DOCSLIB.ORG

Initial Environmental Examination

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Initial Environmental Examination Initial Environmental Examination August 2013 TIM: Road Network Upgrading Sector Project Initial Environmental Examination TIM: Road Network Upgrading Sector Project Road A-09 Manatuto– Natabora Road This environmental assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or Staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. RNUSP: Manatuto – Natabora Road A-09 Page | i Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE SECTOR PROJECT .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF IEE ................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Structure of the Report .............................................................................................................. 2 2. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 3 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN TIMOR-LESTE ............................................................................................ 3 2.2 SAFEGUARD POLICY STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 5 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB-PROJECT ............................................................................................ 6 3.1 BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR THE SUB-PROJECT ............................................................................. 6 3.2 LOCATION ....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.3 PROPOSED WORKS ......................................................................................................................... 7 4. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................ 12 4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE CONDITIONS ............................................................................ 12 4.1.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................................ 12 4.1.2 Meteorology and Climate ........................................................................................................ 12 4.1.3 Extreme Weather Events ........................................................................................................ 14 4.1.4 Seismicity ................................................................................................................................ 15 4.1.5 Topography ............................................................................................................................. 15 4.1.6 Geology and Soils ................................................................................................................... 16 4.1.7 Hydrology and Water Resources ............................................................................................ 19 4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE CONDITIONS ......................................................................... 20 4.2.1 Vegetation Cover and Flora .................................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Protected Areas and Important Bird Areas ............................................................................. 20 4.2.3 Fauna ...................................................................................................................................... 21 4.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT BASELINE CONDITIONS ............................................................... 23 4.3.1 Population and Demography ................................................................................................... 23 4.3.2 Livelihoods and Poverty .......................................................................................................... 23 4.3.3 Noise ....................................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.4 Access to Social Infrastructure and Facilities ......................................................................... 24 5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES ................................... 26 5.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 26 5.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ....................................................................................................... 26 5.2.1 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience ........................................................................... 26 5.2.2 Vegetation Removal during Surveying and Demarcation ....................................................... 28 5.2.3 Accidental Discovery of Physical Cultural Resources ............................................................. 29 5.2.4 Restrictions on Use of Land .................................................................................................... 29 5.2.5 Mobilization of the Contractor and Construction Camp .......................................................... 29 5.3 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................... 31 5.3.1 Impacts on Air Quality ............................................................................................................. 31 5.3.2 Works in or Adjacent to Rivers and Streams .......................................................................... 32 5.3.3 Impacts from Materials Extraction ........................................................................................... 33 5.3.4 Impacts from Spoil Disposal .................................................................................................... 