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Study of Human Evolution and Its Effects on Modern Humans from Ancient Species Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Study of Human Evolution and its Effects on Modern Humans from Ancient Species Nishi Joshi, Urmil Shingala School of Biosciences and Technology Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract:- Homo sapiens took so long to evolve from grasslands , They started walking on two feets instead of the ancient hominin species. This study shows how four feets. This is the critical condition which is humans evolved from ancient species and what considered in which Hominids evolved from changes they adapted as a result of that. Basically Hominoid. This process is called Hominization. what parameters mainly affected the development Hominization took place in Africa where fossils of of the humans are described here. After Homo early hominids are available. This adaption of Sapiens evolved from Hominin species is having locomotion is known as “bipedalism”. “Australopithecines” some evidence that supports the theory of mating is the term used for early Hominids. They made use of between Homo sapiens and Hominin. tools for survival and had large brains. Further evolution in this species resulted in a genus homo called “ Homo Heidelbergensis, Neanderthal. Gorilla, homo habilis”. Homo were further evolved into H. human, chimpanzees have nuclear mitochondrial erectus. They had many similarities with modern DNA on chromosome 5.It will provide the evidence humans but they were taller than modern humans , that exchange of genes from Gorilla lineage, resulted in though brain size was much smaller. The distinct the Pan-Homo split(Pan-paranthropus),and formation characteristics of H.erectus were its use of fire and of paranthropus and Australopithecus species took speech. They dispersed in Asia , Europe , southwest place. The shape of Brain also has some changes as Asia , Chaina. In the end of that period , the global a result of evolution. H. sapiens have the brain climate had changed to a different temperature scale, where endocranial shape which resembles an intermediate cold all the time was not noted. This period is known as between H.erectus and Neandertals. Sometimes gene the quaternary period. Frequent warm intervals took loss mutations in some genes resulted in some huge place. A bigger brain was developed by homo erectus to dietary evolution. Mutations observed in gene survive in such climate change. Further evolution took TAS2R62, TAS2R64 bitter taste receptor genes and place after H.erectus is Homo sapiens. Highly cooperative MYH16,AMY1 resulted in some huge dietary changes. and unaggressive Neanderthals interbred with H.sapiens as edible insects were available. This interbreeding Keywords:- Homo Sapiens, Evolution, Hominin, Human, resulted in behavioral and neurological differences in Darwin, Neanderthal, Mosaic Evolution. modern humans. H. sapiens in the sub-Saharan region didn’t undergo any interbreeding. H.heidelbergensis and I. INTRODUCTION homo sapiens both interbred because of humidity and established the survival of hominins which are non The Hominid group includes the creatures without fire making. One distinct hominid species was tail, swinging arms and shape of teeth. This group discovered on the island of Indonesia known as includes both humans and apes. All present and ancient H.floresiensis with a very small brain. Limited food humans are included in the group called hominoid. sources in Flores(island of Indonesia) led to H.erectus Humans of this era are included in the group known as developing into smaller body size. Human evolution also Hominids with comparatively large brains and was caused by introgression from gorillas. With the walking capacity. In direction of the end of the time . help of lineage sorting , 15% of the genes got 6 million years ago the climate went on becoming drier, involved in paranthropus and 15% of genes got involved in temperature fell down, ice caps formed. Respect to Homo. “Ps5”(nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment) was these climate changes, tropical forests became given from gorilla to pan and Homo. By comparing smaller and formation of grasslands and open woodland “Ps5” with mitochondrial genome, the time taken for took place on a large scale. Due to the reduction of diversion of Ps5 between Pan, Homo,and gorilla and the the tropical forest, Hominoids who were living in East time period of diversion of mtDNA of gorilla,homo and Africa got trapped. As an adaptation to cross open pan can be determined. IJISRT20SEP739 www.ijisrt.com 1259 Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Fig 1:- Phylogenetic tree showing the evolution Remarkable evolution is