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Lithium's Use As an 83, 99, 176, 182

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Index Abitibi greenstone belt lithium pegmatites, Air conditioning; lithium’s use in 99, 182, Quebec, Canada 89 197, 198, 201 Absorbant, adsorbent; lithium’s use as an Air drying with CaCl2 374 83, 99, 176, 182, 197, 198, 200, 201 Albite’s conversion to chlorite 266, 267 Absorption of moisture by CaCl2 346, 365, Alcohols as boron or lithium solvents 115, 370–372, 374–378, 432, 433 116, 126–129, 136–140 Abundance of Li in the earth’s crust 1, 97, 98 Al Hayat sector, Bikita petalite deposit Acid leach processes, lithium ores 59, 171, 61–63, 65, 156, 157 172 Alkali Lake (near Bristol Lake), California Acid roast process, spodumene ore 284, 285 161–164, 169–172 Alkali metals’ properties 211–214 Activated carbon, use with lithium solutions Allan potash mine’s CaCl2 brine, Saskatch- 161, 170, 175 ewan, Canada 245, 246 Activity coefficients, lithium, CaCl2 Altai Mountains lithium pegmatites, China, solutions 212, 420, 427, 430 Russia 92, 95, 96 Adsorption, reaction; lithium on clays, rocks Altmark gasfield’s dolomitization brine, 3, 10, 18, 21, 34, 44 Germany 45, 265 Aerosols, sea water 306, 309, 310 Alto Ligonha’s lithium pegmatites, Afar Depression’s thermal CaCl2 springs, Mozambique 2, 91 Ethiopia 276, 277, 291–298, 321 Alumina, aluminum hydroxide adsorption Afghanistan’s Hindukush Mountain lithium of lithium 5, 132, 140–144 pegmatites 2, 56–57, 97 Aluminum; lithium’s use in production, African Rift Valley 322 alloys 99, 182, 188–190, 196 Africa’s lithium pegmatites (excluding Amblygonite characteristics, deposits 4, 53, Bikita) 2, 3, 91–92, 169, 204 58, 62, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 90–92, 94, Age of calcium chloride lakes 281, 285, 150, 154, 155, 168, 171 287, 291, 299 Amboy, Amboy Crater, Bristol Lake, Age of lithium brine deposits 8, 16–18, 27, California 285, 352 28, 33 American Lithium Chemicals, San Antonio, Age of lithium pegmatites 53, 60, 61, 68, 79, Texas 99, 165 83, 85, 90, 92 American Potash and Chemical Co., Trona, Agricultural uses of CaCl2 376–378 California 58, 99, 133, 165, 203 459 460 Index 11 Amesite and chlorite’s conversion by CaCl2 d B 261, 264 268 Bagdad Crater (Cinder Cone; Amboy Ammonium chloride–lepidolite pressure Crater), Bristol Lake 285 leach process 167 Ballasting tires with CaCl2 brine 272 Analacite’s conversion by CaCl2 to hydrous Bangkog Cuo Lake, China, high-lithium glass 268 brine 38, 39, 41 Analyses, CaCl2 products 384, 385, 430 Barite with CaCl2 occlusions 332 Analyses, lithium concentrates, products Barroso–Alvao and Guarda lithium 170, 184, 187, 210 pegmatites, Portugal 2, 3, 94, 95 Angara-Lena Basin’s high-lithium, CaCl2 Basalt; leaching, adsorbing lithium; forming brine, Russia 45, 142, 259, 318 CaCl2 by sea water 238, 268, 269, Anhydrite’s solubility in CaCl2 335 273, 290, 311, 335 Anorthite’s conversion to albite, epidote, Base exchange processes for lithium ores etc. 265, 267, 268 161–164, 166, 169–171, 173, 174 Anorthite’s solubility in CaCl2 335 Batteries, lithium’s use in 82, 99, 182, Antarctica 294, 295, 298–311, 322, 383 190–195 Antarcticite 237, 298, 300, 305, 311, 326 Beecher Lode spodumene pegmatite, South Antimony–gold minerals with CaCl2 Dakota 84, 85, 166 occlusions 332 Belgium’s Variscan Foreland CaCl2 Antofagasta, Chile 11, 109, 112, 114, 126, groundwater 315 132 Bentonite, effect of CaCl2 on 336, 337 Apatite in lithium pegmatites 60, 73, 81, 96 Bentonite, leaching lithium from 172 Apatite with CaCl2 occlusions 333 Berea Formation CaCl2 brine, Michigan Apatite’s reaction with CaCl2 335 Basin 252–254 Appalachian oil or gasfield CaCl2 brines, Bernic Lake lithium pegmatite, Manitoba, groundwater 260, 265, 318 Canada 2, 3, 55, 56, 68–78, Aracuai–Itinga lithium pegmatites, Brazil 150–155 2, 90 Beryl recovery from lithium pegmatites 53, Aragonite’s reaction with CaCl2 335 61, 62, 83, 90, 155 Archambault–Oliver’s spodumene Bessemer City, North Carolina 2, 81, 99, CO2 –pressure leach process 166 163, 164 Arcs: Aleutian, Central American, Kurile, Best Bet spodumene mine, Northwest Sunda; lithium in 45, 46 Territories, Canada 90 Argentina’s lithium pegmatites 2, 91 Big Mack petalite deposit, Ontario, Canada Arkansas oil or gas field CaCl2 brines 2, 45, 54, 85–89 47, 136, 142, 262, 264, 267 Big Whopper petalite deposit, Ontario, Arquena de Minerios e Metais Ltd, Brazil Canada 53, 56, 85–88, 171 91, 168 