Rethinking Chinese Politics Joseph Fewsmith Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83125-3 — Rethinking Chinese Politics Joseph Fewsmith Index More Information

Index

“Act in Accordance with Economic Bo Zhiyue, 13 Laws, Step Up the Four bourgeois liberalization, campaign Modernizations” (Hu Qiaomu), against, 54–55, 56, 69 111 bureaucracy, 2–3 agriculture Weberian, 2, 4 agricultural reforms, 36, 51, 113 bureaucratism, 27, 28 conﬂict around taxation and, 121–122 cadre system, 8–12 increased funding for, 98, 108 adoption of “one-level down” system All-China Women’s Federation, 20 of promotions, 117–118, 171–172 An Ziwen, 39 “charismatic impersonalism,” 5 Anti-Rightist Movements, 109 dysfunctional aspects, 12 “Authoritarian Resilience” (Nathan), effects of reform on, 115 13 high-pressure nature, 10–11 authoritarian systems institutionalization debate, 8 distinction from Leninism, 5–6 investigations and prosecutions of lack of commonality, 4 cadres, 173–174 longevity, 1, 8 Leninism’s reliance on, 15 mass incidents and, 12 Bahrain, 1 mobilization function, 10 Bai Hua, 46 promotions, 8–10 Bai Yun, 120 selection process, 28 balances Cai Qi, 164, 172 Deng Xiaoping, 43–52 Cao Gangchuan, 94, 97, 106 institutionalization and, 15–18 Carter, Jimmy, 33 Leninism and, 15 CCTV, 148 Beijing Consensus, The (Ramo), 178 Central Advisory Commission (CAC), Belgrade, Chinese embassy bombing, 41, 56, 60, 157 180 central authority, perceptions of big data, development outline, 176 decline, 131 Bo Gu, 44 Central Committee Bo Xilai, 95 adopts different form of intra-party alleged collusion, 188 democracy, 158 corruption case, 129, 131, 133, 154 critical positions, 19, 20 detention, 133 departments directly under, 19 father, 119 full members and alternates of purged from Central Committee, 168 Eighteenth Central Committee, Xi Jinping’s rivalry with, 106 168 Bo Yibo, 33, 34, 39–40, 48, 79, 113, membership, 19–20 119 military representation, 20

206

Index 207

Nineteenth Party Congress and death, 77, 85 makeup of, 168–170 demands rehabilitation of the Group PLA membership, 169 of 61, 33 removals from Seventeenth Central joins the CAC, 56 Committee, 168 joins the PBSC, 34, 36, 44 Central Discipline Inspection Li Peng and, 56 Commission (CDIC) political status, 44–45, 61 criticism of CYL, 9 position in the CDIC, 39 establishment and leadership, 39 support for Jiang, 68, 85, 186 function, 172 Xue Muqiao and, 50 investigates the CYL, 153 Chen Zhili, 96 investigations on centrally controlled Cheng Li, 13, 90, 96, 108 cadres, 174 Chi Haotian, 80, 82, 85, 94 merger with the MOS, 172 Chiang Kai-shek, 51, 138 role under the Xi administration, 18 Chien-wen Kou, 9 Third Plenum restoration, 34 “China Dream” Xi’s corruption campaign and, 139 history of, 138–139, 145 Xi’s political use of, 137, 143, 188 Southern Weekend editorial, 145 Central Guard, 18 China Model, The (Pan Wei), 179 Central Military Commission (CMC), Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 19 adoption of “one-level down” system Deng’s retention of chairmanship, of promotions, 117–118, 171–172 41, 57, 185 Charter formula, 175 Jiang’s resignation, 98–100 constraining norms adopted by, Jiang’s retention of chairmanship, 115 88–90, 95–96, 98, 185 decrying of ideological laxity, 146 Nineteenth Party Congress and Deng’s feelings about, 29 makeup of, 166–167 dysfunctionalities, 187 retirements, 94 history resolution, 36, 149 structural change, 106 hundredth anniversary of founding, centralized control, strengthening of, 154 175–177 impact of reform on the party system, Chang Wanquan, 106, 166 115–121 Chen Bingde, 106 norms, 17 Chen Boda, 161 organizational structure, 5 Chen Chuanping, 120, 132 political reform, 123 Chen Kuiyuan, 95 promotion regulations, 9–10 Chen Liangyu, 90, 92, 102, 108 public opinion and revival efforts, Chen Min’er, 164 126–128 Chen Shui-bian, 90 role in the “China Dream,” 138 Chen Xi, 166 “rules of the game,” 3 Chen Xilian, 34, 39 strengthening of as major theme of Chen Xitong, 79, 82, 85 Xi’s plan, 137 Chen Yixin, 170 strengthening of centralized control, Chen Yun 175–177 appeals for Deng’s return to work, township ofﬁcials selection reform, 24, 30 123 “birdcage” theory of economics, 49 Xi’s domination of leadership, 168 criticisms of Deng’s leadership style, Xi’s strengthening efforts, 143–146 69 see also general secretary