known in the brain shape. In Apart from that, dietary and phenotypic direction to the old to developed H.sapiens , The evolution has also been noticed. MYH16 gene was cerebellum becomes more swelled and expanded in area, found in masticatory muscles of non-human primates. partial areas swelled, more taller the frontal areas, As a result of evolution 2 bp deletion in exon 18 occipital areas becomes less impeded and turned in occurred and frame shift of the downstream amino acid rounder shape, side walls came parallel, temporal poles sequence took place. After evolution, reduced size of turned anterior-medially and became slender. muscle type-2 fiber is seen in modern humans. Salivary Globularity took place due to these changes. This data amylase gene is not observed in the Denisovan and gives information about genes which are important for Neanderthal genomes, so the origin of the AMY1 gene the behavior and the brain function. Gene which is was observed in modern humans. Neanderthals and involved in the development of language and speech is Denisovans used to consume starch rich food for survival known as FOXP2. This gene is having one amino acid and they did not obtain the digestive benefits of increased substitution in an intron in the modern human. This salivary amylase. In the Neanderthal genome substitution affects the regulation of FOXP2 gene by TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor was observed which was affecting a binding site for transcription factor. It is sensitive against the PTC(Phenylthiocarbamide). In found polymorphic or not present in Neanderthals. contrast modern humans have nonsynonymous mutations on 49,262,296 positions of amino acids. These derived haplotypes do not have PTC sensitivity. It is observed in chimpanzees too. Objective Proper organization of knowledge involving human evolution and supplementing them with the latest research results. II. MATERIALS & METHOD To verify the information regarding the topic PubMed search was conducted which included articles between 2010–2018. Amalgamation of the above key words were used: ‘Homo sapiens’, ‘Evolution’, ‘ Hominin’, ‘Human’, ‘Darwin’, ‘Neanderthal’ (key words: Mosaic evolution and Darwin) to verify the information obtained. The complete text of every paper was considered, with specific focus on papers having information regarding human evolution. The main aim for this activity was to provide readers with the knowledge of relevant articles allowing the reader to get updated with the current literature and interpret and conclude. Fig 2:- It shows the development of structure of brain and its size over a period of years IJISRT20SEP739 www.ijisrt.com 1260 Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES Climate changes like reduction of the tropical [1]. Sarah Umer, 2018, A brief history of human evolution: forests resulted in evolution of Hominids from challenging Darwin’s claim Hominoid. Interbreeding between H.sapiens and [2]. Kwang Hyun Ko, (2016), Hominin Denisovans resulted in developed ability to survive and interbreeding and the evolution of human variation, live in the mountains. Gene Exchange from Gorilla resulted DOI 10.1186/s40709-016-0054-7 in human-chimpanzees split. Because of that Pan and [3]. Simon Neubauer,* Jean-Jacques Hublin, Philipp homo got diverted. Evolution also resulted in the brain Gunz, The evolution of modern human brain shape of the human. Globularization took place. Size shape,August 25,2020 increase which was observed in parietotemporal areas [4]. Richard J. Smitha, Bernard Woodb, The principles and cerebellar resulted into the endocranial shape and practice of human evolution research changes from geological age group 1 to 2. A recent study [5]. J. Chaline, A. Durand, A. Dambricourt Malassé, shows that the genetic material of Neanderthals B. David, F. Magniez-Jannin and D. Marchand, exchanged some genes in modern humans that have an Geological Society, London, Special Publications, impact on the brain and cranial morphology. 181, 185-198, 1 January 2000 [6]. Musaddeque Ahmed, Ping Liang* IV. CONCLUSION Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada, The claim that was given by Charles Darwin was Study of Modern Human Evolution via Comparative opposed regarding the ‘From where the man originated’, Analysis with the Neanderthal Genome that stated that man from some apes-like organism. The [7]. JH Relethford, Department of scientists who support Darwin have stated that over a span Anthropology, State University of New York of 5 million years of man’s evolution, the evolution College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, USA, Genetic took place from one species to another. The evolution evidence and the
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