Bihar, Rajasthan’s lepidolite pegmatite, Asal, CaCl2 Lake, thermal springs, Ethiopia India 56, 94 270, 271, 291–295, 297, 298, 322 Bikita, Zimbabwe lithium pegmatite 2, 3, Australia’s lithium pegmatites 59–61 52, 53, 56, 57, 61–68, 155–157, Australia’s Queensland CaCl2 groundwater 165, 204 314 Bikitaite 4, 62, 87 Austria’s Koralpe spodumene deposit 2, 3, Biotite, effect of CaCl2 solutions on 336 92 Bischoffite from high-lithium brines 110, Avalon Ventures, Ontario, Canada 53, 87 113, 124, 125 Index 461 Bischoffite deposits 321, 320, 327–329 Burial depth of lithium pegmatites as they Bismuth minerals with CaCl2 occlusions formed 50, 52, 61, 83 334 Butyl (or n-Butyl) lithium 99, 131, Black Hills lithium pegmatite district, South 177, 180, 183, 197 Dakota 56, 82–85, 166–169, 204 Blasting lithium ore 146, 150, 155, 158 d13C 261, 265, 315 Bleaches, sanitizers, lithium hypochlorite’s Cadiz Lake, California 33, 45, 283, 284, use in 199 286, 288, 290, 291, 345, 351 Bob Ingersol lepidolite mine, South Dakota Calcite with CaCl2 occlusions 333 83, 84 Calcite reactions to form CaCl2 259, 334 Boiling points of CaCl2 solutions 339, 350, Calcite’s solubility in CaCl2 334, 335 353–356, 424, 425, 430 Calcium chloride groundwater 256, 257, Bolivia’s high-lithium salars and springs 272, 279, 287, 311–318, 346, 347 27–29 Calcium Chloride Group, Bristol Lake, Bolivia’s lithium pegmatites 91 California 350 Bonneville Salt Flats high-lithium end Calcium chloride in mineral occlusions 238, liquor, Utah 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 45 244, 259, 311, 321, 332–334 Border zones in lithium pegmatites 52, 65, Calcium chloride lakes 345–352 66, 71 Calcium chloride precipitation of sulfate Boric acid; lithium co- or by-product 110, from groundwater 113, 239, 249, 112, 118, 119, 124, 126 264, 265, 293, 321, 349 Boron in calcium chloride brines, deposits Calcium chloride product specifications 264, 265, 329 288, 384, 385 Boron in lithium deposits 10, 18, 20, 21, 25, Calcium chloride’s reactions with minerals 27–29, 38, 52 335–337 Boron extraction from high-lithium brines California’s oil or gas field CaCl2 brines 115, 116, 126–130 260, 262 Bougouni area’s lithium pegmatites, Mali California Salt Co., Bristol Lake, California 2, 92 350 Brackish water containing CaCl2 287, 346, Canada’s calcium chloride brines 244–246, 348, 350 251, 256, 314, 345 Brasileira de Litio 91, 168, 203 Canada’s lithium pegmatites 2, 3, 55, 56, Brazil’s lithium pegmatites 2, 3, 56, 90, 91, 68–78, 85–90, 150–155, 165, 166, 168, 204, 206 169–171, 205, 206 Briner’s grade CaCl2 344, 373, 385 Canadian Shield’s dolomitization brine 256, Briquetting lithium carbonate 108, 116, 129 314 Bristol Lake, California 33, 45, 283–290, Canals for CaCl2 brine 246, 347 311, 341, 345–352 Carbon dioxide with lithium or CaCl2 Bromine in evaporating sea water, CaCl2 deposits 49, 83, 96, 311 brines 239, 241, 246, 252, 253, 260, Carbon dioxide–pressure leach process for 264, 274, 281, 321 spodumene 166 Bromine in tachyhydrite deposits 321, 329 Cargil Co., Bristol Lake, California 351 Bromine recovery from CaCl2 brines 45, Carlsbad, New Mexico potash deposits, 264, 338–341 brine 239–241, 244, 259 Buck and Pegli lithium pegmatite, Carnallite decomposition brine 237, 238 Manitoba, Canada 89 Carnallite deposits 237–239, 320–331 462 Index Carnallite from high-lithium brines 110, Chile’s high-lithium playas, salars 10–21, 113, 124 108–130 Carpathian potash deposit’s dolomitization Chilled rolls for flaked CaCl2 350, 352 brine, Russia 136, 258 China’s high-lithium brines 38–43, 135 Cascade Range’s thermal CaCl2 springs, China’s lithium pegmatites 2, 3, 56, 92, 93, Washington 276 203–205 Caspian Depression’s dolomitization brine, Chita Oblast’s lithium pegmatites, Urals, Russia 258 Russia 94 Cassiterite in lithium pegmatites 53, 74, 76, Cia Brasileira de Litio 91, 203, 204 79, 83, 90, 91, 148, 155, 171 Clay, high-lithium 97, 98, 172, 173 Catal Lagoon, Salar de Hombre Muerto, Clay, impervious for solar ponds 100, 101, Argentina 22, 24,25 106, 110, 111, 337 Catalyst, lithium’s use as a 99, 197, 199 Clay minerals, effect of CaCl2 on 336, 337, Catamarca Province’s lithium pegmatites, 369 Argentina 2, 91 Clayton Valley, Nevada 2, 3, 5–10, 21, 99, Cat Lake-Winnipeg River lithium pegmatite 101–108, 201, 203 area, Manitoba, Canada 68, 85, Clinoptillite, effect of CaCl2 solutions on 89 335 Caucasus region’s CaCl2 groundwater, Columbite in lithium pegmatites 79, 83, 89, Russia 312, 313, 318 91 Caustic