208 Index

Chinese embassy bombing, Belgrade, Xi’s campaign against, 119, 180 139–143, 154–155, 156, 168, 171, Chinese People’s Political Consultative 188 Congress (CPPCC), 21 Xu Caihou case, 142–143, 148, Ching Cheong, 90 151–152, 155 civil society, 147 Zhou Yongkang case, 139, 140–142, class struggle, jettisoning of, 83 156 Clinton, Hillary, 133 COVID-19 pandemic, 11, 154 “color revolutions,” 98, 127, 129, 183, crime, and removal from ofﬁce, 87 187 critical positions commodity, Marxist terminology, importance, 18–21 49 notion of, 18 communes Cuba, 146 formation, 109 Cultural Revolution (Great replacement by townships, 113 Proletarian), 24 Communist Party of the Soviet Union Deng Xiaoping and, 26 (CPSU), collapse, 126, 129, Mao’s mistakes, 149 143–144, 150, 156 prematurely declared over, 20 Communist Youth League (CYL) social, political and economic impact, Hu Jintao’s reliance, 13 25 promotion and, 9 custody and repatriation system, Xi leadership and, 136 abolition, 114 Xi’s approach, 153 Constitution Day, 144 Dai Xiaoming, corruption case, 141 constitutional government, scholars’ Dangdai sichao (Contemporary petition, 145 Thought) (journal), 70 corruption dangguan ganbu (party controls the Bo Xilai case, 129, 131, 133, 154 cadres), 5 CYL and, 136 Decision on Economic Structural Dai Xiaoming case, 141 Reform, 49–50 dual-track mechanism and, 52 democracy Gu Fengjie case, 131 Deng’s meaning, 26 as inevitable consequence of Leninist inappropriateness for China, 147 reform, 112 intra-party democracy, 84, 90, 124, Li Chuncheng case, 140–141 157, 158–159 Ling Jihua case, 120–121, 132–133, Deng Liqun, 45–47, 54–55, 111 142, 156 Deng Nan, 69 Liu Tienan case, 141–142 Deng Xiaoping local networks and, 125 CCP 1985 Representative Meeting, as major theme of Xi’s plan, 137 42–43 military ofﬁcers charged with, concentration of power, 5 169 death, 79 “one-level down” system and, Dengist structure of power, 24–62 171–172 dismissal of the Yang brothers, 71, political repercussions of Xi’s 85, 186 campaign, 168 enters the PBSC, 44 promotion process and, 118 era of, 30–31 Shanxi case, 119–121 establishment of diplomatic relations systemic, 187 with the US, 34 xiaguan yiji system and, 6 exile, 26

