems in the world .4 charm." The view from the twin summits of Olmsted urged Baxter to publish the Herald Prospect Hill in Waltham was "wide and glori- articles in book form, and soon after Greater ous." On their inspection tours the travelers 5

The park plan was bounded by the rock hills-the forest reservations laid out along the ring of hills that surround Boston about ten miles from the State House. The radial spokes of the park system were the three rivers 2014 the Mystic, the Charles, and the Neponset. The beaches of the bay and seashores comprised the third element of the plan. Parks and parkways were proposed along the rivers, and parkways also linked Revere Beach with the Mystic River and the Middlesex Fells, the with Fresh Pond, Stony Brook with the Arnold Arboretum, and the Blue Hills with . By 1899, over nine thousand acres of reservations and parkways had been acquired. Cartography by Olmsted Brothers; from Report of the Board of Metropolitan Park Commissioners, 1899. 6

Plans and Planners When Copeland moved to Vermont, his ideas for a metropolitan system were advanced by What we now know as the his former associate, the engineer Nathaniel was conceived and executed as a single, unified Bowditch. In 1874 Bowditch published a work by Frederick Law Olmsted. By contrast, it metropolitan park plan that included many of is impossible to attribute the authorship of the Copeland’s ideas and anticipated Eliot’s pro- metropolitan park system to a single author. posal of two decades later. For almost fifteen Except for relatively small parcels within the years Copeland had lived in a house along Beaver larger reservations-for example, Revere Beach Brook in Belmont, near the famous Waverly (1895) and the Charles River Esplanade (1936)2014 Oaks, an area he included in his metropolitan MPC lands have been largely untouched by "de- system. When the MPC was organized in 1893, sign." They represent the first metropolitan Beaver Brook was its first acquisition. application of the idea of "reserving" natural landmarks that began with Yellowstone, Sylvester Baxter Yosemite, and Niagara Falls. Having determined that he could not afford to In the second half of the nineteenth century, attend the recently opened architecture school many people campaigned to preserve various of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology woodlands and undeveloped areas around Bos- (the first in America), Baxter went to work for ton-including the Lynn Woods, the Middlesex the Boston Daily Advertiser in 1871. It seems Fells, Beaver Brook, and the Blue Hills. Among likely that he would have read Bowditch’s 1874 the park advocates who took a comprehensive, proposal for a metropolitan park system in the metropolitan view, the most influential Advertiser. included Robert Morris Copeland, Sylvester From 1875 to 1877 Baxter studied at the uni- Baxter, and Charles Eliot. versities of Leipzig and Berlin and was especially interested in German municipal Robert Morris Copeland A landscape gardener listed in Boston city directories from 1855 to 1872, Copeland pre- pared the plan for the village of Oak Bluffs on Martha’s Vineyard and wrote the popular book Country Life: A Handbook of Agriculture, Hor- ticulture, and Landscape Gardening. During the park debates of post-Civil War Boston, Copeland wrote a remarkable editorial propos- ing a system of parks as well as a grand circular boulevard around Boston that would follow the its encircling ring of hills; bridges and ferries across the harbor islands were to complete the loop. Copeland suggested that the surrounding towns "were now Boston," but their citizens "come here to earn money, and go home to en- joy it." It should be possible, he thought, to choose park improvements that would benefit Boston as well as the surrounding suburbs, but this task was beyond the means of individual Sylvester Baxter (above) and Charles cities and towns. He to have been the appears Eliot (facing page) Photographs by Elmer first to a commission" as suggest "metropolitan Chickering, ca. 1893, courtesy of MDC the vehicle for this parkmaking.1 Archives 7

administration. On his return to Boston he be- education. The burden of family privilege and came involved with Elizur Wright in the cam- accomplishment heightened Charles’ anxieties paign to preserve "Stone’s Woods" in Malden, when as an upperclassman he realized he Medford, and Winchester. (He also promoted "could find no practical bent or ambition renaming the area "the Middlesex Fells.") In anywhere about me." At one point in his senior 1880 he wrote Olmsted, who had not yet moved year he came near to giving up his studies to Boston, about the Fells. entirely. Baxter’s interests covered an extraordinary Not long after graduation a conversation range. In 1881 he joined an archeological expe- with his uncle Robert Peabody, an architect dition to investigate Zuni ruins in the South- who lived near Frederick Law Olmsted in west, and the following year wrote an article Brookline, persuaded Eliot that he should be- about the visit of several Zuni chiefs to Wash- come a landscape architect. Since there was ington and Boston, where the Zuni conducted a then no recognized training for the field, he en- sunrise ceremony on the beach at Deer Island. tered Harvard’s Bussey Institution, where the He also wrote several books of poetry as well as Department of Agriculture and Horticulture a history of Mexican architecture. His abiding was located. The following spring Eliot was in- interest, however, was his vision for Greater troduced by Peabody to Olmsted, who offered Boston.2.2 him an apprenticeship. Within a week he had dropped out of his classes and taken his first inspection tour with Olmsted as a full-time employee of the firm. He soon discovered how well his extracurricular pursuits had prepared him for his profession-the childhood drawing lessons, the long hikes around Boston, the ado- lescent mapping of imaginary towns and real neighborhoods (like Norton’s Woods in Cam- bridge), the college summers organizing a group of college friends to study the natural sciences on Mt. Desert Island. After an apprenticeship of two years, Eliot left for a year in Europe. On Olmsted’s advice, he ignored the monuments of the "Grand Tour" in favor of public parks, botanical gardens, city streets, and landscape books in the British Museum. He returned with an extraordinary breadth of professional knowledge-from land- scape construction to styles and philosophies of design. By 1892, after five years of managing his Charles Eliot own office, he was well equipped for his part in Periods of elation and tranquility (especially the creation of the Metropolitan Park System.’ when he was away from Cambridge in nearby countryside or the wilds of Maine) alternated 1 Robert Morris Copeland, "The Park Question," with recurring episodes of self-doubt and de- Boston Daily Advertiser (December 2, 1869), 2. His mother died 2 pression in Eliot’s early life. [Sylvester Baxter] "Sylvester Baxter," in James when he was nine. By the time he began his Phmney Baxter, The Baxter Family A Collection studies at Harvard, his father had been presi- of Genealogies (N.p. 1921), 94-102. dent of the college for ten years and was well on 3 [Charles W. Eliot] Charles Eliot, Landscape his way to Olympian status in American higher Architect (Boston- Houghton Mifflin, 1901), 1-34. 8

also noted unique and distinctive landscapes. streams, the islands, and the promontories,- They were deeply impressed with the remark- all may be made to harmonize in one grand able beauty of the landscape of the ancient panorama ..." The landscape gardener Robert Waverly Oaks in Belmont and with the need to Morris Copeland had published a plan in 1869 preserve them for the public.’ that encompassed not only the ring of hills The commissioners were able to see beyond from Lynn to Quincy, but a grand circuit that then-current conditions as well. The Charles linked the North Shore across harbor bridges River shore "was marred by industries merely and ferries to the southern beaches (though in search of cheap land" and made ugly by he believed the banks of the Charles would "squalid hovels, dump heaps and other nui- always be needed for wharves and docks). sances." Its banks were "inky black" with foul Copeland was probably the first to call specifi- sewage deposits, though they should be "a cally for a metropolitan commission to ex- popular pleasure ground." There were a "num- ecute this ambitious plan. Separate campaigns ber of ugly fish houses and an equally ugly had been forwarded for several of the large for- Hotel" on Nahant Beach, but it was nonethe- ests around Boston. Elizur Wright and others less one of the most beautiful sites on the Mas- had lobbied since the 1870s to create a "forest sachusetts coast. After their ten outings, all conservatory" at the Fells, and the Massachu- the members presented their views before the setts Horticultural Society in its reports had board, and then Baxter and Eliot drafted the urged the reservation of both the Fells and the report.8 Waverly Oaks. A "water park" for the Charles River Basin had many advocates in the 1870s the Park "Picturing" System and 80s, among them Uriah Crocker and The rationale for the Metropolitan Park Sys- Charles Davenport.10 tem drew on a reservoir of ideas that dated The 1893 metropolitan scheme encompassed back more than a generation, ideas that had the rivers and the shores of Greater Boston in now gained widespread acceptance: spite of their then-degraded state. Eliot sketched the of this near the end of his The life history of humanity has proved noth- symmetry plan of the Architect": ing more clearly than that crowded popula- "Report Landscape tions, if they would live in health and happiness, As the ocean at Revere Beach was reached by a must have space for air, for light, for exercise, ten-mile drive from Winchester down the val- for rest, and for the enjoyment of that peaceful ley of the Mystic River, so now the bay shore at beauty of nature which, because it is the oppo- Squaw Rock is reached by a ten-mile drive from site of the noisy ugliness of towns, is so Dedham down the lovelier valley of the wonderfully refreshing to the tired souls of Neponset. Half-way between these northern townspeople.9 and southern nverways we find Charles River, leading, by another course of ten miles, from In Eliot’s these summation, general prin- Waltham through the very centre of the metro- ciples gave strong support for the concept of politan district to the basin just west of the the park system. The real genius of the 1893 State House. Nature appears to have placed report, though, was its integration and exten- these streams just where they can best serve sion of a series of earlier, less comprehensive the needs of the crowded populations gathering proposals for the Boston region. fast about them."I I In 1844 an eccentric Scot named Robert Here, as throughout the two men’s writings, Gourlay, residing in Boston for two years for images were crucial to their visionary narra- the treatment of insomnia, had proposed "con- tives. During the report’s preparation Eliot necting and exhibiting to the greatest advan- wrote to the commissioners that his "special tage those rare and beautiful features which work" for the park commission was "the pic- Nature has here thrown together" so that "the turing by printed words, photographs, and 9

The most visionary acts of the park commission were the schemes to reclaim the riverbanks and beaches, which were occupied by tenements and industry. The transformation of Revere Beach required the relocation of streets and railroads and the demolition of numerous shanties and saloons. Photograph by Nathaniel L. Stebbms. From Report of the Board of Metropolitan Park Commissioners, 1898 maps of those open spaces which are still ob- of the natural features of the region, Eliot be- tainable near Boston." The "details of the legal lieved, would "bring forth the facts in the machinery" could all be resolved once this case" and result in "the scientific selection of "picturing" aroused the necessary public sup- lands for public open space." Such "scientific port.12 Like others before and since who have planning" would proceed from the greater to projected greater Boston into the future, the the lesser, recognizing that the larger spaces two men appealed to the visual as well as the could never be had if they were not acquired at moral imagination. the right time. The larger reservations would Eliot divided his report’s twenty-five pages offer not only the "fresh air and play-room" of of "picturing" into three parts. First was a smaller spaces but also the "free pleasures of physical and historical geography of the parks the open world of which small spaces can give district, followed by a study of "the way in no hint." Executing these general principles which the peculiar geography of the metropoli- would require particular attention to the vi- tan district ought to govern the selection of the sual and functional logic of the reservations’ sites of public open spaces." Finally, Eliot boundaries. Wherever possible the boundaries documented the opportunities still available should be established on public roads or on to acquire open space according to the prin- lines where roads would likely be built. And ciples he had outlined. 13 the commission should avoid taking "only half Those principles reflected widely expressed a hill, half a pond or half a glen," since frag- contemporary concerns for public order and ments of such landscape types would be less rational structure in American cities. A study satisfying as natural scenery. 14 10

The Park Commission was authorized to build parkways in 1894 to create jobs in a time of recession. Primanly intended for "pleasure vehicles, the parkways provided scenic access to the reservations. The Speedway, a departure from the scenic values of the park system, was bmlt near Harvard’s Soldiers Field. The tidal flats along the lower Charles offered the only place near Boston for a mile-long course unmterrupted by cross streets. From Report of the Board of Metropolitan Park Commissioners, 1902.

