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Art-And-Culture-By-Ias-Knowledge Indian Art and Culture E-book for CSAT and IAS Mains 1 INDEX • Puppet forms 3 • Painting Styles 19 • Dance forms 29 Classical 31 Folk 40 Tribal 53 • Theater forms 62 • Music 77 • Indian Architecture 82 • Indian Literature 114 • Religions 131 2 Puppet Forms of India 3 Puppet Forms of India • A form of theatre or performance involving manipulation of puppets. • The process of animating inanimate performing objects. • Used both as entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in rituals and celebrations such as carnivals. • Originating in India 4000 years ago, where the main character in Sanskrit plays was known as ―Sutradhara‖, ―the holder of strings‖. • Stories mainly from puranic literature, local myths and legends. String Puppet Shadow Puppet Glove Puppet Rod Puppet 4 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 1. String Puppets • Jointed body and limbs that allow movement. • Made of wood, or wire, or cloth stuffed with cotton, rags or saw dust and are usually small. • Manipulated by operating the control as well as by loosening or pulling the relevant string. • Regional variations: Andhra Pradesh (Koyya Bommalata), Assam (Putala Nach), Karnataka (Sutrada Gombeyata), Maharashtra (Kalasutri Bahulya), Rajasthan (Kathputli), Orissa (Gopalila), Tamil Nadu (Bommalatam) and West Bengal (Tarer or Sutor Putul). 5 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 1. String Puppets Kathputli, Rajasthan • Carved from a single piece of wood. • Large dolls that are colorfully dressed. • Costumes and headgears are designed in the medieval Rajasthani style. • Uses highly dramatized version of the regional music. • Oval faces, large eyes, arched eyebrows and large lips. • Wear long trailing skirts and do not have legs. • Manipulated with strings attached to puppeteers fingers. Kundhei, Orissa • Made of light wood. • Have no legs but wear long flowing skirts. • Have more joints and are, therefore, more versatile, articulate and easy to manipulate. • Music of Odissi dance. • Puppeteers hold a wooden prop, triangular in shape, to which strings are attached. 6 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 1. String Puppets Gombeyatta, Karnataka • Styled and designed like the characters of Yakshagana, have joints at the legs, shoulders, elbows, hips and knees. • Music is dramatic; blends folk and classical elements. • Manipulated by five to seven strings tied to a prop. Bommalattam, Tamil Nadu • Techniques of both rod and string puppets. • Made of wood • Strings are tied to an iron ring which the puppeteer wears like a crown on his head. • Are the largest, heaviest and the most articulate of all. (A puppet may be as big as 4.5 feet). • Manipulation Jointed arms sometimes manipulated by rods (because heavy). 7 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 2. Shadow puppet • Flat figures cut out of leather, treated to make it translucent. • Pressed against the screen with a strong source of light behind it. • The manipulation between the light and the screen make silhouettes or colourful shadows, as the case may be, for the viewers who sit in front of the screen. • Prevalent in Orissa. Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. 8 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 2. Shadow puppet Togalu Gombeyatta, Karnataka • Small in size. • Regional music used. • The puppets differ in size according to their social status, for instance, large size for kings and religious characters and smaller size for common people or servants. Tholu Bommalata, Andhra Pradesh • Large in size and have jointed waist, shoulders, elbows and knees. • The classical music of the region. • Coloured on both sides. Hence, throw coloured shadows on the screen. 9 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 2. Shadow puppet Ravanachhaya, Orissa • Small in size and are in one piece with no joints. • Made of deer skin and are conceived in bold dramatic poses. • Not coloured, hence throw opaque shadows on the screen. • Apart from human and animal characters, many props such as trees, mountains, chariots, etc. are also used. 10 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 3. Glove puppet • The head is made of either papier mache, cloth or wood, with two hands emerging from just below the neck. • The rest of the figure consists of a long flowing skirt. • The movements are controlled by the human hand the first finger inserted in the head and the middle finger and the thumb are the two arms of the puppet. • Popular in Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Kerala. • Dialogues play an important role here. 11 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 3. Glove puppet Pavakoothu, Kerala • Presented usually in a play form. Their occurrence is almost confined to a few local villages. • Uses the narrative format prevalent in Kathakali. • The puppets, found in Palghat district, are more than four centuries old. They are carved delicately on woods, up to two feet high and beautified with colour paints, gilded tin, transparent corals and peacock feathers. • The puppeteer manipulates puppets sitting on an elevated platform and use instrumental music, such as, Chenda drums, conch shell, etc. • Puppeteers perform together for an hour or two in the evening in front of a brass oil-lamp. • The episodes used are from Mahabharata. 