Index 209

foreign policy, 177 Eighteenth Central Committee (2013) joins the CAC, 56 CYL membership and, 136 Mao’s concerns about, 24 elections, 168 military background, 30 Hu Jintao’sinfluence, 107, 134 “museum-ifying” of Mao Zedong, military membership, 169 148–149 Eighteenth Party Congress (2012), on overconcentration of power, 26, alleged collusion, 188 27, 76 elections party and government reform Pingchang county experiment, intentions, 28–29 123–125 party leaders’ reluctance to grant full problem with from a Leninist point of power to, 34 view, 125 party leadership changes and, 34–40 village elections, 113 personalization of power, 185 Eleventh Central Committee (1978), political balances, 43–52 Third Plenary Session, see Third rails against factionalism, 28 Plenum relations with Zhao Ziyang, 64 Eleventh Party Congress (1977), relationship with the military, 72 leadership changes, 34–40 retirement from the Central elite politics, 12–15 Committee, 63 balances, 68 “Shanghai Commentary,” 69 Hu Jintao era and, 86 “Southern Tour,” 70 informal balances and, 16 succession control efforts, 76, 80 institutionalization thesis, 13–15, 86 Third plenum and, 33–34, 60 Thirteenth Party Congress and, factions/factionalization, 2–3 53–59 Falange, Spain, 4 Tiananmen incident and, 24, 33, 180 Fallaci, Oriana, 76 truth criterion discussion, 31–33 Fan Changlong, 136 Twelfth Party Congress and, 40–42 Fan Chonglong, 133 Deng Yingchao, 34, 39, 56 Fang Fenghui, 166 Dickson, Bruce J., 128 Fang Lizhi, 54 Ding Xuexiang, 165, 166 Fang Yi, 39 Discipline Inspection Commissions feudalism, 27 (DIC), 6 Fifteenth Party Congress (1997), 79–83 diversity of society, growth of, 187 financial crisis, see global financial crisis Djibouti, 182 foreign policy, change in China’s Du Shanxue, 120 approach to the outside world, Du Yuesheng, 51 177–182 “four consciousnesses,” 158, 171, 175 East Asia Barometer, 128 Fourteenth Party Congress (1992), 77 economic integration, China’s pursuit, freedom of the press, 147 177 “Future of New China, The” (Liang economic reform Qichao), 138 dual price mechanism, 51–52 process of, 49–51 Gang of Four, 19, 24, 30–31, 46, 109 economics Gao Gang, 42 acknowledgment of as a field of Geddes, Barbara, 6 study, 111 general secretary “birdcage” theory, 49 control over personnel decisions, 17 “eight immortals,” 67 critical positions, 18–21

210 Index

general secretary (cont.) doctrinal changes, 108 powers, 97 education and political background, strength of the position, 7 72–76 Georgia, 98, 127, 187 impact of institutionalization and, global financial crisis, 129, 138, 179, 96–98 183 Li Keqiang and, 95 Golden Shield Project, 176 limits of institutionalization and, Golkar, Indonesia, 4 86–108 Gong Xiantian, 100 Ling Jihua corruption case and, 132 “good old boys,” 115, 187 most obvious ally, 95 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 64, 178 network members, 92 Great Leap Forward, 44, 109 new party line set by, 97 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, organizational dysfunction and, 129 see Cultural Revolution (Great political weakness, 87–88, 96 Proletarian) pro-marketization position, 101 Group of 61, 33, 40 pushback against populist agenda of, Gu Fengjie, 131 100–102 Gu Kailai, 129–131 relationship with the military, 87, Gu Mu, 39 100 Guo Boxiong reliance on the CYL, 13 CMC and, 82, 95, 100, 106 SARS epidemic and, 99 corruption charges, 151–152, 155 “scientific development concept,” efforts to root out the influence of, 98 168 Seventeenth Party Congress and, Jiang Zemin and, 92 103–107 purge, 143, 183 Sixteenth Party Congress and, 88–96 Guo Jinlong, 107, 164 supportiveness of second-term Guo Luoji, 112 Secretariat, 106 Guo Shengkun, 170 tensions between Jiang and, 98–100 Guo Yongxiang, 142 Hu Jiwei, 32 Guo Yufeng, 40 Hu Qiaomu, 39, 43, 47, 77, 85, 111 Guomindang (GMD), 33 Hu Qili, 56 Hu Yaobang Han Zheng, 161, 164 contributions to the reform effort, He Guoqiang, 92–94, 103, 108, 170 153 “helicopter promotions,” 10, 165 critical positions, 40 Heywood, Neil, 129–132 death, 64 historical nihilism, 147 Deng’s reliance, 45 “history resolution,” 36, 149 elected general secretary, 39 Hong Xuezhi, 39 joins the PBSC, 40 Hong Yung Lee, 15 ouster, 49, 54, 56, 61, 63, 126 Hu Angang, 122 party chairmanship, 36, 39 Hu Chunhua, 107, 136, 153, 165 position and duties, 31 Hu Jintao promotion, 34 appointment to the PBSC, 72–76 Spiritual Pollution campaign and, 47 associations with PB membership Hu Yuzhi, 114 under Xi, 136 Hua Guofeng “core” designation and, 155, 171 designation as Mao’s successor, 30 CYL leadership, 153 end of, 34–40 Deng’s succession efforts, 81 “opening up” efforts, 109–110