Picturing the park system also meant citing contrast, the region north of the Charles River, appropriate administrative models. Though carved up into many small cities and towns, Eliot hinted at the possibilities for parkways, lacked not only extensive parks but clearly Baxter’s "Report of the Secretary" addressed delineated routes to the center of Boston as the issue of public roads in a regional context well.ls and strongly advocated "Special Pleasure- In Baxter’s view, the proper structure for ways" to link the metropolitan parks and res- "the peculiar political geography" of the region ervations. One precedent was the boulevards was not annexation, however; it was the Met- of Chicago, created by the Illinois boulevard ropolitan Sewerage Act of 1889. Baxter also act, which allowed the park commissioners to saw a fiscal precedent near at hand for the seek the consent of municipal authorities and Commission’s plans to reclaim degraded natu- abutting landowners to connect parks with ral areas. Olmsted’s recreative treatment of the such pleasure roads. Commonwealth Avenue, was clearly both "the cheapest the parkways of the Emerald Necklace, the and most effective" remedy.16 planned improvements to Blue Hill Avenue, and the proposed parkway from the Arnold Assembling the Reservations Arboretum to Stony Brook were cited as ex- The effort of "picturing" the metropolitan amples, made possible because the annexation parks in the report, aimed at Boston’s "high- of several adjoining towns had given the City handed and liberal" Yankee aristocracy, was of Boston the necessary geographical range. By completely successful. The "legal machinery" 11

was passed by the legislature and signed by there was instead "a contemptible scavenger’s Governor Russell, permanently establishing street, thirty feet wide, backing up against the the Metropolitan Park Commission on June 3, unmentionable parts of private houses."’9 1893. Charles Dalton, the chairman of the Bos- No single reservation took more of Eliot’s ton Park Commission, thought the report time than the Charles. Before and during his would be one of the most important contribu- tenure as consultant to the MPC, he served on tions to the literature of public parks ever several state commissions organized to study made. Charles Francis Adams observed to the the river’s sanitary problems, and was also the board that "Our work is chiefly educational. landscape architect for the new (1893) Cam- We cannot expect to accomplish practical re- bridge Park Commission. Cambridge acted sults immediately, but to prepare the public to first, and at Eliot’s direction the city acquired do something in these directions some years and began filling more than four miles of salt hence."" marsh, almost the entire length of the city’s Eliot, however, had other intentions. He southern boundary. Though Eliot hoped that moved with what now seems almost incom- some of the region’s riverine marshes would be prehensible speed to map the reservation preserved, he told the MPC that the ten miles boundaries, and the Park Commission ac- of Charles River salt marsh below Watertown quired almost seven thousand acres of mostly "must sooner or later be made usable." Like open land in its first eighteen months. Its first many others, Eliot was persuaded that dam- taking, in 1893, was Beaver Brook, including ming the Charles near the harbor to create a the Waverly Oaks. Responding to the depres- water park would return annually increasing sion, the legislature authorized funding for the profits to the community. A separate MPC ap- development of parkways the next year. By propriation for land acquisition along the river 1899, only six years after the park commission was passed in 1894, and over five hundred was established, the park system comprised acres were purchased during the next three eleven reservations and seven parkways, total- years. In spite of these extensive investments, ling over nine thousand acres.18 the opposition-led by residents on the water At the heart of Eliot’s vision for the derelict side of Beacon Street-successfully resisted spaces along the rivers and shores was the the construction of a dam until 1903. (The Es- Charles River Basin, extending upstream from planade was completed in 1936. )20 the western slope of Beacon Hill. The basin, he predicted, would become the central "court of Reservations and Natural Scenery honor" of the metropolitan district. Gourlay’s For the forest lands, Eliot pressed vigorously to visionary drawings in 1844 had already imag- acquire as much of the identified reservations ined the basin as a single, designed space, but as possible, but he struggled in vain to educate in 1893, the river was still a noisome expanse the park board on the need for what he called of sewage-laden tidal flats, unfit for the central "general plans" for each reservation before role in any story of park design or civic fore- roads and structures were built. When the pace sightedness. The river’s frontage was occupied of acquisition slowed in 1896, he organized a by two prisons, three coal-burning power project to classify the broad categories of veg- plants, and numerous shabby commercial and etation throughout the park system. Published industrial structures. Two large slaughter- in 1898, a year after Eliot’s untimely death, houses, one near the harbor and the other Vegetation and Scenery is a detailed comple- downstream from Watertown Square, dumped ment to his planning principles outlined in the offal into the shallow waters. Even in the 1893 report. Though in the earlier document elegant Back Bay, said Richard Henry Dana, he had advocated a "scientific" selection of where a public roadway should face the river, lands, the vegetation study would merely 12

record the existing conditions in the reserva- might be "sacrilegious" to control or modify tions ; it was neither "an historical or even a the existing verdure was nonsense. Even the scientific inquiry."21 six thousand acres of the Blue Hills, situated as Here we are left to puzzle over what Eliot it was on the rim of the metropolis, did not meant by "historical" and "scientific." Cer- constitute a wilderness-in fact, the vegeta- tainly the Vegetation report corroborated his tion was "really artificial in a high degree." earlier statements that both the beauty and Eliot’s priorities for both the large and small ugliness of the existing vegetation were prima- reservations were clear: first, to safeguard the rily the work of men, "chopped over, or com- scenery of these natural areas before it was too pletely cleared, or pastured, or burnt over, time late; second, to make that scenery accessible and time again." While the reservations dif- to the public; and finally, to enrich and en- fered sharply from each other topographically, hance the beauty of the reservations.24 recent human action had rendered the vegeta- Even if there should be sufficient public sup- tion of the woodlands very much alike and "re- port to accomplish the first and second of markably uninteresting. "21 these tasks, could the enhancement of scenery Then why-apart from a few scattered natural ever be justified at public expense, when "or- and geologic oddities-had these forests been dinary people will never appreciate the differ- acquired? Natural reservations, Eliot had said, ence" ? Eliot answered emphatically in the "were the cathedrals of the modern world," affirmative. Following Olmsted, he argued and the metropolitan reservations had been that in the presence of "unaccustomed beauty acquired as a "treasure of scenery." The beaches or grandeur," even the average person experi- and the river shores offered expansive water enced "sensations and emotions, the causes of views, but the scenery of the rock hills was which are unrecognized and even unknown." problematic. Only on the rocky summits and This principle, he thought, was the basis for in the swamps was the vegetation "natural." the public commitment to schools, libraries, The opportunity of the park system’s stewards and art museums. It was well exemplified in was to "control, guide, and modify" the forest many already completed public parks, and in growth so that the reservations would be Eliot’s mind it was the foundation for the met- "slowly but surely induced to present the ropolitan reservations .21 greatest variety, interest, and possible beauty The Park of the landscape." Eliot encouraged his protege System Acclaimed Arthur Shurcliff to sketch before-and-after The significance of the metropolitan parks was scenes in the reservations, and Shurcliff’s widely acclaimed in Boston, in other American and in In drawings were included in the printed report cities, especially Europe. November to "picture" the enhancement of the landscape 1893, after Eliot and Olmsted’s son John had through the judicious use of the axe.23 became his partners, Olmsted wrote to them:

Standing in the way of such landscape im- ... nothing else compares m importance to us provements, Eliot wrote, was a "small but in- with the Boston work, meaning theMetropoh- fluential body of refined persons" who opposed tan quite equally with the city work. The two will be the most work of these efforts to adapt parks and reservations to together important our now in hand in the new requirements. He observed that these profession anywhere world.... In your life-time, Muddy could live in a little bower and read probable people River [part of the Emerald Necklace], Blue Thoreau with but could not un- delight, they Hills, the Fells, Waverly Oaks, Charles River, derstand a whole "talk of ’let- landscape. They the Beaches will be pomts to date from in the ting Nature alone’ or ’keeping nature natural’, history of American Landscape Architecture, as if such a thing were possible in a world as much as Central Park. They will be the which was made for man." The idea that it opening of new chapters in the art.26 13

The popularity of canoeing on the Charles River peaked dunng the two decades after the construction of Norumbega Park and the Riverside Recreation Grounds m Newton and Weston in the 1890s. More than four thousand canoes were said to be moored along the middle Charles. The regatta shown here was held at the Waltham Canoe Club about 1912. rust downstream of the canoe club is the smokestack of the American Waltham Watch Company, and on the west side of the nver is Mt. Feake Cemetery. Farther downstream, below the Watertown Dam, the nverbanks were lined with slaughterhouses, power plants, and other polluting industries, and boating was dommated by the colleges and the rowmg clubs. Courtesy of the MDC ArchIves.

The endeavor of "picturing" the parks did doubtless so identified the park movement not end with the first report, nor was the audi- with Boston as to be almost totally ignorant ence limited to Bostonians. The metropolitan that anything of a similar nature has been un- park commissioners prepared a one-ton plaster dertaken elsewhere."27 topographical model of the metropolitan area In 1910 the international competition for for the Paris Exposition of 1900 that was later the planning of Greater Berlin resulted in an exhibited at the Pan-American Exhibition in influential exhibition and a widely circulated Buffalo (1901), at the Louisiana Purchase Expo- two-volume catalog. A lavishly illustrated sition at St. Louis (1904), and at the Lewis and chapter on American park systems described Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland their significance as the basis for city plans and (1905). A 1905 article by the secretary of the their importance in relieving urban conges- City Parks Association on "The Development tion. Several pages were devoted to the Boston of Park Systems in American Cities" included city and metropolitan parks, with a full-page a lengthy description of the Boston metropoli- map of the metropolitan park system and pho- tan parks, and suggested that "readers have tographs of the Blue Hills and Revere Beach. 14

The section of the exhibit on American parks the Metropolitan Park System represented its was later mounted separately in several Ger- evolutionary glory."29 2014 2014 - " «-- man cities.28 The judgment of planners and civic officials The Fate of the Idea at the turn of the century has been echoed by In 1919, the Park Commission merged with modern urban historians. In their view, it was the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board to in America that "open space first emerged as a create the Metropolitan District Commission potential structural element for the entire (MDC). More than a dozen new parkways were city." The work of Baxter and Eliot has been constructed in the next decade. The passage of called "the most notable scheme of compre- open space bonds in the 1980s funded signifi- hensive metropolitan park planning" in the cant additions to the reservations, and today United States and "the first such organization the park system comprises more than 16,000 of land in the world." Closer to home, an elo- acres. After a hundred years’ experience with quent study of the Back Bay Fens authenticates this regional pattern of open space, it is fair to the reservations’ importance: "If Mount Au- ask what these reservations now mean in our burn Cemetery was the forerunner of the Fens, urban lives.

