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University of Dundee DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Internet Financial University of Dundee DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Internet financial reporting in Arab MENA countries an institutional perspective Eltkhtash, Salem A. Award date: 2013 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Internet financial reporting in Arab MENA countries an institutional perspective Salem Eltkhtash 2013 University of Dundee Conditions for Use and Duplication Copyright of this work belongs to the author unless otherwise identified in the body of the thesis. It is permitted to use and duplicate this work only for personal and non-commercial research, study or criticism/review. You must obtain prior written consent from the author for any other use. Any quotation from this thesis must be acknowledged using the normal academic conventions. It is not permitted to supply the whole or part of this thesis to any other person or to post the same on any website or other online location without the prior written consent of the author. Contact the Discovery team ([email protected]) with any queries about the use or acknowledgement of this work. Internet Financial Reporting in Arab MENA Countries: An Institutional Perspective Salem A. Eltkhtash A Thesis Submitted to the University of Dundee in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 In The Name of Allah The Beneficent The Merciful ii Dedication I wish to dedicate this thesis to my beloved mother (May Allah's mercy be upon her) who, so sadly, passed away just before I finished upon this PhD journey, with all loving memories. I wish also to dedicate this thesis to my father (May Allah’s blessings be upon him) who taught me that the best kind of knowledge to have is that which is learned for its own sake. This thesis is also dedicated to my beloved wife Balgeis, and my daughters Zahia, Shahed, Iman, Baria, and Asyia, for all of their support, inspiration, and love. Through our loyalty to each, we become stronger, we Stand Together. iii Table of Contents Dedication ................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... xiii List of Appendices .................................................................................................................... xiv Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... xvi Declaration ............................................................................................................................... xvii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Preface ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions ....................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope of the Research ............................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Structure of the Thesis ........................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: The Arab MENA Countries Context ......................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 MENA Countries Definitions .............................................................................................. 10 2.3 Algeria ................................................................................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Geographical and Political Background .................................................................... 19 2.3.2 Algeria: Economic Background ................................................................................ 20 2.3.3 Algeria: Financial Reporting Environment ............................................................... 20 2.3.4 The Algerian Stock Exchange ................................................................................... 20 2.3.5 The Internet in Algeria .............................................................................................. 21 2.4 Bahrain ................................................................................................................................. 21 2.4.1 Geographical and Political Background .................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Bahrain: Economic Background ............................................................................... 23 2.4.3 Bahrain: Financial Reporting Environment .............................................................. 23 2.4.4 The Bahraini Stock Exchange ................................................................................... 23 2.4.5 The Internet in Bahrain .............................................................................................. 24 2.5 Egypt .................................................................................................................................... 24 iv 2.5.1 Geographical and Political Background .................................................................... 24 2.5.2 Egypt: Economic Background................................................................................... 26 2.5.3 Egypt: Financial Reporting Environment.................................................................. 26 2.5.4 The Egyptian Stock Exchange .................................................................................. 27 2.5.5 The Internet in Egypt ................................................................................................. 28 2.6 Iraq ....................................................................................................................................... 28 2.6.1 Geographical and Political Background .................................................................... 28 2.6.2 Iraq: Economic Background ...................................................................................... 29 2.6.3 Iraq: Financial Reporting Environment ..................................................................... 30 2.6.4 The Iraqi Stock Exchange ......................................................................................... 30 2.6.5 The Internet in Iraq .................................................................................................... 30 2.7 Jordan ................................................................................................................................... 31 2.7.1 Geographical and Political Background .................................................................... 31 2.7.2 Jordan: Economic Background ................................................................................. 32 2.7.3 Jordan: Financial Reporting Environment ................................................................ 33 2.7.4 The Jordanian Stock Exchange ................................................................................. 34 2.7.5 The Internet in Jordan ................................................................................................ 35 2.8 Kuwait.................................................................................................................................. 35 2.8.1 Geographical and Political Background .................................................................... 35 2.8.2 Kuwait: Economic Background ................................................................................ 36 2.8.3 Kuwait: Financial Reporting Environment ............................................................... 37 2.8.4 The Kuwaiti Stock Exchange .................................................................................... 38 2.8.5 The Internet in Kuwait .............................................................................................. 38 2.9 Lebanon ..............................................................................................................................
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