Index 211

presidency of the Central Party consolidation of power and School, 31 succession, 63–85 resignation, 39 continuing inﬂuence, 136 retains Central Committee seat, “core” designation, 155 161 Deng’s support for, 65, 70 slide into obscurity, 33 extension of retirement system, 80, Tiananmen incident and, 33 86 “Two Whatevers,” 60 Fifteenth Party Congress and, 79–83 Huang Ju, 78, 90–91, 92, 103 Hu Jintao’s succession and, 81 Huang Kunming, 165–166 institutionalization and, 82–84 Huang Liman, 96 leadership characteristics, 186 Huang Xingguo, 164 Li Peng and, 81 human rights, 147, 187 limitations to power, 68, 72, 77 network members, 91 “inclusionary” phase of Leninist organizational dysfunction and, 129 development, 109–111 party members’ feelings about, 96–97 Indonesia, 4 PB appointment, 56 industrialization, impact on land prices, political relationships, 67 122 promotion to general secretary, 18 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), qualiﬁcations for leadership, 66 1 relations with Qiao Shi, 80 institutionalization relationship with the military, 72, balances and, 15–18 78–79, 82 cadre system and, 8 reliance on personal relations, 88 China’s potential commitment to, resignation from CMC, 98–100 145 retention of CMC chairmanship, concept of, 1–2, 14 95–96, 98 debate on whether the Chinese retirement, 100 system has institutionalized, 3 SARS epidemic and, 99 as explanation for China’s post- Sixteenth Party Congress and, 88–91 Tiananmen political stability, 13 skepticism about, 66 Hu Jintao and, 86–108 steps down as general secretary, 95 norms and, 17–18 supporters, 82 speed of in the PRC, 64 “talk politics” campaign, 78, 80, 183 International Liaison Department, 19 “Three Represents” doctrine, 83, 97, intra-party democracy, 84, 90, 124, 157 100, 175 straw polls experiment, 158–159 turning point, 77 intra-party rules, 3 Jin Daoming, 120–121 Xi’s attention to, 174–175 Jowitt, Ken, 5, 22, 109

Japan, Deng Liqun’s visit, 111 Kang Rixin, 168 Ji Dengkui, 34, 39 Kang Sheng, 40 Jia Qinglin, 90, 91–92 Kiselycznyk, Michael, 96 Jiang Chunyun, 78 Kou, Chien-wen, 9 Jiang Jiemin, 142 Kyrgyzstan, 98, 127, 187 Jiang Nanxiang, 39 Jiang Qing, 24, 28 land reform, 109 Jiang Zemin Leninism, 4 allies of, 92 balances and, 15 collective leadership and, 13 deﬁning characteristic, 5