soda by-product, lithium ore lime- Coagulation of sediments, products with roasting process 159, 160, 165, 171 CaCl2 337, 369, 373–376, 378 Celestite production at Bristol Lake 287, Coastal CaCl2 aquifers 238, 247, 273, 276, 289 312, 313, 315–317 Cementing well casings with CaCl2 cement Coastal sabkhas, brine pools’ dolomitization 369 brine 238, 247, 258 Ceramics, lithium’s use in 99, 182, 185, Commercial CaCl2’s properties 289, 384, 187, 188 385 Cerro Prieto geothermal, solar pond brine, Companhia Brasileria do Litio 91, 168, 203 Mexico 14, 15, 37, 274, 275, 279 Concrete, CaCl2’s use in 359, 360, 368, 369, Cesano’s medium-lithium geothermal brine, 377 Italy 42, 44, 141 Concrete’s corrosion by CaCl2, 362, 364, Cesium or pollucite recovery from lithium 365, 368, 369 pegmatites 69, 83, 92, 150, 152, 154, Congo’s tachyhydrite deposit 318–320, 155, 165, 168 327–329 Chabazite’s solubility in CaCl2 335 Consumption statistics for CaCl2, U.S.
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    Angewandte. Reviews R. E. Mulvey and S. D. Robertson DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301837 Alkali-Metal Amides Synthetically Important Alkali-Metal Utility Amides: Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Hexamethyldisilazides, Diisopropylamides, and Tetramethylpiperidides Robert E. Mulvey* and Stuart D. Robertson* Keywords: alkali metals · heterometallic compounds · molecular structure · secondary amide · solution state Angewandte Chemie 11470 www.angewandte.org 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 11470 – 11487 Angewandte Alkali-Metal Amides for Synthesis Chemie Most synthetic chemists will have at some point utilized a sterically From the Contents À demanding secondary amide (R2N ). The three most important examples, lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS), 1. Introduction 11471 lithium diisopropylamide (LiDA), and lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpi- 2. Preparation and Uses in peridide (LiTMP)—the “utility amides”—have long been indis- Synthesis 11473 pensible particularly for lithiation (Li-H exchange) reactions. Like organolithium compounds, they exhibit aggregation phenomena and 3. Structures of 1,1,1,3,3,3- strong Lewis acidity, and thus appear in distinct forms depending on Hexamethyldisilazides 11475 the solvents employed. The structural chemistry of these compounds as 4. Structures of Diisopropylamide 11477 well as their sodium and potassium congeners are described in the absence or in the presence of the most synthetically significant donor 5. Structures of 2,2,6,6- solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylene- Tetramethylpiperidide 11477 diamine (TMEDA) or closely related solvents. Examples of hetero- 6. Heterometallic Derivatives 11479 alkali-metal amides, an increasingly important composition because of the recent escalation of interest in mixed-metal synergic effects, are also 7.
  • Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review and Synthesis

    Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review and Synthesis

    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277310102 Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review and Synthesis Chapter · January 2015 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1_3 CITATIONS READS 6 911 1 author: William Bosworth Apache Egypt Companies 70 PUBLICATIONS 2,954 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Near and Middle East and Eastern Africa: Tectonics, geodynamics, satellite gravimetry, magnetic (airborne and satellite), paleomagnetic reconstructions, thermics, seismics, seismology, 3D gravity- magnetic field modeling, GPS, different transformations and filtering, advanced integrated examination. View project Neotectonics of the Red Sea rift system View project All content following this page was uploaded by William Bosworth on 28 May 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review, and Synthesis William Bosworth Abstract The Red Sea is part of an extensive rift system that includes from south to north the oceanic Sheba Ridge, the Gulf of Aden, the Afar region, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, and the Cairo basalt province. Historical interest in this area has stemmed from many causes with diverse objectives, but it is best known as a potential model for how continental lithosphere first ruptures and then evolves to oceanic spreading, a key segment of the Wilson cycle and plate tectonics.