34 5.3.5 Impacts on Water Resources .................................................................................................. 35 5.3.6 Impacts on Water Quality ........................................................................................................ 36 RNUSP: Manatuto – Natabora Road A-09 Page | ii 5.3.7 Soil Impacts and Erosion ........................................................................................................ 37 5.3.8 Waste Management ................................................................................................................ 39 5.3.9 Hazardous Materials and Waste Disposal .............................................................................. 39 5.3.10 Emergency Response ......................................................................................................... 41 5.3.11 Effects on Existing Services and Infrastructure .................................................................. 41 5.4 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................................... 42 5.4.1 Impacts on Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................... 42 5.4.2 Impacts on Protected or Sensitive Areas ................................................................................ 43 5.5 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ON SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................... 43 5.5.1 Impacts on Noise Levels ......................................................................................................... 43 5.5.2 Impacts on Access and Traffic Safety ..................................................................................... 44 5.5.3 Impacts on Worker Health and Safety .................................................................................... 45 5.5.4 Impacts on Community Health and Safety .............................................................................. 46 5.5.5 Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources ................................................................................ 48 5.6 OPERATION IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................... 48 5.6.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................................ 48 5.6.2 Run-off and Soil Erosion ......................................................................................................... 49 5.6.3 Water Quality ........................................................................................................................... 49 5.6.4 Routine and Ongoing Maintenance......................................................................................... 49 5.7 OPERATION IMPACTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................ 50 5.7.1 Effects on Flora and Fauna ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reference File
    References added since publication of 2007 CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses Abadie, K. B., J. Pérez Z., and M. Valverde. 2006. Primer reporte de colonias del Martín Peruano Progne murphyi. Cotinga 24:99-101. Ackerman, J. T., J. Y. Takekawa, J. D. Bluso, J. L. Yee, and C. A. Eagles-Smith. 2008. Gender identification of Caspian Terns using external morphology and discriminant function analysis. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120:378-383. Alarcos, S., C. de la Cruz, E. Solís, J. Valencia, and M. J. García-Baquero. 2007. Sex determination of Iberian Azure-winged Magpies Cyanopica cyanus cooki by discriminant analysis of external measurements. Ringing & Migration 23:211-216. Albayrak, T., A. Besnard, and A. Erdoğan. 2011. Morphometric variation and population relationships of Krüeper’s Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi) in Turkey. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123:734-740. Aleixo, A., C. E. B. Portes, A. Whittaker, J. D. Weckstein, L. Pedreira Gonzaga, K. J. Zimmer, C. C. Ribas, and J. M. Bates. 2013. Molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the Curve-billed Scythebill complex (Campylorhamphus procurvoides: Dendrocolaptidae), with description of a new species from western Amazonian Brazil. Pp. 253-257, In: del Hoyo, J., A Elliott, J. Sargatal, and D.A. Christie (eds). Handbook of the birds of the world. Special volume: new species and global index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Volume 1. Alfano, A. 2014. Pygmy Nightjar (Nyctopolus hirundinaeus). Neotropical Birds Online (T.S. Schulenberg, ed.). Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. Alvarenga, H. M. F., E. Höfling, and L. F. Silveira. 2002. Notharchus swainsoni (Gray, 1846) é uma espécie válida.
    [Show full text]
  • AOC-Abs2005.Pdf