212 Index

Leninism (cont.) criticism of Zhao, 68 as descriptor of the party, 187 Jiang Zemin and, 68, 72, 82 inherent tensions in organizational joins the Central Committee, 43 structure, 6 named premier, 63 institutionalization and, 14 political appointments, 56 Jowitt’s conception, 5, 22 potential as Deng’s successor, 63 proved stronger than retention of PBSC position, 87 institutionalization, 189 retirement debate, 81 reliance on the cadre system, 15 see understanding of economics, 56 also Leninist reform in China Li Qiang, 164–165 Leninist reform in China Li Ruihuan, 56, 86, 92 conflict with society, 121–126 Li Tieying, 56, 87, 161 corruption in Shanxi and, 119–121 Li Xi, 165 “delegating authority and allowing Li Xiannian, 30, 56, 60, 77, 85 benefits” policy, 117 Li Ximing, 56 difficulties of launching, 112 Li Yuanchao, 103–104, 107–108, 134, Household Responsibility System, 136, 161 113 Li Zhanshu, 133, 144, 161 impact on the party system, 115–121 Li Zuocheng, 167 “inclusionary” phase, 109–111 Liang Guanglie, 94–95 private enterprise, 113 Liang Qichao, 138 public opinion and efforts to revive Liao Xilong, 94–95 the party, 126–128 Liberation Army Daily (PLA paper), reconciliation of the party with 99, 148 society, 114–115 Lilun dongtai (Theoretical Trends) Leninist system, role of in Chinese (journal), 32 politics, 15 Lin Biao, 28 Leninist systems Lin Biao incident, 41 authoritarian nature, 4 Ling Gu, 120, 132 corruption as inevitable consequence Ling Jihua, 104, 107 of reform, 112 background and political career, 119 difficulties of launching reform, 112 corruption allegations, 120–121, difficulties of reconciliation with 132–133, 142, 156 society, 114 CYL membership, 153 effectiveness, 6 death of son, 120, 132 need for strong leadership, 5 promotion, 108 Li Chang, 39 vote-gaining strategy, 159 Li Changchun, 91 Ling Zhengce, 119 Li Chuncheng, 140 Linghu Ye, 119 corruption case, 140–141 “little Gang of Four,” 34, 40 Li Desheng, 31, 41 Liu Binyan, 54 Li, Hongbin, 8 Liu Huaqing, 70–71, 79 Li Hongzhong, 164 Liu Lanbo, 39 Li Jinai, 94 Liu Lantao, 39 Li Junru, 83 Liu Qi, 90, 92 Li Keqiang, 95, 103, 107, 153, 161 Liu Qibao, 161 Li Lanqing, 82 Liu Qingxiang, 123–124 Li Lianjiang, 121 Liu Shaoqi, 7, 39, 54, 110 Li Peng Liu Tienan, 141–142 Chen Xitong and, 79 Liu Yandong, 106, 134

Index 213

Liu Yunshan, 92–94, 107 Nazism, 5 Liu Zhijun, 168 neoliberalism, 147 local state corporatism, 117 study group established, 98 Lu Dingyi, 39 new deal Luo Changping, 141 Hu and Wen’s rhetoric, 102 Luo Gan, 20, 92, 103 Hu’s approach as, 98 New Left, 100, 178 Ma Xiaotian, 166 Nie Chunyu, 120 Malaysia, 4 Nineteenth Party Congress (2017) Manion, Melanie, 13 CMC membership, 166–167 Mao Yuanxin, 24 Committee membership, 168–170 Mao Zedong date convened, 157 concerns about Deng Xiaoping, 24 impact on Deng Xiaoping’s reforms, “core” designation, 155 157 criticisms, 111, 128, 149 PB membership, 162–165 death, 109 Xi’s overwhelming victory, 170–171 Deng Xiaoping’s approach, 148–149 Xi’s report, 158 differences between Liu Shaoqi and, 7 nomenklatura,19 loss of faith in, 110 norms, role of in the cadre system, 17 political campaigns, 109 North Korea, 1, 108, 146 Rectification Campaign, 31 North, Douglass C., 2 reimposition of army leadership, 151 Xi’s approach, 148–150 O’Brian, Kevin, 121 Mao Zedong Thought, 32, 44, 150, 175 Oi, Jean, 117 marketization debate, 100–101 one-party systems, examples of, 4 mass incidents, 12, 97, 122, 123, 179, Organization Department, 9, 19 183 “ossified thinking,” Deng’s criticism, 69 mass mobilization campaigns, outside world, changing approach to, 109–110, 128, 186 177–182 Mattis, James, 181 overconcentration of power, Deng May Fourth Movement, 178 Xiaoping on, 26, 27, 76 Meng Jianzhu, 108, 136 Mexico, 1 Pan Wei, 179 military Pang Baoqing, 10 strategies of the reform period Parton, Charles, 176 leaders, 185 see also People’s Party History and Document Research Liberation Army (PLA) Office, 20 military modernization, 180 party leadership military parade, 1 continuity, 30 Miller, Alice, 14 Deng’s thinking, 27 Ministry of Public Security, 19 Party Representative Meeting (1985), Ministry of State Security, 19 42–43 Ministry of Supervision (MOS), merger patriotic education, CCP campaign, with CDIC, 172 126–127, 129, 138 Minxin Pei, 175 Paulson, Hank, 179 Mulvenon, James, 100, 152 “peaceful evolution,” 98, 130, 144, 156, 170, 177, 182–183, 187 Nathan, Andrew, 13 Peng Chong, 39 National People’s Congress (NPC), 21 Peng Dehuai, 33 naval modernization, 180 Peng Zhen, 34, 39–40, 79, 113

