The Evaluation of Eprinomectin (Longrange®) on Long-Term Parasitic Infection in Nursing Calves During Summer Grazing®
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2016 The vE aluation of Eprinomectin (LONGRANGE®) on Long-Term Parasitic Infection in Nursing Calves During Summer Grazing® Lyndsea D. Seibert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Seibert, Lyndsea D., "The vE aluation of Eprinomectin (LONGRANGE®) on Long-Term Parasitic Infection in Nursing Calves During Summer Grazing®" (2016). LSU Master's Theses. 80. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/80 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EVALUATION OF EPRINOMECTIN (LONGRANGE®) ON LONG-TERM PARASITIC INFECTION IN NURSING CALVES DURING SUMMER GRAZING® A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Interdepartmental Program in the School of Animal Science by Lyndsea D. Seibert B.S., Louisiana State University, 2013 August 2016 Dedicated to Donna Seibert My angel in heaven John Seibert Chelsea Seibert, Shane Seibert, Kimberly Seibert, and Nicole Callais Robert Folsom All of my children with four paws ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first person I would like to acknowledge and graciously thank is my major professor Dr. James E Miller. Dr. Miller is so passionate about research and has shown me how essential it is throughout my journey as a graduate student. Without his acceptance of me as one of his master’s students, I may have never been able to have the chance to push myself outside my comfort zone in terms of learning and thinking outside the box. I learned to really dig deep in my research to find out the answers that I needed. I also learned that in research, the results may not always be what you expected or hoped for, but it’s still important to have because it gives you insight to what you didn’t know before. I appreciate Dr. Miller’s suggestions, guidance, and patience during my time as grad student. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Dr. Welborn and Dr. Navarre for their valuable time and interest in my project. Dr. Welborn was kind enough to help on this project by overseeing the health of animals used in my study, administering the treatments to them, and even drove out to Alexandria at 5 am to help me obtain fecal samples with the other parasitology lab students when we were shorthanded. Furthermore, I would like to thank LSU Alexandria and all the workers at Dean Lee Research Station for allowing me to utilize their cattle for my study. A special thanks to the farm manager, Jeff Gurie, and the other farm workers for rounding up the cattle and working them through the electric chute as quickly as possible for us so we could get our samples. I really would have not been able to do this project without their help. Next I would like to thank all of other parasitology graduate students including Long Trinh, Kristen Young, Vickie Kelly, Sarah Keaton, and Javier Garza for having played some part in my project by helping me with 120 fecal samples in Alexandria, processing samples at the lab, or helping me with data. Additionally, I give my sincerest gratitude to Mr. Mike Kearny, for his iii expertise in SAS. He was always willing to help, and personally helped me analyze my data. Without him and his statistics courses, I would have had no clue what I was looking at. The next people I would like to thank are my immediate family members Donna Seibert, John Seibert, Chelsea Seibert, Shane Seibert, Kimberly Seibert, Nicole Bertucci, and also my Green family members. Without the support and words of motivation from these special people, I don’t know if I would have had the confidence enough to complete a graduate project. You all believed in me and that pushed me to the finish line. I would like to dedicate this accomplishment to my father in heaven. I know if he were here, he would be a proud dad, and I’m sure he will be with me on the day of my defense to ensure everything goes smoothly. Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank Robert Folsom for basically everything. He always reminded me that I will never know what I am capable of until I challenge myself. He made me believe that you should never stop challenging yourself, because that is what makes you a smarter and stronger person. He gave me insight to my project that I never had before. Robert also understood that in research, sometimes you have to be in the lab until late at night and he would often have dinner ready for me on those very nights when I would get home late from processing samples. He definitely gave me constructive criticism without hesitation, and that’s exactly what I needed to better my project and thesis. So, for that, I cannot thank him enough. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………......iii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………..…….vii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………....................viii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...…...ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………….......………..…………….........1 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................5 2.1 Trichostrongyle Type Parasites.................................................................................................5 2.1.1 Life Cycle of Trichostrongyle Type Nematodes in Cattle.......................................6 2.1.2 Haemonchus placei.....................................................................................................6 2.1.3 Trichostrongylus spp.......................................................................................................7 2.1.4 Oesophagostomum radiatum.........................................................................................8 2.1.5 Cooperia spp................................................................................................................9 2.1.6 Ostertagia ostertagi.........................................................................................................9 2.2 Anthelmintic Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes .............................................................10 2.2.1 Benzimidazoles .........................................................................................................11 2.2.2 Nicotinic Antagonists.............................................................................................14 2.2.3 Macrocyclic Lactones..........................................................................................15 2.2.4 Amino-acetonitrile derivatives (AADs)…………………………………....................17 2.2.5 Miscellaneous Anthelmintics…………………………………......................................17 2.3 Anthelmintic Resistance in Ruminants……………………………………………….…..18 2.4 Novel Gastrointestinal Nematode Control Strategies...........…………………………........…......20 2.5 Current Gastrointestinal Nematode Control and Prevention Methods in Cattle……...…...22 2.5.1 Extended-Release Injectable...............................................................................…........24 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS...........................................................................30 3.1 Location and Animals..........................................................................................................30 3.2 Source of E-LR.............................................................................................................................30 3.3 Experimental Design .......................................................................................................................30 3.3.1 Study ..........................................................................................................................30 3.4 Techniques..............................................................................................................................31 3.4.1 Fecal Egg Count..........................................................................................................31 3.4.2 Double Centrifugation (Sugar Float).................................................................................32 3.4.3 Fecal Larval Coprocultures (Bulk Cultures)............................................................32 3.4.4 Baermann Technique ...........................................................................................33 3.4.5 Larval Counts and Identification................................................................................33 3.4.6 Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test........................................................................................34 v 3.5 Statistical Analysis..............................................................................................................34 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS...................................................................................................................................35 4.1 Study 1 Results.......................................................................................................................................................35 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.........................................................................42