    St Mary’s Parish Centre, 61 Maxwell Road, Blenheim. Welcome On behalf of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand we are pleased to welcome you to Blenheim and the Third Australasian Ornithological Conference. Delegates have come from all parts of Australia and New Zealand and some from even further afield. Some are presenting papers reporting work done elsewhere including New Guinea, East Timor and the Cook Islands. We are delighted that the sphere of interest in these conferences is expanding to take in the fascinating avifaunas of other nations in the wider Australasian/Pacific regions. We have been over whelmed by the number of interesting papers offered for presentation. We have had to run concurrent sessions for the entire duration of the conference and for parts of one day resorted to running a third session. Even then we were unable to allow all those people who offered a spoken paper the opportunity to present their work. We apologize to those who missed out. The programme contains the rich mix of science and conservation typical of AOC conferences. Doubts have been expressed as to the wisdom of holding a conference in Blenheim rather than on a university campus. We are certain that those who go on the fieldtrips will understand why Blenheim was chosen. Marlborough is arguably the wine and food capital of New Zealand and our sponsor Grove Mill Winery and our caterers promise fare unequalled on any university campus. We trust that the conference will stimulate discussion and that many new friendships are forged and old acquaintances renewed. The Organising Committee 1 Organising Committee Brian Bell, Paul Scofield Wildlife Management International, Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, N.Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of Atauro Island, Timor-Leste (East Timor)
    FORKTAIL 20 (2004): 41–48 Birds of Atauro Island, Timor-Leste (East Timor) COLIN R. TRAINOR and THOMAS SOARES Atauro island, Timor-Leste, lies between Timor,Wetar and Alor in the Lesser Sundas, but its avifauna was previously unknown. Five visits totalling 12 days in 2003–2004 resulted in 84 bird species being recorded. These included Timor Green Pigeon Treron psittacea (Endangered), Black Cuckoo Dove Turacoena modesta (Vulnerable) and four Near Threatened species: Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon Ducula rosacea, Beach Thick-knee Esacus neglectus, Malaysian Plover Charadrius peronii and Orange-sided Thrush Zoothera peronii.The avifauna appears to be most closely related to that of Timor, with the exception that the Olive-brown Oriole Oriolus melanotis is repre- sented by the Wetar race (finschi). INTRODUCTION remain. Tropical montane evergreen forest with a canopy at 15–20 m occurs on the slopes of Mount Atauro (or Kambing) is a small oceanic island that lies Manucoco. The island is dry with rainfall increasing 23.5 km north of mainland Timor, 21.5 km south-west with elevation.There is a wet season from November to of Wetar, 13.0 km south-west of Lirang (off Wetar) and March, with an expected mean annual rainfall of 38.0 km east of Alor (Fig. 1).The island is 22 km long, c.700–1,600 mm (nearby Dili averages 954 mm: 5–10 km wide, and has an area of 150 km2 (Monk et al. RePPProT 1989). 1997). Since 2002 it is part of the new nation of Approximately 8,000 people live on the island, with Timor-Leste (East Timor) administered through Dili a density of 53 people/km2 (G.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Strategy and Action Plan
    The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste (2011 – 2020) Revised Edition 2015 TIMOR-LESTE’S FIFTH NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY i The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste (2011 – 2020) The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste was prepared by the National Biodiversity Working Group coordinated by the Ministry of Economy and Development with support from the United Nations Development Programme and the Global Environment Facility. First published in 2011 Disclaimer: The NBSAP was revised and developed as of 15 February 2015, through national consultation processes with the engagement of all stakeholders from relevant institutions. References made to the institutional framework throughout the body of the text were not subject of this revision. This especially refers to the Chapter 1.4.2 (Governance of Biodiversity) and all related text including Annex IV. Transitional adjustments in the structure of the 6th Government at the time of revision finalization did not allow for the update of the institutional framework. Vision By 2020, Timor-Leste’s biodiversity and ecosystems are conserved and wisely used by all sectors, providing food security and contributing to poverty eradication and improved quality of life of Timorese People. Acronyms and Abbreviations ABS Access and Benefit Sharing ALGIS Agriculture and Land Use Geographical information System AMDAL Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (Environmental Impact Assessment) ASEAN Association
    [Show full text]
  • Bonelliís Eagle Aquila Fasciata Renschi in the Lesser
    FORKTAIL 29 (2013): 100–106 Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata renschi in the Lesser Sundas, Wallacea: distribution, taxonomic status, likely origins and conservation status COLIN R. TRAINOR, STEPHEN J. S. DEBUS, JERRY OLSEN, JANETTE A. NORMAN & LES CHRISTIDIS Records of Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata renschi on 18 islands in the Lesser Sundas, from Lombok to the Tanimbar islands, in Indonesia and Timor-Leste are reviewed, and its taxonomic status examined. The species is resident on many islands, known to breed on several of the larger islands and is most abundant on Flores and Timor. It appears to be rare on Lombok and Sumba. There is minimal genetic differentiation between local subspecies A. f. renschi and nominate A. f. fasciata, suggesting only recent geographic isolation and that it should not be afforded species status. The species may have been introduced to the Lesser Sundas by traders or colonists in the past. The species’s biology and ecology are poorly known in Wallacea. It occurs in a wide range of sites from sea level to about 2,000 m, in wooded habitats with a preference for tropical forest. The sparse data on diet show that it feeds on introduced wild junglefowl Gallus sp., but presumably it also feeds on large-bodied frugivorous pigeons, other birds and small mammals. The two reports of nesting were in May and June–July. The frequency of records on Flores and Timor suggests that these populations are currently secure, but may be threatened by hunting, capture and deforestation. A predator of village chickens, it is likely to be targeted by local communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigeon and Dove CAMP 1993.Pdf
    CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PIGEONS AND DOVES Report from a Workshop held 10-13 March 1993 San Diego, CA Edited by Bill Toone, Sue Ellis, Roland Wirth, Ann Byers, and Ulysses Seal Compiled by the Workshop Participants A Collaborative Effort of the ICBP Pigeon and Dove Specialist Group IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group Bi?/rire·INTERNATIONAL The work of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group is made possible by generous contributions from the following members of the CBSG Institutional Conservation Council Conservators ($10,000 and above) Fort Wayne Zoological Society Banham Zoo Belize Zoo Australasian Species Management Program Gladys Porter Zoo Copenhagen Zoo Claws 'n Paws Chicago Zoological Society Indianapolis Zoological Society Cotswold Wildlife Park Darmstadt Zoo Columbus Zoological Gardens International Aviculturists Society Dutch Federation of Zoological Gardens Dreher Park Zoo Denver Zoological Gardens Japanese Association of Zoological Parks Erie Zoological Park Fota Wildlife Park Fossil Rim Wildlife Center and Aquariums Fota Wildlife Park Great Plains Zoo Friends of Zoo Atlanta Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Givskud Zoo Hancock House Publisher Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association Lincoln Park Zoo Granby Zoological Society Kew Royal Botanic Gardens International Union of Directors of The Living Desert International Zoo Veterinary Group Lisbon Zoo Zoological Gardens Marwell Zoological Park Knoxville Zoo Miller Park Zoo Metropolitan Toronto Zoo Milwaukee County Zoo National Geographic Magazine Nagoya Aquarium Minnesota Zoological Garden NOAHS Center National Zoological Gardens National Audubon Society-Research New York Zoological Society North of England Zoological Society, of South Africa Ranch Sanctuary Omaha's Henry Doody Zoo Chester Zoo Odense Zoo National Aviary in Pittsburgh Saint Louis Zoo Oklahoma City Zoo Orana Park Wildlife Trust Parco Faunistico "La Torbiera" Sea World, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Issues and Strategic Solutions CONSERVATION ISSUES and STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS
    Conservation issues and strategic solutions CONSERVATION ISSUES AND STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS THREATS TO ASIA’S BIRDS The main causes of habitat loss and degradation are shown in Figure 2. A high proportion of Asia’s threatened Clearance, conversion and degradation of natural forests, birds inhabit forests, and cannot survive where their habitat grasslands and wetlands are by far the most important is clear-felled for timber and/or replaced by plantations, causes of endangerment to birds in the Asia region, agriculture or development (including industrial, affecting nearly all species classified as Critical, Endangered infrastructural, urban and mining). Many forest birds are and Vulnerable (see Figure 1). Exploitation for human use is intolerant of high levels of habitat degradation, and may be the second most common category of threat, affecting more badly affected (at least until the forest has had time to than 50% of all threatened bird species; of these, c.70% are recover) by selective logging, shifting agriculture, forest hunted for food and sport and c.30% captured for the wild grazing and even subsistence collection of fuelwood and bird trade. The sustainability of such exploitation is often timber. The main pressure on Asia’s waterbirds is wetland difficult to assess, but it is feared that hunting and trade are drainage and conversion, including the infilling (or reducing numbers of many threatened species, particularly ‘reclamation’) of intertidal coastal wetlands, principally for in areas where their habitats and populations have been agriculture and aquaculture (i.e. shrimp- and fish-ponds). fragmented. Levels of exploitation of some species are Dams and irrigation projects are also negatively affecting clearly too high to be sustained, and are judged to be the wetlands and other habitats in parts of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Simplified Environmental Impact Statement TIM: National Road No.1
    Simplified Environmental Impact Statement January 2015 Simplified Environmental Impact Statement TIM: National Road No.1. Upgrading Project Road A-01 Dili – Manatuto This environmental assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of JICA’s Board of Directors, Management, or Staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Japan International Cooperation Agency does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. N R U P : SEIS Dili to Manatuto Road A 01- 0 1 P a g e |i Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... V 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE PROJECT .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF SEIS ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Objective of the SEIS Report
    [Show full text]
  • Road Network Upgrading Sector Project Tasitolu to Tibar New Port Road