Workmg double shifts for eight months, twenty-one people built this model under the direction of the "geographic sculptor" George Carroll Curtis. It took six months to make a wax model, then plaster casts were made m ten sections The finished model was almost eleven feet in diameter and weighed one ton Its handpainted surface was "planted" with 200,000 evergreen and deciduous trees and depicted 250 miles of railroads, 300 miles of streams, 2,750 miles of streets, and 157,000 dwellings. Even the Frog Pond on Boston 15

The founders of the park system were prac- writings these park advocates knew well, de- tical enough to see that the water edges of clared that "in every landscape the point of rivers and shores could provide open space astonishment is the meeting of the sky and without taking large tracts off the tax rolls. the earth." The New England teacher Horace The city’s ponds and rivers, as Eliot told the Mann put it more plainly: "Water is to the Cambridge park commissioners, offered "per- landscape what the eye is to the face."30 manently open spaces provided by nature A hundred years ago Eliot was convinced without cost"; capturing their edges for the that reservations of scenery had become the public opened "these now unused and inacces- cathedrals of the modern world. Are they now? sible spaces with their ample air, light, and The historian Sam Bass Warner has argued that outlook." But behind these matter-of-fact at the end of the twentieth century "we are statements was a transcendentalist vision of escaping a different city; we are in search of a the mystical power at the edges and margins of different Mother Nature." It is not just the the natural world. The human craving for land- highways everywhere, splitting the Blue scapes is most deeply realized where earth Hills and the Fells, and separating the Espla- connects with water and sky. Emerson, whose nade from its neighborhood. Across the

Common and the bridge over the lake m the Public Garden were shown m scale. The model was exhibited fust at the Paris Exposition of 1900, then at international expositions in Buffalo, St Louis, and Portland. For almost eighty years the model was displayed at Harvard Umversity museums. In 1980 it was moved to the Boston Museum of Science, at the geographical center of the Metropolitan Park System. From G. C. Curtis, A Description of the Topographical Model of Metropolitan Boston, 1900. 16

country "greenways" are created on former Eliot, "Report of the Landscape Architect," Report the Board Park Commissioners railroad and in other once- of of Metropolitan beds, along canals, & cited below as and (Boston: Wright Potter, 1893), 91, unimaginable "public open spaces," MPC Report (1893). Olmsted is acclaimed as the "father of the 3 Charles Eliot, "The Waverly Oaks," Garden and greenways." Greenways, however, are no Forest (March 5, 1890), 117-18. Eliot first proposed longer peaceful byways for "restoring the tired that the association be called "The Trustees of Massachusetts Scenery." The name chosen, "The souls of townspeople." We now jog, sunbathe, Trustees of Public Reservations," was the source of and skate in reservations cycle, many where, some confusion since the organization was privately until recently, such activities were forbidden. organized and funded. In 1954 it became "The Scenic reserves for many people have become Trustees of Reservations." Its history is described in of and motion.31 Gordon Abbott, Jr., Saving Special Places- A landscapes speed Centennial the Trustees Reservations: The incursion of and History of of structures, highways, Pioneer of the Land Trust Movement (Ipswich, MA: wheels of all kinds notwithstanding, the natu- Ipswich Press, 1993). ral landmarks of Greater Boston, drawn into 4 Charles Eliot to Governor William Russell, the public domain according to the park system’s December 19, 1890, in [Charles W. Eliot] Charles visionary scheme, have shown surprising stead- Eliot, Landscape Architect (Boston: Houghton hereafter cited as Charles fastness. the hundred have Mifflin, 1901), 356-57, Perhaps past years Eliot. Sylvester Baxter, Greater Boston’ A Study for that vindicated the definition of stewardship a Federahzed Metropolis Comprising the City of Baxter and Eliot propounded: first, secure open Boston and Surrounding Cities and Towns (Boston: spaces that reinforce the park system at every Philpott, 1891), 8 (reprinted from the Boston Herald). 5 Baxter’s recollection that Eliot a opportunity, even if they cannot be developed proposed joint to is found in his the lesson of the effort realize the park system immediately (remembering "Wonderful Progress During the Past Seven Years of it is never reclaimed rivers and shores-that Work on the Great Metropolitan Park System," too late to acquire or recover public spaces); Boston Sunday Herald (May 20, 1900), 41; and m Park next, offer access for people without destroy- Baxter, "Greater Boston’s Metropolitan what has been reserved; and then when the System," Boston Evening Transcript, Part Five ing (September 29, 1923), 1. means the natural domain- permit, improve 6 Eliot to Russell, quoted in Charles Eliot, 356. the and the shores-of the 7 the hills, rivers, Minutes of the temporary Metropolitan Park Emerald Metropolis. Commission, 1892. 8 Ibid. Notes 9 MPC Report (1893), 82 1 Jack Shepherd, The Adams Chronicles’ Four 10 Robert Fleming Gourlay, Plans for Beautifying New Generations of Greatness (Boston’ Little, Brown, York and For Enlargmg and Improving the City of 1975), 424. Thomas S. Hmes, Burnham of Chicago. Boston (Boston. Crocker & Brewster, 1844), 17; Architect and Planner (New York: Oxford University Robert Morris Copeland, "The Park Question," Press, 1974), quotes Daniel Burnham, the chief Boston Daily Advertiser (December 2, 1869), 2; architect of the Chicago Fair, on the color of the "The Waverly Oaks," Transactions of the buildings, 101; and Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard Massachusetts Horticultural Society for the Year professor of fine arts, on their arrangement, 115. 1884, Part II (Boston: Massachusetts Horticultural Walter Creese unnecessarily simplifies the Metro- Society, 1884), 272-73. According to Baxter, painters politan Park System by mapping it as "Eliot’s Emerald connected with the Boston Art Club had suggested Necklace" in "The Boston Fens," The Crowning of the that the club purchase the Waverly Oaks in the American Landscape: Eight Great Spaces and Their 1870s; "By Bicycle to the Waverly Oaks-II," Bmldmgs (Pnnceton : Pnnceton University Press, Garden and Forest (August 17, 1892) 3(234): 387. 1985). Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Beginning in the 1870s, the Charles was frequently Adams (Boston: Houghton Mifflm, 1974), 340. For a compared with rivers in European cities, especially discussion of Olmsted and J. J. R. Croes’ 1876-77 Hamburg’s Alster Basin, which served in a general plans for the Bronx, see David Schuyler, The New way as the model for the development of the Urban Landscape’ The Redefinition of City Form m Esplanade in the 1930s. See City of Boston, City Nmeteenth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Document No 128 (1869), 7, 264 Hopkins University Press, 1986), 174-79. Charles 11 MPC Report (1893), 106. Baxter considered Eliot’s 17

"comprehensive reservation of the banks of the Richard Bushman, The Refmement of America: three rivers" unique in a system of park Persons, Houses, Cities (New York: Knopf, 1992). development, see Baxter, "Wonderful Progress," 40. 25 MPC Report (1897), 51. 12 Charles Eliot, 383. 26 Olmsted to Partners (John Olmsted and Charles 13 MPC Report (1893), 82-110. Eliot), October 28 and November 1, 1893, Olmsted 14 MPC Report (1893), 83, 92; MPC Report (1894), 14. Papers, Library of Congress. As Keith Morgan has For a broad view of the period, see Robert Wiebe, The pointed out, all but the first of these parks were Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill & initiated and directed by Eliot; Keith Morgan, "Held Wang, 1967). In Trust: Charles Eliot’s Vision for the New England 15 MD: National Association for Baxter included a draft "General Parkway Law" in Landscape" (Bethesda, his part of the report. MPC Report (1893), Appendix Olmsted Parks, 1991), 1. B, 62-66. 27 MPC Annual Report (1905), 30-31; Andrew Wright 16 MPC Report (1893), 3-19. Crawford, "The Development of Park Systems in 17 American Annals the American The characterization of Boston politics in this period Cities," of as "both high-handed and liberal" is from Martin Academy (1905), 223 Meyerson and Edward C. Banfield, Boston. The Job 28 Chnstlane Crasemann Collins, "A Visionary Ahead (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Discipline: Werner Hegemann and the Quest for the 1966), 106; Dalton’s comment is cited in Baxter, Pragmatic Ideal," Center- A Journal for "Wonderful Progress," 41. Architecture m America 5 (1989), 79-80 18 29 C. Two decades later, Adams was still startled by the Jon Teaford, The Unheralded Triumph. City speed of the Commission’s progress: "Wholly Government m America, 1870-1900 (Baltimore: opposed to the policy of rapid growth and what I Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 256-257; Toward the Planned could not but regard as premature development, I Creese, 168; Anthony Sutcliffe, the United and found myself powerless to check it. I was, in fact, City. Germany, Britain, States, 1780-1914 Basil frightened at our success in the work we had to do." France, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981),~, 183. By June 1895 Adams was "bored to death and fast 197; Creese, 30 getting cross" with week-to-week administrative Eliot, Preliminary Report on the Location of Parks matters, and resigned from the board. Writing at the for Cambridge (October 16, 1893); quoted in Charles end of his life, however, he doubted "whether at any Eliot, 423-24. George H. Snelhng, "Testimonials in period of my life, or in any way, I have done work Favor of the Modification of the Plan of Building on more useful or so permanent in character ... as the Back Bay Territory: April 2, 1860"; Ralph Waldo saving to the people of Massachusetts the Blue Hills Emerson, "Nature," in Brooks Atkinson, ed., The and the Middlesex Fells." Charles Francis Adams, Complete Essays and Other Writings of Ralph Diary, June 10, 11, 1895; Charles Francis Adams, Waldo Emerson (NY: Random House, 1940), 410; 1835-1915, An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Horace Mann is quoted in Creese, 192. Mifflin, 1916), 185. 31 Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot to the Metropolitan Park 19 Charles Eliot, "The Boston Metropolitan Commission, June 22, 1896, quoted in Charles Eliot, Reservations," New England Magazine 15: 1 655; Sam Bass Warner, Jr., "Open Spaces," New (September 1896), 117-118. Richard Henry Dana, Republic 170 29 (March 23, 1974), 30; Noel Grove, letter to the editor, Boston Daily Advertiser, June "Greenways: Paths to the Future," National 13, 1874. Geographic 177: 6 (June 1990), 93. 20 MPC Report (1897), 43. 21 Acknowledgments Charles Eliot, Vegetation and Scenery m the for this research was Metropolitan Reservations of Boston (Boston: Encouragement generously extended the District Commission Lamson, Wolffe, 1898), 8 (hereafter cited as by Metropolitan Vegetation and Scenery). and by Commissioner M. Ilyas Bhatti. Professor Keith MDC Director of 22 Vegetation and Scenery, 9; MPC Report (1895), 31. Morgan, Julia O’Brien, Planning, and Sean Fisher, MDC Archivist, offered insightful 23 Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot to the Metropolitan Park comments. Special thanks is expressed to Katie and in Charles Commission, June 22, 1896, quoted Eliot, Tony Strike. 655; Eliot, Vegetation and Scenery, 9, 22. 24 Charles Eliot, "The Necessity of Planning," Garden and Forest (August 26, 1896), 342; Arthur A. Karl Haglund is the project manager of the New Charles Shurchff, "What Mr Eliot Said," 1897 ms. Houghton River Basin, the extension of the Charles River Library, Harvard University; Eliot, Vegetation and Reservation from the Esplanade to Boston Harbor. He Scenery, 9, 22, MPC Report (1895), 32. For the has written about historic architecture, urban design, cultural roots of urban landscape improvement, see and the landscapes of the American West. _ ~ The Oaks _.. ___ _ Waverly __ -~...... ~....._ _..~ Charles S. Sargent

The impetus to preserve Beaver Brook, which in 1893 became the first of the reservations of the Metropolitan Park Commission, was the desire to save the Waverly Oaks. The founding director of the Arnold Arboretum advocated their preservation in this editorial in Garden and Forest, February 19, 1890.