214 Index

People’s Action Party (PAP), Singapore, power, China’s tendency to concentrate 4 in the hands of the leader, 7 People’s Daily, 20, 32, 46, 98, 145 “Practice as the Sole Criterion of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Truth,” 31–33 budget complaints, 99 promotions Central Committee membership, 169 adoption of “one-level down” command structure reform, 169 system, 117–118, 171–172 further bifurcation between the party cadre system, 8–10 and, 104 “helicopter promotions,” 10 Hu Jintao’s relationship with, 87, regulations, 9 100 Propaganda Department, 19 importance for political control, 87 property rights law, debate around, Jiang’s relationship, 72, 78–79, 82 100–101 power and influence restricted, 96 professionalization, 87, 106 Qian Qichen, 43 purging of officers, 168 Qiao Shi, 20, 56–58, 68, 72, 80–82, stabilization efforts after the Bo Xilai 84–85, 86 scandal, 133 Qin Jiwei, 57 Xi’s reform, 151–152 Xi’s relationship with, 87 Ramo, Joshua Cooper, 178 People’s Republic of China (PRC), Rao Shushi, 42 documents issued since the Rectification Campaign, 31 establishment of, 174 Ren Jianxin, 20 personal relations retirement system importance in Chinese politics, 88 of the CCP, 17 Jiang’s reliance on, 88 Deng’s implementation, 29, 60 personalization of power, 3 effect on party stability, 87 Philippines, 181 Jiang Zemin’s extension, 60, 80, 86 Pingchang county, elections rights-protection movement, 114, 115 experiment, 123–125 Police Cloud, 176 SARS epidemic, 99 Politburo (PB) Saudi Arabia, 1 military background of Eleventh and Saunders, Philip C., 97 Twelfth Central Committee Sea of Aden, naval patrols, 180 membership, 31 Secretariat, 19 Nineteenth Party Congress and Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands, 182 makeup of, 162–165 Serbia, 180 responsibilities, 18 Seventeenth Central Committee (2007) retirement system, 60, 80, 86 CYL membership and, 136 special municipalities, 164 purging, 168 Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) Seventeenth Party Congress (2007) critical positions, 18 continuity of leadership, 103–106 general secretary and, 7 Hu Jintao and, 103–107 military participation debate, 80 “Shanghai Gang,” 13, 102, 108, 136 party and state leadership, 19, 81 Shanxi province, corruption in, political reform, scholars’ petition, 119–121 145 Shen Yueyue, 107 population explosion, China’s, 147 “Silent Contest” (2013), 144 populist nationalism, as major theme of Singapore, 4 Xi’s plan, 137 Sixteenth Party Congress (2002)