12 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 3. Glove puppet Bener Putul, West bengal • Means dolls of commercial people. • Belong to the scheduled caste of the old palanquin- bearers (Kahar). They are normally from among land-less labour. • The puppets are one and a half foot high, with terracotta heads and wooden arms. • The puppeteers sing songs during the show and play Domru (small drums) to attract crowd. • The music is based on either common folk tunes or even popular Hindi or Bengali songs, full of robust humour and sarcasm. • The puppets have anklets fixed on arms, which are used to keep rhythm by clapping. • There are pairs of male and female puppets used by the puppeteers with two hands. • The themes are based on social events like linguistic differences, escapade of lover- couples, or even family planning. • The puppeteer starts early in life and roams from fair to fair, charging money for each song. 13 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 3. Glove puppet Sakhi Kundhei, Orissa • The puppeteers are poor agricultural labour, running small shops for livelihood. • They perform Sakhi Natch showing the dalliance of Krishna with Radha and the milkmaids. • The puppeteers, belonging to a subcaste of Rajput, claim to have migrated from Vrindaban. • The puppet for Radha is with anklets round her waist, called Chandra Badani (moon-faced) and the music draws heavily on folk melodies accompanied by Dhol (barrel-shaped drum). • The puppets, gaudily dressed, have definite expressions to depict emotions. The puppeteer operates with right hand and plays the dhol with left hand, while singing the lyrics. • One puppeteer, with another playing the drum, often manipulates the puppets. • Treats Radha and Krishna as common village boy and girl. • The songs are from medieval poetry, using folk melodies popular in the village. 14 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 3. Glove puppet Gulabu & Sitabu, Uttar Pradesh • The puppeteers, sitting in an open space, use resplendent dolls and mount shows around the theme of two women : Gulabo and Sitabo. • The narrative, recited in a singsong voice, is about the quarrel between Sitabo, the helpless wife and Gulabo, the beautiful mistress of the same man, around petty social happenings. • The songs are interspersed with bawdy jokes and caustic humour, often reflecting the local incidents. The puppets are made of papier-mache with tinsel jewellery. 15 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 4. Rod puppet • Extension of glove-puppets, but often much larger and supported and manipulated by rods from below. • Found mostly in West Bengal and Orissa. 16 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 4. Rod puppet Putul Nautch, West Bengal • Costumed like the actors of Jatra, a traditional theatre. • Carved from wood and follow the various artistic styles of a particular region. • Used to be of human size, but existing puppets vary from 3 to 4 feet in height. • Music of Jatra theatre (drum, harmonium and cymbals). • Puppeteers themselves sing and deliver the stylized prose dialogues along with a group of musicians. • Manipulated by a bamboo-made hub tied firmly to the waist of the puppeteer on which the rod holding the puppet is placed. • Puppeteers move and dance imparting movements to puppets. 17 www.iasknowledge.in Puppet Forms of India 4. Rod puppet Rod puppets, Orissa • Much smaller in size, sbout twelve to eighteen inches. • Hands are tied to strings instead of rods. (because they are small). • The music blends folk tunes with classical Odissi tunes. • Most of the dialogues are sung. • The Orissa rod-puppeteers squat on the ground behind a screen and manipulate. Yampuri, Bihar • In one piece and have no joints. • Describes Yampuri (the house of Death). • The show begins with appearance of the death-god Yama and his messenger, followed by their record-keeper Chitragupta. One by one, the people (supposedly after death) are marched in front of Yama to receive their doles of punishment. • The narrative is meant primarily to put the fear of heaven and hell in people for their current deeds. 18 www.iasknowledge.in Painting Styles in India 19 Painting styles in India • Paintings are basically two types: Murals: large scale paintings generally attached to the floor of palaces and caves. Miniatures: small scale which are done on mainly cloth or paper. • Can be categorized into seven special group: Rajasthani painting Madhubani painting Tanjore painting Mughal painting Bengal style of art Patta chitra Warli art 20 www.iasknowledge.in Painting styles in India Madhubani • Also known as Mithila painting. • Originated in Madhubani village in Bihar. • According to mythology, this tradition commenced when Janakraj, father of rani sita asked his painters to paint the moments of marriage ceremony of Sita with Lord Rama.
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