’ There is in Belmont, one of the suburbs of Boston, and formerly a part of the ancient town of Watertown, a group of Oaks which has come to be known in recent years as the Waverly Oaks, from the village near which they stand. These Waverly Oaks are, all things consid- ered, the most interesting trees in eastern Massachusetts, and although there are larger Oaks in New England and in the Middle States, a group containing so many large trees is not often seen now anywhere in eastern America. There are in this group twenty-three one Elm on an area of two or three acres. The Oaks are - large Oaks and large growing all White Oaks, with the exception of a single Swamp White Oak. They occupy mainly the slopes of a terminal moraine, along the base of which flows Beaver Brook, the "Sweet Beaver, child of forest still," sung by Lowell. The Waverly Oaks are well known to all Bostonians interested in nature, and strangers not infrequently make the pilgrimage to Belmont to look upon these venerable products of Massachusetts soil.... The Committee on Grounds of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society visited the Waverly Oaks on the 28th of June, 1884, and the chairman, Mr. J. G. Barker, joined to its report printed in the transactions of the society for that year ... a timely suggestion for their preservation. This suggestion we desire to repeat and enforce.... The age which these trees have attained and the vicissitudes they have survived entitle them to respect, and the people of Massachusetts might wisely secure their preservation through the purchase and dedication to public use of the land on which they stand. The age of these Oaks can only be surmised. One famous naturalist is said to have declared that the smallest of them had existed through more than a thousand years. It is probable that this statement is greatly exaggerated. The largest tree in the group girths sev- enteen feet three inches at three and a half feet from the ground. The principal tree in our illustration is smaller, with a girth of only thirteen feet four inches, measured at the same distance from the ground. An actual examination of the wood of this tree shows that it has increased three inches in diameter during the last twenty-four years. Had it made the same rate of growth during the whole period of its existence, it would have been 408 years old, and the largest tree in the group would be, with the same rate of increase, 508 years old. It is probable that they are both younger than these estimates make them. They may have grown less rapidly for several years at the beginning of their life, but there must have been a number of years, probably several hundred, when they increased more rapidly in diameter than they have during the last quarter of a century. The appearance of the trees justifies this supposition. They are still healthy, and are growing with considerable vigor; 19

In 1892, Sylvester Baxter wrote of the oaks m Garden and Forest, "The proposition to secure the preservation for public enjoyment dates somethmg like twenty years back. Some of the painters connected with the Boston Art Club then urged their purchase by that institution as a sketchmg- ground for Boston artists, as Fontainebleau serves for Pans. Fontainebleau, however, is not comparable with the Waverly Oaks in any of the elements of landscape-beauty " Photograph by W. H. Rollms, from Garden and Forest, 1890.

but there can be no doubt that their period of most rapid development has passed, or that, < while they may continue, with proper care, to live and increase slowly for centuries per- haps, they will grow less rapidly now that they did one or two hundred years ago. But after making all due allowance for differences in the rate of growth at different periods in the existence of these trees, it is safe to surmise that the youngest of them had attained to some size before the Pilgrims landed on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, and that the oldest was at that time a tree of some size.... The Waverly Oaks grow within a few hundred yards of the station at Waverly, on the Boston & Fitchburg Railroad, on a piece of ground directly opposite the property of the trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, occupied by the country home of that in- stitution. The whole region is undergoing rapid development, and houses are springing up on every side. The establishment of a small public park at this place, which need not ex- ceed three or four acres in extent to accomplish this object, would protect the trees from the dangers which now threaten them, and would make a valuable and interesting public resort within walking or driving distance of the homes of a very large number of people.

As fate would have it, the oaks survived only a few decades beyond the establishment of the Beaver Brook Reservation. By the 1920s they had succumbed to ice storms and old age. Historic Plants in a New The Evolution of Setting: ~~, the Hunnewell Building Landscape

‘ Stephen A. Spongberg and Peter Del Tredici

The plantings and the landscape in the immediate vicinity of the Arboretum’s Hunnewell Building have undergone repeated changes since the construction of the building in 1892. The 1993 renovation of the building called for a land- scape renovation as well.

The need for plantings in the newly contoured vated in the Arnold Arboretum. As a conse- landscape in front of the Hunnewell Building quence of a continuing series of Arboretum provided a valuable opportunity. It was a expeditions to , Japan, and Korea, scores chance to transform the area into a living of new woody ornamentals have been intro- exhibit that would explore the history of the duced into Western gardens and now grow in Arboretum through plants. By planting species close association with their eastern North relevant to the Arboretum’s botanical explora- American counterparts in the Arnold Arbore- tions of eastern Asia, we hoped to introduce tum and elsewhere across North America. visitors to the ancient connections between The plants the Arboretum staff have chosen the floras of Asia and North America that have for the new landscape demonstrate these close been the focus of Arboretum research for well floristic relationships and simultaneously re- over a century. inforce the original taxonomic planting estab- In 1858 Harvard’s Professor Asa Gray, argu- lished for the Arboretum by Sargent and ably the preeminent botanist of his day, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. published a benchmark paper in which he This scheme followed the Bentham and hypothesized a close floristic relationship Hooker system of classification, which between the floras of eastern North America was then current and widely accepted, and and eastern Asia. Gray based his theory on arranged the plant families according to their some of the first botanical specimens brought degree of morphological complexity. to the West after the opening of Japan by Com- The magnolia family falls near the begin- modore Matthew Perry in 1854. Later in the ning of the Bentham and Hooker sequence, nineteenth century, Charles Sprague Sargent, and several existing magnolias have been re- the Arnold Arboretum’s founding director, in- tained in the Hunnewell landscape, including augurated the Arboretum’s exploration of the Magnolia kobus, M. zenii, a picturesquely floras of eastern Asia with a full understanding multistemmed star magnolia (M. stellata), and of Gray’s hypothesis and an awareness of the several varieties of the saucer magnolia (M. x climatic similarities of the two regions. soulangeana). Sargent reasoned that many plants of eastern For the majority of the new plantings the Asiatic origin would prove hardy when culti- existing collections of the Arboretum served 21

as the source. Large specimens were carefully dug, moved, and incorporated into the site, in- cluding three large specimens of Enkianthus campanulatus and a solitary specimen of E. perulatus, both from Japan. Among the larger trees moved from another Arboretum location was a thirty-five-foot specimen of a hybrid tulip tree ( tulipifera x Liriodendron chinensis) that truly exemplifies the close floristic relationships between China and eastern North America. Only two species of the genus are known, one (L. tulipifera) widespread in eastern North America and the other (L. chinensis) of scattered and localized distribution in eastern and central China. Separated from one another in nature by thou- sands of miles on opposite sides of the globe, the two species now grow together in the Ar- boretum. While the two are distinct in form, they have remained similar enough genetically The flower of x chinense, which now grows in the of the Hunnewell to produce hybrid progeny when artificially landscape Building. Photograph by Rdcz et) Debreczy. crossed. The hybrid plant now installed in front of the Hunnewell Building has special Arboretum associations. It was raised from by three individuals of the so-called three- seeds obtained from intentional cross- flowered maple, Acer triflorum, which consti- pollinations made by Professors Clifford Parks tute a small grove along the curved ramp that and Norton G. Miller (a former Arboretum facilitates wheelchair access to the building. staff member) at the Coker Arboretum on the This maple, introduced into cultivation in the campus of the University of North Carolina West by Wilson, is a distinctive ornamental at Chapel Hill. Interestingly, the tree of tree noted for its loose, papery, reddish- or Liriodendron chinensis that was used in these yellowish-gray bark and for the spectacular experiments was a gift to the Coker Arbore- golden yellows and pumpkin shades of its tum from the Arnold Arboretum; it had been leaves in fall. Seeds of this species were col- grown from the seed originally received from lected by Wilson in October 1917 in the forests the Lu Shan Arboretum in China. And the of Korea and sent to the Arnold Arboretum. hybrid plant itself was a gift from the Coker So impressed was Wilson by this handsome Arboretum to the Arnold Arboretum, received species in its native habitat that he wrote to in 1981. Sargent urging that all of the seed be sown. He Each of the plants that shape the newly considered the plant to be the best ornamental planted landscape has its own historical asso- located on his last expedition to Asia for the ciations with the Arboretum. For example, the Arboretum. The three young individuals in large specimens of the longstalk holly (Ilex the new Hunnewell planting will ensure the pendunculosa) represent a species introduced species’ continued presence at the Arboretum into Western gardens by Charles Sprague for generations to come. Sargent when he first traveled to Japan in 1892. The incorporation of two genera of the The Arboretum’s most famous plant collector, Theaceae, or tea family, strengthens the taxo- Ernest H. Wilson (1876-1930), is memorialized nomic sequence that ordered the original 22

planting plan. The genus Stewartia is repre- William Bartram revisited the area. Like spe- sented by a wonderful thirty-foot specimen of cies of Stewartia, the Franklin tree produces S. pseudocamellia, an early summer-flowering beautiful camellia-like flowers that appear tree native to Japan and Korea with a dual or- continuously from late summer until fall, namental value in its attractive camellia-like when its leaves turn scarlet. The plant quickly flowers and its exfoliating, mottled bark. became a horticultural novelty even before While two species of Stewartia are native to 1785, when it was described and named by the southeastern United States, they were not Humphrey Marshall (John Bartram’s cousin) to included in the Hunnewell landscape for rea- honor Benjamin Franklin, the foremost Ameri- sons of hardiness and cultural requirements. can scientist, philosopher, and statesman of Instead, a specimen of Franklinia alatamaha, the day. As a consequence, it was soon extir- the Franklin tree, has been chosen to represent pated from its very limited native habitat and the American branch of the tea family. was last seen as a naturally occurring plant Of all the woody plants native to the eastern in 1807. Although now extinct in the wild, United States, few, if any, are surrounded by Franklinia has persisted in cultivation, with a more interesting history than Franklinia. the majority of individuals in cultivation today Briefly told, it was first discovered growing having originated from the plants in the on the banks of the Altamaha River in north- Bartrams’ Philadelphia garden. eastern Georgia in 1765 by John and William The photos below provide a visual summary Bartram of Philadelphia, but it was not of changes in the Hunnewell Building’s front brought into cultivation until 1773 when yard over the past hundred years.