Index 215

Central Committee membership and Tang Tsou, 21, 111 promotions, 95 taxation continuity of leadership, 103–106 as focus of conﬂicts between cadres expansion of the PBSC, 91 and peasants, 121–122 Hu Jintao and, 88–96 Household Responsibility System Jiang Zemin and, 88–91 and, 113 as milestone in the Teng Biao, 114 institutionalization of the Chinese Third Plenum, 30, 34, 39, 40, 83 political process, 88 as beginning of Deng era, 30 retirements, 94 Deng Xiaoping and, 33–34, 60 socialism, fall in Eastern Europe and the endorsement of economic Soviet Union, 13, 129 construction, 149 Socialist Education Movement, 109 preparatory Work Conference, 33 Song Ping, 72, 95, 113 restoration of CDIC, 34 Song Renqiong, 34, 39–40 restoration of Deng’s posts, 30 South China Sea, militarization of, Thirteenth Five-Year Plan, 154 181–182 Thirteenth Party Congress (1987), Southern Weekend (liberal paper), 101, Deng Xiaoping and, 53–59 145–146 “three crises,” 110 Soviet Union “Three Represents” doctrine, 83, 97, Chen Yun and, 44 100, 175 collapse, 126, 129, 143–144, 150, Tian Jiyun, 80 156, 187 Tian Xiusi, 169 fall of socialism, 13 Tiananmen incident, 24, 33 historical nihilism and, 150 debate on reversal of the verdict, 33 Jiang Zemin and, 66 Deng Xiaoping and, 24, 33, 180 longevity, 1 leadership’s reaction, 180, 186 warning about the precedent of, 144 political outcome, 77 Spain, 4 political stability in China and, 13 spiritual pollution, campaign against, Tiananmen Papers,66 47, 54–55, 62, 68, 177 Tibet, 20, 95 State Council, leadership positions, 20 “tigers,” 173 State Supervisory Structure, townships experimentation with reform, elections experiment, 123–125 172–173 place of in the party system, 6 straw polls experiment, 158–159 replacement of communes by, 113 strongman politics, 79, 83, 87, 88 Tsai, Wen-Hsuan, 9 student demonstrations of 1986, see Twelfth Party Congress (1982), Deng also Tiananmen incident, 126 Xiaoping and, 40–42 Suisheng Zhao, 13 “two thirty years,” 149–150 Sun Chunlan, 11 “Two Whatevers,” 33–34, 40, 60, 175 Sun Yat-sen, 138, 147 Sun Zhengcai, 136, 159, 162–164 Ukraine, 98, 127, 180, 187 Sun Zhigang, 114 United Front Work Department, 19 surveillance of the Chinese population, United Malays National Organization 171, 176 (UMNO), Malaysia, 4 Svolik, Milan W., 2, 65 United States (US) Chinese embassy bombing, 180 Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), 147 sale of weapons to Taiwan, 33 Taiwan, 33, 90, 108, 181, 182 universal values, 147–148

216 Index

“Unrequited Love” (Bai Hua), 46 campaign against corruption, 119, “Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles” 139–143, 154–155, 156, 168, 171, (Deng Xiaoping), 112 188 “China Dream” and, 138–139, 145 village elections, 113 comparisons with predecessors, 155, Vogel, Ezra F., 29–30 171, 182–184 control of Secretariat, 166 Wan Li, 36, 39, 41, 55, 79 “core” designation, 155, 164, 176 Wang Dongxing, 19, 31–32, 34, 39–40 creation of leadership small groups, Wang Gang, 94, 103–106 18, 137, 171 Wang Heshou, 39 CYL and, 153 Wang Hongwen, 24, 28, 41, 72 disappearance in September 2012, Wang Huning, 104, 161, 166 133 Wang Lequan, 92 elected for second term, 159 Wang Lijun, 131–132 embrace of new nationalism, Wang Lulu, 131 181–182 Wang Qishan, 106, 119, 139, 159, 166, first term, 154–155 179 “four consciousnesses,” 158, 171, Wang Renzhong, 39 175 Wang Ruoshui, 46 influence in PB of previous leaders, Wang Ruowang, 54 136–137 Wang Shaoguang, 122 interviews current and retired Wang Wenjie, 99 leaders, 159 Wang Yang, 134, 136, 161 leadership style, 187–189 Wang Zhaoguo, 92 loyalty regulations, 175 Wang Zhen, 34, 41 Mao’s shadow and, 148–150 weaknesses of institutions, indicators, military reform, 151–152 186 moves against his perceived enemies, Weberian bureaucracy, 2, 4, 12 137 Wei Fenghe, 166 new order, 170–177 Wei Guoqing, 31, 41 overwhelming victory at the Wei Jianxing, 80 Nineteenth Party Congress, Wen Jiabao, 91, 98, 102 170–171 Weng’an county, mass incident, 123 PBSC membership and, 103–104, Wen-Hsuan Tsai point, 9 134 Whiting, Susan, 3 power, 5 Woodcock, Leonard, 33 protégés, 164, 172 Workers Party of Korea (WPK), 1 relationship with the military, 87 World Trade Organization (WTO), retirement rule and, 86 China’s application to join, 177 rivalry with Bo Xilai, 106 World Values Survey, 128 rivals ousted by, 183 Wu Bangguo, 78, 91 rumored assassination attempts, 7, Wu De, 34, 39 133 Wu Guanzheng, 92, 103 saving the party as nationalist Wu Shengli, 106, 166 project, 143–146 Wu Yi, 94, 106 second-term Central Committee appointments, 160–161 Xi Jinping Svolik’s prediction, 3 actions in first term, 157 tightening of control, 146–148, 172 appointed general secretary, 133 “two thirty years” and, 149–150

