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Architectural Conservation JOURNAL OF Architectural Conservation Consultant Editors: Professor Vincent Shacklock Elizabeth Hirst Professor Norman R. Weiss Bob Kindred MBE Professor Peter Swallow Number 2 Volume 15 July 2009 Copyright © 2009 Donhead Publishing Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical or otherwise without prior permission from the publisher, Donhead Publishing. Donhead Publishing Lower Coombe Donhead St Mary Shaftesbury Dorset SP7 9LY Tel: 01747 828422 www.donhead.com ISSN 1355-6207 Cover photograph: Stowe House, Buckinghamshire, wrought iron lantern over central Marble Saloon. Courtesy of Ed Morton, the Morton Partnership Ltd. Background image was commissioned by Selby Abbey for repair work undertaken by Purcell Miller Triton. Typeset by Bookcraft Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow Contents Editorial 5 Peter Swallow Belton Boathouse A Review of its Repair and Restoration for the National Trust 7 Nick Cox ‘Where Shall She Live?’ The History and Designation of Housing for Working Women in London 1880–1925 27 Emily Gee Impacts of Fire on Stone-Built Heritage 47 An Overview Miguel Gomez-Heras, Stephen McCabe, Bernard J. Smith and Rafael Fort Fills for the Repair of Marble 59 A Brief Survey Jonathan Kemp Cantilever, Hanging or Pencheck Stone Stairs 79 Ian Hume Book Reviews 91 Journal of Architectural Conservation July 2009 Editorial In attempting to interpret and understand a building fully it is necessary to consider not only the aesthetic, but also the functional factors that have influenced its creation. While much has been written about architectural style (and there is a growing body of work considering the development of various building types) some types have been largely overlooked. Two such neglected building types are the subject of papers in this issue of the Journal. Nick Cox draws our attention to the boathouse, a building type now sadly dwindling in number due to neglect. After briefly charting the place of the boathouse in the designed landscape of the country house, he chron- icles the rescue of a seriously dilapidated example of historic importance in the park at Belton House, Lincolnshire. In relating how this delightful Swiss/neo-Tudor, Salvin-designed building was saved he focuses on the importance of the historic research, archaeological evidence and technical understanding that guided the complex process of its conservation. Emily Gee’s paper invites us to consider the purpose-built lodging houses or hostels that were erected to cater for the influx of single women attracted to new job opportunities in cities, particularly London, towards the end of the nineteenth century. Many of these jobs arose in the wake of inven- tions such as the typewriter and telephone, and providing suitable accom- modation for the single women who operated them became a pressing social issue. By looking at the building type in its historical context, the paper provides a basis upon which to make informed decisions for the future of such buildings. Those buildings that survive in anything like their original internal form provide an important record in the social history of the working woman, and as such deserve some measure of protec- tion, or should at least be recorded before they are lost to adaptation or redevelopment. The remaining papers are of a more technical nature and deal with the impact of fire on stone, the repair of marble, and cantilever stone staircases respectively. Effective fire risk management is essential for the safe occupation of any type of building irrespective of its age or cultural importance. While safety Journal of Architectural Conservation July 2009 6 will always be the paramount concern, in the case of a historic building there will be an equally strong desire to protect, as far as possible, the building fabric from the harmful effects of fire and the necessary actions of firefighters to bring fire under control. In the aftermath of a fire a thorough examination of a building’s fabric will be necessary to establish the extent of the damage and to formulate a repair strategy. A succinct summary of our current understanding of what happens to the surface of stones subjected to the damaging effects of fire is provided by Miguel Gomez-Heras and his colleagues. Their paper also supports the installation of water misting or fogging fire suppression systems, which minimize the damage to the surface of stones, so commonly encountered when more traditional water- based firefighting methods are employed. Jonathan Kemp’s paper offers an interesting insight into the current prac- tices and materials adopted by specialist conservators for filling voids in marble surfaces. It is the accepted view that because the quality and condi- tion of individual pieces of marble, and the environment in which they are located, can be quite variable there can be no universal ‘one size fits all’ approach to repair. The views of conservators collected by the author highlight their differences in approach and materials used, indicating that