The Hunnewell Building under construction m 1892. All photos are from the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. Shortly after the Hunnewell Building was completed in 1892, Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) was planted on its walls. By May 1903, when the photo above was taken by T. E. Marr, the vines had reached the roof, and other landscape elements began to assert themselves. The dominant feature m the photograph is a hedge of barberry, Berberis sp., clearlyintended to separate the building from the pubhc thorough fare. Note also the large flowering shrubs planted in front of the building and the Hydrangea in flower behind the barberry hedge.

By 1917, when this photograph was taken, the Berberis hedge had been removed, along with many of the large flowering shrubs, producmg a much more open landscape. Two magnohas are clearly visible in the photograph, a specimen of M. stellata m the left foreground and a M. x soulangeana in the right background. The Boston ivy has been left to ramble freely over the front of the building, creatmg a dramatic "Olmstedian effect typical of the period. Photo by G. R. King. As the landscape matured, more magnolias were planted in front of the Hunnewell Building. In this photograph, taken in May of 1928, the magnolia theme is well established, with a young, leafless M. acuminata, in the center of the photo, poised to become a dominant feature m the future. In the left foreground is M. x soulangeana ’Candolleana’ (AA #15160-A), which grows in the same spot today. Photo by Walter Merryman.

The same view 111 1952, with both the M acummata and M. ’Candolleana’ at full maturity The Hunnewell Building in August 1992, a year before renovation. The several specimens of Magnolia stellata are over twenty feet tall and the Ilex pedunculosa over fifteen. The sheer mass of plants creates the impression of an overgrown foundation planting that completely masks the bottom two stones of the building.

The new look of 1993. Photo by Warren Patterson The Asian Connection , ,. ,,

.-

Robert E. Cook .

While Arboretum horticulturists have tested the hardiness of east Asian plants in the Boston climate, botanists have been theorizing about the causes of their similarities to eastern North American plants, employing a range of methods to investigate their relationships to one another.

Harvard botanists have long been entranced by of past climatic and geological history has the flora of east Asia. Although the floristic deepened. We believe that whole continents, similarity of eastern Asia and eastern North now separated by thousands of miles of ocean, America was first noted by Linnaeus in the were once connected as a single land mass. We middle of the eighteenth century, it was know that major changes in the earth’s climate Harvard’s Asa Gray who in 1859 focused scien- have brought about repeated periods of glacia- tific attention on the many common or closely tion in northern regions of the world as well as related species found in the two regions and cycles of wet and dry periods in tropical re- nowhere else. This disjunct pattern of distribu- gions, leading to massive dislocations of flora tion seemed to suggest a once more extensive and fauna. Changes in sea level and the uplift- flora now broken up into two smaller regions ing of mountain ranges have completely al- by geological and climatic causes. tered the shape of terrestrial land and inland Gray has been followed by numerous stu- seas. Plant fossils discovered in high latitude dents and staff (Sargent, 1894; Fernald, 1931; regions such as Greenland, northern Europe Hu, 1935; Li, 1952; Wood, 1971; Boufford and and Asia, and the arctic lands of North America Spongberg, 1983; Tiffney, 1985) who have stud- clearly demonstrate that many southern spe- ied and written about the causes of this rela- cies were once more widely distributed. tionship. Inevitably, alternative explanations Each new piece of evidence about climate, have been postulated to account for the simi- geology, or historical plant distributions has larities of the floras. Perhaps a distinct flora been used by botanists to argue for one over found in one region migrated as a whole across another cause of the striking similarity of the a land bridge connection to the other region. floras on the two continents and the apparent The similarity might also result from the close relations of many of their species. As is random but repeated dispersal of individual so often the case in science, the real explana- species across great ocean barriers. Or the tion for such a complex but distinct pattern is apparent similarity may not be real at all. Un- likely to be a combination of several factors related species could have evolved similar interacting over long spans of time. The simi- morphologies because the climate and soils of larities seen in one group of plants may have the two regions are similar. its own distinctive history of causes when Over the last half century our understanding compared with a different group. 27

Liriodendron chinense photographed in Patung Hsein, China, altitude 4,000 feet, by E. H. Wilson in June 1910. At 60 feet in height this individual is at the upper end in stature for its species. From the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. 28

A Common Ancestry What does it mean to say that two species Underlying all of this, and at the heart of the are closely related? What constitutes a true perceived pattern, is the belief that species relationship? To an evolutionary botanist it found in the two regions are indeed closely means that they share a large number of genes related and that the pattern represents the in common because at some time in the past remnants of a shared evolutionary history. It they shared a common ancestor. In essence, could be otherwise. Two species can appear the two species were once one species, which very similar in many characteristics and yet subsequently split into two. Our most com- be quite unrelated as in the case of Acer mon definition of a species is a group of inter- pseudoplatanus (Sycamore maple) and Pla- breeding individuals that do not interbreed tanus occidentalis (Sycamore). This phenom- with any other such group. The members of a enon has been called convergent evolution species all share genetic information in a way by botanists who strive to distinguish this analogous to the sharing of information among misleading similarity from true relationship. members of a human population who use a

Liriodendron tulipifera, the Amencan tulip tree, photographed in North Carolina, is a far taller plant than its Chmese relative. For this individual, the height to the first limb alone is 65 feet. From the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. 29

common language or dialect. And just as isola- related species. Therefore, in theory, one can tion over time can lead to the development of directly measure the degree of genetic similar- distinct language dialects, so too can isolation ity. Molecular systematics, as it is called, trigger the process of speciation in plants. If promises to bring a higher order of evidence to parts of a species’ population become isolated questions of the relationship between species from each other-perhaps by a geographical that may or may not have once shared a com- barrier such as a mountain range or a river- mon ancestor. then the exchange of genetic information is Genes can best be analyzed when they are interrupted and the two isolated parts begin to extracted from living plant tissue that has been develop genetic differences. If this isolation quickly frozen in extremely cold temperatures. continues long enough, the two isolated parts Researchers use a liquified form of nitrogen to may no longer be capable of interbreeding. Spe- achieve such temperatures. The need for living ciation has occurred. tissue close at hand from a wide diversity of The goal of the plant systematist is to orga- plant species has greatly increased the impor- nize the diversity of plant species in such a tance and value of well-documented collec- way that their degree of relatedness (in the tions of trees such as are maintained with great sense of shared genes due to shared common care in the Arnold Arboretum. Samples from ancestors) is revealed in the classification. Ide- these specimens can be supplemented with ally, then, the names given to species and the fresh collections obtained on expeditions to the way they are placed in genera and families will native habitat of the species under consideration. reflect our understanding of the history of spe- of Two Trees ciational events during evolution that led to History Tulip the diversity we see today. The value of this new, molecular approach can be seen in recent work on a classic case of a Measuring Relatedness Chinese-eastern North American disjunct How have systematists tried to measure this distribution, the tulip tree. Liriodendron degree of relationship among species? The tulipifera, which ranges from New England to earliest efforts, beginning with Linnaeus two northern Florida, appears closely related to hundred years ago, examined the degree of Liriodendron chinense of central and eastern morphological similarity under the assump- China. In addition to sharing a great deal of tion that this accurately revealed the underly- morphological similarity in leaf, flower, and ing genetic similarity. But we now know that fruit characteristics, these two species are ca- very similar plant morphologies can develop pable of cross pollination to form viable hybrid from very different sets of genes. Therefore, offspring. By these criteria, they might almost morphology may in many cases be misleading. be judged a single species. Yet the vast geo- In their search for the characteristics that graphical distance separating them clearly pre- more closely represent the genetic identity of vents such hybrids from forming naturally. species, botanists turned to the proteins that Based only on morphological evidence, one constitute the building blocks of tissues, or- might conclude that these two species were gans, and mature morphologies. Through bio- once part of a large, interbreeding population chemical isolation and separation they were (that is, sharing a common ancestor) and that able to evaluate a new set of characteristics the split into two populations had occurred believed to be the direct products of genes. relatively recently. In recent years this approach has been fur- To obtain new evidence on the true genetic ther eclipsed by the revolution in molecular similarity between these species, Clifford biology, which allows one to identify indi- Parks and Jonathan Wendel at the University vidual genes and compare sequences of genes of North Carolina extracted the genetic mate- as they are represented in two presumably rial (DNA) in leaf tissue from a large number of 30 .

samples throughout the range of both species, Parks and Wendel argue the need for similar

which would directly determine the degree of studies of other genera, such as maples~ difference in selected genes. The result of their (Acer), silverbells (Halesia), witchhazels analysis revealed that approximately one and (Hamamelis), and ginsengs (Panax), all of one-quarter percent of the genetic material dif- which show an Asian-North American dis- fered between the two species. Using statisti- junct distribution. Clearly molecular system- cal models based on the rates at which genetic atics, utilizing the rich living collections of material changes over time, these botanists institutions such as the Arnold Arboretum, were able to estimate how long ago these two will provide a powerful tool for illuminating species shared a common ancestor. They con- our ancient Asian connection. cluded that L. tulipifera and L. chinense were References part of a single interbreeding population twelve and a half million years ago. Boufford, D. E., and S. A. Spongberg. 1983. Eastern Asian-North American phytogeographical A Confirmation from Fossils relationships 2014 A history from the time of Linnaeus to the twentieth century. Annals of Parks and Wendel then turned to the fossil the Missouri Botanical Garden 70: 423-39. record to assess the historical evidence for past Fernald, M. L. 1931. Specific segregations and identities distributions of Liriodendron and other tem- in some floras of eastern North America and perate deciduous species found in both Asia the Old World. Rhodora 33: 25-63. and North America. They wished to test their Hu, H. H. 1935 A comparison of the ligneous flora of estimate based on genetic analysis against the China and eastern North America. Bulletm actual dated presence of the species in particu- of the Chinese Botanical Society 1: 79-97. lar locations. Reviewing the discovery of fossil Li, H. L. 1952. Flonstic relationships between eastern plants in western Canada and Alaska, and tak- Asia and eastern North America. Transactions the American 42: into account the of the continents of Philosophical Society ing position 371-429. ten to twenty million years ago, they con- C. and F. Wendel. 1990. Molecular cluded that a Parks, E., J. broadly distributed, temperate divergence between Asian and North forest existed in a band across North America American species of Liriodendron through Alaska and into central Asia at the (Magnollaceae) with implications for start of this time period. A global cooling trend interpretation of fossil floras. American around the middle of this time brought the in- Journal of Botany 77 (10): 1243-56. vasion of coniferous forests into Alaska and Sargent, C. S. 1894. Forest Flora of Japan Notes on the northeastern Russia, displacing deciduous Forest Flora of Japan. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & forests to the south and effectively severing Company. the Asian connection. Fossil dating showed Tiffney, Bruce H. 1985. Perspectives on the origin of that this disjunction occurred about thirteen the flonstic similarity between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Journal of the million years ago. Arnold Arboretum 66: 73-94. the Despite great morphological similarity Wood, C. E., Jr. 1971. Some floristic relationships between L. tulipi fera and L. chinense and their between the Southern Appalachians and ability to produce hybrid offspring, the mo- western North America. In P. C. Holt [ed ], lecular and fossil evidence reinforce each other The Distributional History of the Blota of and suggest that they have been separated for the Southern Appalachians. Part II. Flora, 331-404. Virginia Polytechmcal Institute: more than twelve million While their years. State University Research Monograph 2. genes have continued to evolve during this separation, their morphologies have remained relatively unchanged, thus giving a false pic- Bob Cook is Director of the Arnold Arboretum and ture of their degree of relatedness. lectures m introductory biology at Harvard University. Introducing Weigela subsessilis

Stephen A. Spongberg ’

The Arnold Arboretum is pleased to offer an ornamental shrub of intriguingly variegated color. _ .