Index 217

Xi Zhongxun, 39 Zhang Yang, 166 Xia Baolong, 136 Zhang Youxia, 166 xiaguan yiji,5 Zhang Zhen, 71 Xinjiang, 20 Zhao Keshi, 166 Xiong Guangkai, 96 Zhao Leji, 161 Xu Caihou, 82, 94, 95, 97, 100, 103, Zhao Ziyang 106, 136 calls for separation of party from alleged collusion, 188 state, 53 corruption charges, 142–143, 152, campaign to remove, 61, 64 155 “core” designation and, 155 detention, 148, 151 Deng’s leadership ambitions for, 55 efforts to root out the inﬂuence of, Deng’s reliance on, 45 168 fall, 43 Xu Qiliang, 106, 133, 136 Fourth Plenum criticisms, 68–69 Xu Xianglin, 15 house arrest, 64–65 Xu Xiangqian, 41 joins the PBSC, 40 Xue Muqiao, 50 named general secretary, 63 named head of Financial and Yang Baibing, 70, 71 Economics Leadership Small Yang brothers, purge, 71, 79, 85, 186 Group, 56 Yang Dezhi, 31, 39, 41, 56 potential as Deng’s successor, 63 Yang Jinshan, 169 premiership, 60–61 Yang Shangkun, 34, 39, 48, 57, 71 promotions, 34, 39 Yang Xiaodu, 165, 166, 174 Spiritual Pollution campaign and, 47, Yang Xuedong, 10 54 Yao Wenyuan, 24 Tiananmen incident and, 59, 61 Yao Yilin, 39–41, 56 tolerance of market forces, 44 Ye Jianying, 24, 30, 60 Zhengxu Wang, 128 Yongkang, 156 Zhou Enlai, 24, 33–34, 56 You Xigui, 96 Zhou Li’an, 8 Yu Jiang, 114 Zhou Qiang, 95 Yu Qiuli, 31, 39, 41, 56 Zhou Ruijin, 69 Yu Yongbo, 95 Zhou Yang, 39, 46 Yu Youjun, 168 Zhou Yongkang Yu Zhengsheng, 94 alleged collusion, 188 CDIC investigation, 142 Zeng Peiyan, 92, 106 corruption allegations, 139, Zeng Qinghong, 76, 91–94, 103, 170 140–142, 156, 159 Zhang Chunqiao, 24 headship of Political and Legal Zhang Chunxian, 161 Affairs Commission, 103, 108, Zhang Dejiang, 92 186 Zhang Lichang, 92 Ling Jihua case and, 132 Zhang Pinghua, 40 vote-gaining strategy, 159 Zhang Shengmin, 167 Zhu Rongji, 69, 72, 82, 122 Zhang Tingfa, 41 helicopter promotion, 165 Zhang Wannian, 79, 80, 82, 85, 94 “zone of indifference,” 110