    Environmental Assessment Document April 2014 Initial Environmental Examination TIM: Road Network Upgrading Sector Project Tasitolu to Tibar New Port Road This environmental assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or Staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Japan International Cooperation Agency does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. R N U P : Tasitolu to Tibar New Port R o a d P a g e | i Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE PROJECT .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF IEE ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.2 Objective if the IEE Report .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Base Line Study of Bird at Cooper Mining Exploration Area of Pt Batutua Kharisma Permai in Wetar Island, Maluku Province
    Media Konservasi Vol. X, No. 2 Desember 2005 : 59 – 69 BASE LINE STUDY OF BIRD AT COOPER MINING EXPLORATION AREA OF PT BATUTUA KHARISMA PERMAI IN WETAR ISLAND, MALUKU PROVINCE (Studi Ekologi Dasar Mengenai Burung Pada Areal Eksplorasi Tambang Tembaga PT Batutua Kharisma Permai Di Pulau Wetar, Provinsi Maluku) 1) JARWADI B. HERNOWO 1) Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism Faculty of Forestry IPB, PO Box 168 Bogor 16001 ABSTRAK Studi ekologi dasar mengenai burung dilakukan di Pulau Wetar selama 2 minggu (Juni 2005) di areal eksplorasi tambang tembaga PT Batutua Kharisma Permai. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui, keanekaragaman jenis, kelimpahan, penyebaran lokal serta status burung. Metoda pengamatan dilakukan dengan kombinasi antara Transek dan IPA. Anilisis keanekaragaman dan keseragaman jenis burung digunakan index diversity Shanon dan Megguran serta komposisi jenis burung dianalisis dengan indek kesamaan komunitas Jaccard, kemudian dilanjutakan dengan analisis dendrogram. Hasil pengamatan menunjukan bahwa jumlah jenis burung darat yang dapat ditemukan 54 jenis, 14 jenis burung endemik serta 16 jenis burung merupakan jenis yang dilindungi. Hampir keseluruhan jenis burung yang ditemukan berkaitan dengan habitat hutan. Komposisi jenis burung di areal contoh transek tidak terlalu menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Diantara seluruh jenis burung yang ditemukan, 38 jenis burung tersebar di hutan hijau, 34 jenis di hutan pantai, 32 jenis di hutan musim, 8 jenis di hutan ekaliptus dan 17 jenis di hutan tanaman penghijuan Keyword : Base line study, bird, diversity, Wetar Island INTRODUCTION Objective of the Study Background The base line study of bird at the exploration area of Wetar island is one of the islands in the Wallacea BKP cooper mining in Wetar island is designed to: archipelago, in which the type of birds are influenced by 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste (2011-2020)
    The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste (2011-2020) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste (2011-2020) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste was prepared by the National Biodiversity Working Group coordinated by the Ministry of Economy and Development with support from the United Nations Development Programme and the Global Environment Facility. October 2011. Vision By 2020, Timor-Leste’s biodiversity and ecosystems are conserved and wisely used by all sectors, providing food security and contributing to poverty eradication and improved quality of life of Timorese people. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ vii Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1.0 Setting the Context: The Wealth of Biodiversity and Drivers of Biodiversity Loss in Timor-Leste .....................................................................................................................................2 1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Ͼ„Ï¿¯Ï¾¾ï¾ Moa Species Report
    Friendly Ground-dove, Tuaimeo Alopecoenas [Gallicolumba] stairi American Samoa Population Species Report May 2020 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office Honolulu, HI Cover Photo Credits Photograph of first year Friendly Ground-dove, Tuaimeo, Alopecoenas [Gallicolumba] stairi, on the island of Ofu, courtesy of Kimiko Kayano. Suggested Citation USFWS. 2020. Species Status Assessment for the American Samoa Population of the Friendly Ground-dove (Alopecoenas [Gallicolumba] stairi, Tuaimeo). May 2020 (Version 1.1). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI. 50 pp Primary Authors Version 1.1 of this document was prepared by Fred Amidon and James Kwon of the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, Hawaii. Preparation and review was conducted by Gregory Koob, Megan Laut, and Stephen E. Miller of the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. Acknowledgements We would like to thank N. Arcilla, C. Caruso, and T. Togia for providing information on the threats to the Friendly Ground-dove. We would especially like to thank K. Kayano and P. Pyle, Institute for Bird Populations for use of their Friendly Ground-dove photographs. ii Executive Summary The Friendly Ground-dove or Tuaimeo (Alopecoenas [Gallicolumba] stairi) is a medium-sized dove native to the Samoan, Fijian and Tongan archipelagos and Wallis and Futuna Islands. The American Samoa population of the Friendly Ground-dove was listed as endangered and a Distinct Population Segment (DPS) under the Endangered Species Act in 2016. Historically and currently, this DPS is restricted to the islands of Ofu and Olosega in American Samoa.
    [Show full text]