Among the seeds collected in Korea on the brids are known from which many cultivars Arnold Arboretum’s 1977 collecting expedi- have been selected, named, and made available tion to Japan and Korea (Spongberg and in the nursery trade (Howard, 1965; Krussman, Weaver, 1978; Spongberg, 1978; Weaver, 1978) 1986). were two lots representing a species of Weigela Weigela subsessilis is apparently endemic to that had not previously been grown and tested the Korean peninsula, and the 1977 introduc- at the Arboretum. At the time the capsules tion of the species into the collections of the were gathered, the identity of the species was Arnold Arboretum may, in fact, have repre- not known. It was not until eleven years sented its first successful introduction into later-after plants grown from these seeds in North American gardens. Alfred Rehder in- the Arboretum’s collection had flowered and cluded it in his Manual of Cultivated Trees fruited, and herbarium voucher specimens had and Shrubs (1940), but he questioned whether been taken-that the plants were identified as it had been introduced into cultivation in Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) Bailey. North America, and the species appears in When first described by the Japanese bota- none of the other standard references on culti- nist Takenoshin Nakai in 1918, this Korean vated woody plants, including those by Bean plant was placed in the genus Diervilla, a (1980), Krussman (1986), and Dirr (1990). The genus of shrubs that is now limited to three Supplement to the eighth revised edition of North American taxa, while the Asian plants Bean (Clarke, 1988) credits its introduction previously included in Diervilla have been from South Korea to the Royal Botanical Gar- grouped in the exclusively Asian genus dens, Kew, in 1982, five years after the Arnold Weigela (Bailey, 1929; Hara, 1981). The spe- Arboretum had obtained its two accessions of cific epithet, subsessilis, refers to the very seeds. One specimen in our herbarium (S. G. short petioles of the opposite leaves, which March, s. n. 5 April 1983) resulted from an cause the leaves to appear stalkless, or sessile. earlier introduction by the United States De- The genus Weigela is well known for its partment of Agriculture (PI 371794), using spring-flowering shrubs, many of which are of seed received from Professor T. Bok Lee of the considerable ornamental value. About twelve Department of Forestry, Seoul National Uni- species are native to eastern Asia, with eight of versity, in March of 1972. However, the plant them occurring in Japan, three or four in or plants resulting from that introduction and China, and four in Korea. Most of these species grown at the U.S. National Arboretum are also cultivated in North American and (#40580) were apparently never propagated or European gardens, and several interspecific hy- distributed, except as herbarium specimens. 32

Weigela subsessihs. (a) flowering branchlet, (b) detail of matunng capsules; (c) individual leaf; (d) style; (e) open corolla tube and anthers (From Nakai, 1921).

The Arnold Arboretum collections now in- group on the slope of Bussey Hill, along Oak clude three accessions of Weigela subsessilis. Path in a shaded, relatively dry location, but Two plants accessioned under #1906-77 were have failed to grow well in this location. grown from seed collected on the wooded trail By contrast, two plants of the first accession to the temple on Yongmun-san in Kyonggi-do (#1906-77) that were planted in a sunny loca- Province northeast of Seoul. Another set of tion in moist but well-drained soil along plants (#1901-77) was grown from seeds col- Bussey Hill Road near the Dana Greenhouse lected from plants growing on the wooded slopes drive have performed very well. These two of Kyebang-san in Kangwong-do Province, far- shrubs are multiple-stemmed from the base ther to the east. Plants of the third accession and have grown to about five feet in height (#587-83) also trace their origin to seed col- with a spread of about three feet. Compact and lected on Kyebang-san by Chollipo Arboretum twiggy, these individuals have been free of staff and offered in their 1983 Index Seminum. disease and insect pests. Moreover, they have These three sets of plants have had varying proven to flower generously each spring, and results. Plants of the third accession (#587-83) the gradual color changes in the flowers make have been incorporated into the Arboretum’s these plants intriguing ornamentals m the collections so recently that their performance spring landscape. has not yet been evaluated. Plants of the sec- The flowers are produced on new growth ond accession (#1901-77) were planted as a from second-year wood as the leaves are ex- 33

panding. Each inflorescence consists of clus- Isles. Vol. 4. 8th ed. (D. L. Clarke, General London: ters of three or four, even up to six flowers. Ed.). John Murray. When fully open, the flowers measure between Clarke, D L. 1988. Trees and Shrubs Hardy m the 2.5 and 3.5 cm in length. As the flower buds British Isles Supplement London: John enlarge, they assume a yellowish-green color Murray that gradually changes through various shades Hara, H. 1983. A Revision of Caprifoliaceae of Japan of pink to a pale lavender when the flowers are with Reference to Allied Plants in Other Districts and the Adoxaceae No. in full bloom. Since inflorescences are profuse Gmkgoana 5 (Tokyo). and individual flowers represent different stages of maturation, the overall effect of the Howard, R. A. 1965. A Check-list of Cultivar Names in Arnoldia 25:49-69. shrub is a unique combination of pastel colors Weigela. from pale yellowish-green to lavender. Krussman, G. 1986. Manual of Cultivated Broad- While these shrubs cannot be considered leaved Trees a) Shrubs. Vol. 3. Portland, OR: year-round ornamentals, their profusion of Timber Press flowers in early May recommend them for trial Nakai, T. 1918. Botamcal Magazme (Tokyo) 32: 229. in New and elsewhere in England gardens - 1921. Flora Sylvatica Koreana 11: 88. t. 41. North America. The species has proven hardy in the Boston region, but the limits of its har- Spongberg, S. A. 1978. Korean Adventure. Arnoldia 38: 132-53. diness in more northern climates has not been tested. Weigela subsessilis may also prove of - & R. E. Weaver, Jr. 1978. Notes from the Arnold interest to hybridizers interested in incorporat- Arboretum: Collecting Expedition to Japan and Korea. Arnoldia 38: ing both its interesting flower color and its flo- 28-31. riferous habit in a new generation of hybrid Weaver, R. E., Jr. 1978. Japanese Journal. Arnoldia 38: Weigela cultivars. 82-101.

References Stephen Spongberg is horticultural taxonomist at the Arnold Arboretum and author of A Reumon Trees’ Bailey, L. H. 1929. The Case of Diervilla and Weigela. of Gentes Herbarium 2: 39-54. The Discovery of Exotic Plants and Their Introduction mto North Amencan and European Landscapes Bean, W. J. 1980. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British (Harvard University Press, 1990).

The Arnold Arboretum is pleased to offer to our Friends plants of Weigela subsessilis. They were propagated from rooted cuttings and are generally 12 to 18 inches tall. Donation, payable upon receipt of plants, is $20.00 per plant. Shipment will be in the spring of 1994. Spring Plant Distribution, Dana Greenhouse The Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 Chaenomeles x superba ’Mandarin’

Gary L. Koller

A superior cultivar of a robust, long-time favorite is offered for trial.

The flowering quince is an extremely tough ’Mandarin’ originated as a seedling at the shrub that’s available in a wide range of colors. Clarke Nursery Company in San Jose, Califor- Blooming before its leaves appear, so early in nia, where it was selectea for introduction into spring that it very nearly has the garden to it- the trade in 1947. Two small grafted plants ar- self, the plant is also grown for its dense habit. rived at the Arnold Arboretum in 1950. One of It is a genus of only three species, but they these (accession #281-50) has been growing in occur in an astonishing number of varieties. its present location in the Bradley Collection In 1963, when Claude Weber undertook to of Rosaceaous Plants since 1958 at least. This examine and list the cultivars of all species winter, as the plant approaches the age of and hybrid groups, she uncovered 550. In aid forty-five, it has grown to about eight feet in of the overwhelmed horticulturist, she offered height and by the rooting of its ground-level a shorter list of 234, classified by color- branches has spread to a breadth of fifteen feet. white, white-and-pink, pink, orange, and red. Size may limit the use of ’Mandarin’ in very These she further narrowed to 41 for special small gardens, but it should be ideal for larger commendation. gardens or for institutional, commercial, and From this large company, we have singled park plantings. ’Mandarin’ is quickly estab- out one cultivar, Chaenomeles x superba lished and if planted two or three feet apart, in ’Mandarin’. Each of its single flowers radiates a few growing seasons it will simulate a a saturated reddish-orange, the Mandarin thicket that’s showy in flower and forms a red that gave it its name, but what makes this thorny year-round barrier to direct pedestrian plant even more distinctive is the disease traffic. resistance of its foliage. Many flowering Quinces grow well in almost any well- quinces drop their leaves in summer, but drained, even droughty, acid soil. They will ’Mandarin’ retains a full complement of lus- tolerate rocky soils, exposure to moderate trous green foliage till frost. Characteristically, amounts of salt spray, and even, it seems, at- the plant takes a nicely rounded shape. Its rich mospheric pollution. Full sun is required for foliage combined with full branching makes it optimal flowering and fruit production, but an ideal low-maintenance shrub, useful as a moderate shade is tolerated. The northern hedge in itself or as a member of a varied group limit of cold hardiness is not yet fully estab- of plants. lished, but ’Mandarin’ should prove hardy to at Its yellow-green fruits, which ripen in least -10 degrees F. Plants damaged in winter autumn, are lightly fragrant and ovoid or storms benefit from renewal pruning immedi- obovoid in shape, something like a small, ately following flowering. gnarled apple. They are edible and can be used At the Arnold Arboretum, we have success- to make jams. fully repropagated ’Mandarin’ by cuttings, 35

Chaenomeles x superba ’Mandarin’, photographed by the author Its flowering season can be extended from late winter to early spring by forcmg cut branches for mdoor display. 36

which avoids the understock suckering that ’Mandarin’ is well worth growing, not only can occur in grafted material. Reproduction as a brilliant addition to the early spring gar- from cuttings is vastly more cost efficient from den, but for its proven track record of problem- a commercial viewpoint, resulting in less free performance. costly plants for gardeners. Softwood cuttings are treated with IBA (indolebutyric acid) or Literature salt of KIBA (potassium indolebutyric acid), Weber, Claude. 1963. Cultivars in the Genus stuck in a mixture of equal parts of sand and Chaenomeles. Arnoldia 23 (3): 17-75. perlite, and misted intermittently until root- ing. The Bradley Collection includes two Wyman, Donald. 1969. Shrubs and Vines for American Gardens. New York: Macmillan, 159-162. repropagations from the original plant, one from hardwood cuttings taken in March 1983, the other from softwood cuttings taken in July Gary Koller is Senior Horticulturist at the Arnold of the same In the success rate year. general, Arboretum and Lecturer in the Department of with softwood cuttings is close to 100 percent Landscape Architecture at the Harvard Graduate while with hardwood it is closer to 10 percent. School of Design.