contemporary practice is still evolving and no consensus view yet prevails. Hopefully this paper will stimulate further discussion and debate amongst practitioners and promote the dissemination of knowledge and the estab- lishment of best practice. Our final paper looks at the elegant cantilever stone stairs that were made popular in the Georgian period by fashionable architects, including William Chambers and Robert Adam, and that have long been a source of interest. Their graceful flights seem to float in the air, defying gravity, causing the observer to ponder on how they work without collapsing. Ian Hume provides a clear non-mathematical explanation to readers unfamiliar with the structural principles involved and, in addition, offers pithy advice about common faults and what to look out for during inspections. For those with doubts about the structural adequacy of these stairs the reported results of load testing will provide comfort and reassurance. Professor Peter Swallow Fills for the Repair of Marble A Brief Survey Jonathan Kemp Abstract This paper is concerned with the approaches, materials and techniques used by conservators in the filling of voids in damaged marble surfaces. It will focus on methods for making small-scale surface patches and fills to cracks and fissures rather than covering descriptions of fills that increase the structural integrity of an object. Comments will be made throughout on the environmental, economic, ethical and aesthetic demands that inform the various approaches. For ex- ample, the requirements for a fill viewed at eye level will be different from those for one made on a more remote aspect; equally one made in an ex- posed harsh aspect may have different requirements from one made in a controlled environment. Introduction The paper has been stimulated by recent discussions among conservators, including specific enquiries about which materials to use in making fills to an external marble monument sited in an area of heavy traffic in a cold climate, and fill materials appropriate for two marble sculptures within the orangery of an English country house. However, this article is not so much about ‘how to’, but is rather an attempt to represent the ways people are currently tackling the filling of voids in marble. There have been a number of conservation studies that have focused on particular fill materials for translucent substrates, including marble, but there is an absence of recent qualitative surveys to indicate what conservators are actually using. Journal of Architectural Conservation July 2009 60 Jonathan Kemp A questionnaire was compiled and distributed within the conservation profession1 during autumn 2008, and although the response was statis- tically insignificant, a range of approaches was identified. The question- naire was framed to elicit the preferred techniques and materials when approaching fills to white and/or coloured marbles, both internally and externally. The questionnaires asked for the reasoning behind any prefer- ences, which also gave scope for stating if a non-interventionist approach was preferred. This paper will describe some technical/material details, and indicate some of the demographic differences in approach gleaned from the survey. Before reporting on the results of the survey, it is relevant to consider three questions: What is a fill for? Fills are designed to repair voids in any substrate, whether decorative, sculptural or architectural. Thus fills might be executed either for aesthetic reasons or in the name of preventive conservation where, for example, a crack in a stone is filled to deter the accumulation of airborne particulates or the ingress of water. The same materials might also be used for the restoration of any detail losses to the object, but it is worth noting that the decision on which fills should be used and at what level is often taken at the planning stage of any programme of works. In the UK, conservation policies favour the retention of losses of detail to sculpture or elements of architectural ornament as part of the history of that object. While any putative modelling of lost detail is seen by some as conjectural, other archi- tectural conservators present the case that where there is an obvious form, as with repetitive mouldings or ornament, fills can be justified to reinstate damaged profiles. Impact of the condition of the substrate? Whatever the reason for their execution, fills invariably vary in size and scale. Some respondents indicated that the size of a void can determine the decision whether to insert a carefully selected and worked replace- ment marble piece into the void rather than using a fill. Although this method often requires the rationalization of existing material by carving or planing broken surfaces, it has commonly been preferred over executing ‘plastic repairs’ to damaged architectural or monumental surfaces. However, even the most carefully made indent (the English term for this type of replacement) will still require a bonding and filling agent to be applied.
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