The Arnold Arboretum is pleased to offer plants of Chaenomeles x superba ’Mandarin’ to our Friends. They were propagated from rooted cuttings and are generally 12 to 18 inches tall. Donation, payable upon receipt of plants, is $20.00 per plant. Shipment will be in the spring of 1994. Spring Plant Distribution, Dana Greenhouse The Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 Index to Volume 53 (1993) , Numbers in parentheses refer to issues, those m boldface to illustrations of the entnes.

Abies balsamea (1): 27 Berberis sp. (4): 23 Chestnut, American (2): 26-27; Acer (4): 30 - vulgans [1): 17-18 inside back cover

- - campestre (1 21, 22 Berlin, Greater, 1910 planning sweet or Spanish (2): 13 2014 pseudoplatanus (4): 28 competition (4) : 13 Chinese garden (1): 2-7 - tnflorum (4): 21 Biltmore estate [NC] (3): 20 Chollipo Arboretum [Korea] (4): 32 Adams, Charles Francis (4) : 2, 11 Black stem rust disease (2): 17-18 Cmnamomum camphora (3) : 27 Adams, Henry (4): 2 Blister rust fungus (1): 26 City Beautiful movement 14): 2 Alton, William (3): 13 Blue Hills [MA] (4): 5, 6, 12, 13 Clarkia [ID] fossil site (2): 3-9, 4 Akiba, David, photos by (2): front Bonsai (1): 19-23 Classification systems, taxonomic cover; (3) front cover; (4) : front Boston Metropolitan Park Commis- (3): 13-23 cover sion (4): 2-17, 14-15 Clayton, John (1): 15 Allspice, Carolina (1). 13 (3|: 16 Clusms, Carolus fl): 11 Amelanchier arborea (1): front cover Boston, Greater (4): 4, 5, 7-9, 13, 14- Coevolution, concept as evidenced American Forestry Association ( 1): 15, 16 in Thoreau’s writings (2): 24 35 Botanical gardens, historical Coker Arboretum [NC] (4) : 21 American Horticultural Society (3): development of (2): 19 Colder, Cadwallader (1): 14 3 Botamcal Register (1): 16 Colder, Jane (1): 14 Andersen, Phyllis, "Trees as Urban Botany, emergence of as a science Collinson, Peter (1): 11, 13, 15 Infrastructure: Book Review" (1):/: (2): 20 Columbine (1): 10 32-35; Book Notes (3): 31 Bowditch, Nathaniel (4): 6 Compression wood ( 1 27 Anderson, Larz, Bonsai Collection Brooklyn Botanical Garden (3): 18 Conifer collection, Arnold Arbore- (1): 19 Browallia, spreading (1): 12 tum (3) : 18 Aquilegia (1): 10 Browalha (1): 12 Cook, Robert E., "Why Are Bonsai Aquihna multiplex (1): 10 - ahenata (1): 12 Leaves Small?" (1): 19-23; "The Arnold Arboretum (1): 30; (2) : front - demissa (1): 12 Asian Connection" (4): 26-30 cover, 22, 23; (3)’ 3, 17, 18, 19, 22; 2014 elata[B): 12 Copeland, Robert Morris (4): 6, 8 (4): front cover, 18, 20-25, 22-25, - grandiflora (1): 12 Cornus florida (3): front cover 31-32, 34, 36, inside back cover, Bussewitz, Al, photos by (1): front Corylus avellana (2): 13, 14 back cover cover, back cover -colurna (2|: 13 Arnold Arboretum Weather Station Bussey Institution |4):7 - maxima (2) : 13 Data (1): 36 Crabapple, flowering (3): back cover Arnold, Henry, "Sustainable Trees Callistephus chmensis (1): 11 Cranberry bush, European (2): 18 for Sustainable Cities" (3): 4-12 Calycanthus (11: 9 Crataegus laevigata (2): 14

- "Asian Connection," Robert E. - flondus [I): 13 oxycantha (2): 13 Cook (4). 26-30 Cambridge [MA] Park Commission Crocker, Uriah (4) : 8 Aster, China (1) 11 (4) : 11 Crown imperial (1): 11 - New England (1): 11 Camphor tree (3) : 27 Curtis’s Botanical Magazine (1): 11, Aster novae- anghae (1): 11 Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (3): 12, 13, 15, 16, 17 - tradescantli (1). 11 14 Curtis, George Carroll (4) : 14-15 Averrhoa carambola (1): 22 Candollean classification system (3) : Curtis, John |1): 15 14, 15, 16, 17 Curtis, William [1): 16 Barberry (2): 17-18; (4) : 23 Carambola (1): 22 Custis, John(l): 11 Barcelona, Montjuic (1): 34 Castanea dentata (2): 27, inside Cypress, Hinoki (1): 19 Bartram, John (1) 11, 13, 14, 15; (4): back cover 22 - sativa (2): 13 Dalton, Charles (4): 11 Bartram, William (4) : 22 Catesby, Mark(l): 13, 15 Dana, Richard Henry (4): 111 Baster, John(l). 13 Central Park Arboretum (3): 16, 17 Darwin, Charles (3): 15, 17 Bauhima (3) : 11 "Chaenomeles x superba ’Manda- Darwin, Erasmus (3): 13 Baxter, Sylvester (4): 2-4, 6-8, 10, rin’," Gary L. Koller (4) : 34-36, 35 Davenport, Charles (4): 8 14, 16, 19 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’ Del Tredici, Peter, "The Upright Beaver Brook [MA] (4) : 6, 11, 18-19 |1): 19 White Pine" (1): 24-31; 3, 5, 6, 7; Bentham and Hooker system of Champs Elysees (3): 7 "Faith in a Seed and a Squirrel: plant classification (3): 14, 15, 17, Charles River [MA] (4): 5, 6, 8, 10, Book Review and Excerpt" (2): 24- 18, 20; (4) : 20 11, 12,13 29 ; "Hibaku Trees of Hiroshima" Bentham, George (3). 14 Chelsea Physic Garden (1): 12, 13 with Hiromi Tsuchida (3): 24-29; 38 h

photo by (3) back cover; "Historic Garden, Alexander (1): 13, 14 2014 latifoha f. rubra (1): back cover Plants in a New Setting: The Garden and Forest (4): 3, 18 Kew Gardens (3): 13 Evolution of the Hunnewell Gardema (1): 14 Kew Magazine (1): 16 Building Landscape" with Stephen GeHong(l)-2,3 Kienbaum, Francis (2) : 3 A. Spongberg (4): 20-25, photo by Gerard, John, Herball or Generall Koller, Gary L., "A Habit to (4) back cover Histone of Plants (1): 9, 10, 16 Cultivate" (2): 21-23; Derby Arboretum (3): 15, 16 Gmgko biloba 11): 21, 22; (3): 29 "Chaenomeles x superba Disjunct plant distribution (4) : 26- Ginseng (4): 30 ’Mandarin"’ (4): 34-36 30 Gourlay, Robert (4): 8 Korner, Ch. (1): 21-23 DNA (2|- 3; (4): 29 Gray, Asa (4): 20, 26 Dogwood, flowering (3) : front cover Gypsy moth (2): 16 Larch, European (1): 22 Downing, Andrew Jackson ( 1 25; Lanx decidua (1): 22 (3): 16 "Habit to Cultivate," Gary Koller Laurel, mountain (1): back cover, (2): 21-23 14-15 Edwards, Sydenham T. (1): 11, 12, Haglund, Karl, "Emerald Metropo- Leaf formation (1): 19-23 13,16 lis," (4): 2-17 Lee, T. Bok(4):31 Eliot, Charles (4) : 2-16, 7 Halesia (4): 30 Leiden Botanical Gardens (1): 11 Ellis, John(l): 13 Halifax Public Garden (3): 16 Lighty, Richard W, Book Notes (3): Elm, American (1): 32; (3): 6 Hamamehs (4) : 30 30-31 Elm disease, Dutch (1): 32 Hardhack, fountain (2): 21-23 Lilac (2): 17 "Emerald Metropolis," Karl Harrison, Mary, "Plant History: Lily, sunk (1): 12 Haglund (4): 2-17 Expanding the Horizons of a Linden collection, Arnold Arbore- Emerald Necklace [Boston] (4) : 6 Small Garden" (1): 8-18 tum (3): 22 Engler, Adolph (3): 14, 15, 20 Hawthorn, common (2) : 13, 14 - European (1): 22 Enkianthus campanulatus (4): 21 Hazelnut, European (2): 13, 14 Lingering Garden [Suzhou, China] -perulatus (4): 21 - Turkish (2): 13 (1 1:3-7 Environmental value of urban street Heat islands [urban] (3) : 4, 6 Linnaeus, Carolus (1): 12, 13, 14; (3): trees (3) : 10 Hemlock Gorge Reservation [MA] 13; (4): 26, 29 Epmasty, delayed (1): 27 (4): inside front cover Lmodendron chmense (4) : 1, 21, 27, Esplanade [Boston] (4): 6, 11, 15 "Hibaku Trees of Hiroshima," 29-30 Eucalyptus sp. (3): inside back cover Hiromi Tsuchida and Peter Del - hespena (2): back cover Tredici (3). 24-29 - tulipifera (4): 21; 28, 29-30 "Faith in a Seed and a Squirrel: Higgmson, Francis (2): 12 - tuhpifera x chmense (4): 21, back Book Review and Excerpt," Peter Hiroshima (3) : 24, 25-29; inside cover Del Tredici (2): 24-29 back cover Lmope spicata (1): 66 Faxon, C. E., drawing by (2): inside Hogg, Thomas (1): 15, 16 Liu Yuan [Suzhou, China] (1): 3-7 front cover, inside back cover Holden Arboretum [OH] (3): 20 Loudon, John Claudius (3): 16 Figlar, R. B., "Stone Magnolias" (2): Holly, longstalk (4): 21 Lu Shan Arboretum [China] (4): 21 3-9, 4, photo by (2) back cover Hooker, Joseph (1): 16; (3) : 14 Lynn Woods [MA] (4): 6 Filbert (2): 13 Hooker, William Jackson (1): 16 Fir, balsam (1): 27 Howard, Richard (3) : 3 Magnolia (4): 20 Fitch, John Nugent (1): 16 Hydrangea (4) : 23 - Clarkia fossil (2): 5,7 Fitch, Walter Hood (1): 16, 17 Hypencum (1): 14 - cucumber (2) : inside front cover Forest succession, Thoreau’s - saucer (4): 20 concept of (2): 24 Ilexpendunculosa (4): 21 - slope (2). 1, 7 Fossil Bowl [Clarkia, ID] (2): 4, 5 Impatiens (1). 99 - star (4): 20 Fossils, leaf (2): 1, 2, 3-9, 7, back "Infinity in a Bottle Gourd," Magnolia acummata (2): inside cover; (4) : 30 KongjianYu(l):2-7 front cover, 5, 6, 7, 9; (4): 24 Fossil site, P-33 Miocene, Clarkia "Introducing Weigela su bsessihs, 2014 grandiflora (2): 5-9 [ID] (2): 3-9, 4 Stephen A. Spongberg (4): 31-33 -kobus (4): 20 Foster Botanical Garden (3): 21 Ivy, Boston (4): 23 -latahensis (2): 2, 3, 5, 8 Fothergill, John(l): 14 2014 hhflora (2) : 9 Fothergllla (1): 9, 14 Johnson, Thomas (1): 10, 16 -stellata (4): 20, 24, 25 2014 gardenn (1): 14 Josselyn, John (1): 99 - x soulangeana (4): 20, 23 2014 major ( 1 inside back cover Juglans regia (2): 13 -- ’Candolleana’ (4): 24 Franklin tree (4): 22 Jussieu, Antome Laurent de (3): 14 2014 zenn (4): 20 Franklin, Benjamin (4) : 22 Jussieu, Bernard de (3): 14, 16 Maintenance of urban street trees Frankhma alatamaha (4): 22 (3) : 11 Fritillaria imperials (1): 11-12 Kalm, Peter (1): 14-15 Malus (2): 18 Fungus disease (1): 24 Kalmia latifoha (1) : 14, 15 -’Donald Wyman’ (3): back cover 39

- sylvestns (2): 18 Peabody, Robert (4): 7 Serviceberry, downy (1): front cover Maple (4) : 28, 30 Peace Park, Hiroshima (3): 25 Shadblow ( 1 front cover - hedge (1): 22 Physic gardens [Europe] (2): 19 Shukukeien, garden in (3): 29 - three-flowered (4) : 21 Pine tree (3): 26, 27 Shurchff, Arthur |4): 12 Marshall, Humphrey (4): 22 white 11): 24-31,26, 28 Silverbell (4): 30 Massachusetts Bay Colony (2): 12, - fastigiate (1): 24-31, 29, 30 Smiley, Charles J. (2): 3, 4, 5, 6 13, 15 Pmnodes strobi (1 24 Smith College, plan of botanic Massachusetts Horticultural Society Pmus strobus (1) : 24-31, 26, 28 garden (3): 14 (3): 3; (4): 8, 18 ’Fastigiata’ (1): 24-31, 29, 30 Smith, John (1): 88 Medbury, Scot, " and 2014 thunbergn (3): 26, 27 Snowball (2) : 10, 18 Arboretum Design" (3): 13-23 Plane, London (1): 10,32 Speciation in plants (4): 29-30 Medicinal herbs ("simples") (2): 16, Plant development (1): 19-23 Speedway [Boston] (4): 10 19 "Plant History: Expanding the Spiderwort |1): 99 " Menstem(l): 20-23, 22 Horizons of a Small Garden," Spongberg, Stephen A., and Peter Metasequoia glyptostroboides (2): Mary Harrison (1) : 8-18 Del Tredici, "Historic Plants in a front cover Plant migrations (2) 11-20 New Setting: The Evolution of Metropolitan District Commission Planting specifications, street trees the Hunnewell Building Land- [Boston] (4): 14 (3):8 scape" (4): 20-25; "Introducing Metropolitan Park Commission Platanus occidentahs (1): 10, 33; (4): Weigela subsessihs" (4): 31-33 [Boston] (4): 2-17, 14-15 28 St. Johnswort (1): 14 Michaux, Andre (1): 15 - onentahs (1): 10 Stashko, Edward, "Ecology for Your Middlesex Fells [MA] (4) : 3, 4, 6, 7, 2014 x acerifoha (1) : 10 Backyard: Book Review" (2): 30- 8, 12 Plum, common (2) : 19 32 Millar, Robert (1): 12 Plymouth Plantation (2): 12, 13 Stewartia malacodendron (1): 15 Miller, Norton G. (4): 21 Prantl, Karl (3)- 14, 15, 20 - ovata (1): 15, 17 Miller, Phillip (1): 12, 13 Prunus (2): 18 2014 pseudocamelha (1): 15, 17; (4): 22 Missouri Botanical Garden (3) : 20 - domestica (2): 19 "Stone Magnolias," R. B. Figlar (2): Molecular systematics (4): 29 3-9 Moraea, Sara Lisa (1): 12 Quince, flowering (4): 34-36, 35 Stourhead (3): 16 Morgan, George H. (1): 30 Street trees (3): 4-12 Morris Arboretum (3): 20 Racz & Debreczy, photos by ( 1): Stuart, John(l): 15 Morus alba (2): 15 inside front cover, inside back "Sustamable Trees for Sustainable 2014 mgia (2): 15 cover; (3). inside front cover Cities," Henry Arnold (3): 4-12 Moses-in-the-Bullrushes (1): 99 Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Sycamore, American (1): 10, 33; (4): Moth, gypsy (2): 16 [CA] (3). 20 28 Mulberry (2)- 15 Red oak (2): 26 Synnga vulgaris (2): 17 Munch, Ernst (1): 27 Redwood, dawn (2): front cover Murray, J. A. (1): 14 "Remembering Donald Wyman" (3): Taoism (1): 2-3 Mystic River [MA] (4): 5, 8 3 "Taxonomy and Arboretum Research Institute of Ecology and Design," Scot Medbury (3): 13-23 Nakai, Takenoshin (4): 31 Botany, Vacratot, Hungary (2): 22- Tertiary Research Center, Univer- Neponset River [MA] (4): 5, 8 23 sity of Idaho (2): 5 Nerium indicum (3) : 27 Revere Beach [MA] (4): 6, 9, 13 Theorhidon, section, distribution of New York Botanical Garden (3): 18 Rose, guelder (2): 10, 18 (2):8 North Carolina Botanical Garden Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (1): Thoreau, Henry David, book review (3): 21 16; (4): 31 of and excerpts from Faith in a "Notes on Transatlantic Migrants," Royal Horticultural Society Seed’ The Dispersion of Seeds and Stephen A. Spongberg (2): 11-20 [London] (1): 16; (3) 3: Other Late Natural History Rust disease, black stem (2): 17-18 Writings (2): 24-29 Oleander (3): 27 Thorn, white (2): 13, 14 Olmsted Brothers (3): 20, 21 Sackville-West, Vita (1): 12 Tiha collection, Arnold Arboretum Olmsted, Frederick Law (1): 33; (3): Sahx sp. (3): 29 (3): 22 16, 17; (4): 2, 6, 7, 12, 16,20 Sargent, Charles Sprague (4): 3; "The - cordata (1): 21, 22 Waverly Oaks," 18-19; 20, 21 Tradescant, John (1): 8-9 Paleobotamcal detection (2): 7 Schulhof, Richard, Book Notes (3): Tradescantia 1): 99 Panax (4) : 30 31-32 - virginiana (1): 99 Parkmson, John 1): 9, 10 Scone Palace (3): 16 "Trees as Urban Infrastructure: Parks, Clifford (2) : 8; (4) : 21, 29 Securinega suffruticosa (2): 21-23, Book Review," Phyllis Andersen Parthenocissus tricuspidata (4): 23 22 (1): 32-35 Pauley, Tristan (1): 32 Sericulture (2): 16 Trelease, William (3): 20 40

Trustees of Public Reservations Vegetation and Scenery, Charles "Why Are Bonsai Leaves Small?," [MA] (4): 4 Eliot (4): 11-12 Robert E. Cook(l): 19-23 Tsuchida, Hiromi, "Hibaku Trees of Versailles (3): 14 Willow tree (3): 28 Hiroshima" with Peter Del Viburnum opulus (2): 10, 18 Wilson, E. H. (1): 30; (3): 3; (4) 21, 27 Tredici (3): 24-29; photo by (3): - sieboldii (3): inside front cover Witch alder (1): inside back cover, inside back cover 14 Tulip tree (4): 27, 28, 29 Wallace, Alfred Russell (3): 15 Witchhazel (4): 30 - fossil leaf of (2): back cover Walnut, English, Persian, or royal World’s Columbian Exposition - hybrid (4): 21, back cover (2): 13 [Chicago] (4): 2 Waltham [MA] Canoe Club (4) : 13 Wright, Ehzur (4): 7, 8 U.S. National Arboretum (4): 31 Waverly Oaks [MA] (4): 6, 8, 11, 12, Wyhe, Samuel (1): 13 U.S. Bureau of Forestry (1): 24 18-19 Wyman, Donald (3): 2,3 University of Washington Arbore- "Waverly Oaks," Charles S Sargent tum (3) : 20, 21 (4) : 18-19 Yu, Konguan, "Infinity in a Bottle "Upright White Pine" Peter Del Weather Station Data, 1992, Arnold Gourd: Understanding the Tredici(l |: 24-31 Arboretum (1): 36 Chinese Garden (1): 2-7 Urban street trees (3): 4-12, 5, 7, 11 Weber, Claude (4): 34 Yuanmmg (1): 2,3 Utilities, value of urban street trees Weigela subsessihs (4)- 31-33, 32 as (3): 4-12 Wendel, Jonathan (2|: 8; (4): 29 Zelkova, Japanese (1): 22 White pme weevil (1 24-26 Zelkova serrata (1): 22 Vaux, Calvert (3): 16, 17 White, John (1): 88

U.S. POSTAL SERVICE STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) lA, Title of publication: Arnoldia. 1B, Publication number: 00042633. 2, Date of filing: 31 Dec. 1993. 3, Frequency of issue: Quarterly. 3A, Number of issues published annually: 4. 3B, Annual subscription price: $20.00 domestic, $25.00 foreign. 4, Complete mailing address of known office of publication: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-2795. 5, Complete mailing address of the headquarters of general business offices of the publisher: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-2795. 6, Full names of the pub- lisher : Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-2795. 6, Full names and complete mailing address of publisher, editor, and managing editor: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-3519, publisher; Karen Madsen, Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-3519, editor. 7, Owner: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-3519. 8, Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities: none. 9, The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding 12 months. 10, Extent and nature of circulation. A, Total number of copies. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 4,500. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 4,500. B, Paid and/or requested circulation. 1, Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors, and counter sales. Average number of copies of each issue during pre- ceding 12 months: none. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: none. 2, Mail subscrip- tion. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 3,917. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 3,910. C, Total paid and/or requested circulation. Average number of copies of each is- sue during preceding 12 months: 3,917. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 3,910. D, Free distribution by mail, carrier, or other means (samples, complimentary, and other free copies). Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 222. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 222. E, Total distribution. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 4,139. Ac- tual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 4,132. F, Copies not distributed. 1, Office use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 361. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 368. 2, Return from news agents. Average num- ber of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: none. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: none. G, Total. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months 4,500. Actual num- ber of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 4.500. 11, I certify that the statements made by me are cor- rect and complete. Karen Madsen, Editor.