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Political Preferences 9 2014 0101 Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH 7RPD%XUHDQ+RULD/XSX*DEULHO%ĆGHVFX 'UąVRVNHOLDV Babes-Bolyai University, Romania /LEHUDOǐLU&HQWUR6ąMXQJD THE 2014 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS IN ROMANIA /LHWXYRV/HQNǐULQNLPǐDNFLMD /LHWXYRV5HVSXEOLNRVOLEHUDOǐVąMnjGLV /LHWXYRVVRFLDOGHPRNUDWǐSDUWLMD /LHWXYRVYDOVWLHþLǐLUåDOLǐMǐVąMXQJD Abstract: /9ä6 HDUOLHU9DOVWLHþLǐLU1DXMRVLRVGHPR NUDWLMRVSDUWLMǐVąMXQJD The 2014 European elections in Romania represented a test for the poli- 1DXMRML6ąMXQJDVRFLDOOLEHUDL 1HZ8QLRQ±6RFLDO/LEHUDOV tical parties preparing for the presidential elections at the end of the same year. 3DUW\Ã2UGHUDQG-XVWLFH¶ )LUVWO\ZHDQDO\]HWKHSROLWLFDOFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKH(XURSHDQHOHFWLRQVWRRN ǐ ǐ place. Since 2012 the changing governing coalitions have created an unstable 5XVǐDOMDQVDV party system with many politicians shifting party allegiances. Several high ran- 6/) 6RFLDOLVWLQLVOLDXGLHV)URQWDV 6RFLDOLVW3HRSOH¶V)URQW NLQJSDUW\RI¿FLDOVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGVXVSLFLRXVIRUFRUUXSWLRQDFWVDQGWKLVDIIHF - ơOLPRSDUWLMD ted the nomination of candidates. Secondly, we show that although the ideolo- 7DXWLQLQNǐVąMXQJD 7ơY\QơVVąMXQJD/LHWXYRVNULNãþLRQ\V gical allegiance of citizens and political parties increased since 2012, the match between policy preferences of political party and their supporters continues to be UHPDUNDEO\ORZ)LQDOO\ZHGLVFXVVVHYHUDOHIIHFWVRIWKH(XURSHDQHOHFWLRQVLQ - FOXGLQJGLI¿FXOWLHVLQDSSRLQWLQJFDQGLGDWHVDQGFUHDWLQJHOHFWRUDOFRDOLWLRQVIRU the presidential elections encountered by the center right wing parties. Key words: EP election 2014, party system, Romania, political competition, European Parliament Introduction Romanian politicians and analysts viewed the 2014 European Election as an important test before the presidential elections at the end of the same year. One important consequence was that the main political parties postponed the nomination of a presidential candidate until after the European elections. $QRWKHURXWFRPHZDVWKDWPDQ\RIWKHSROLF\LVVXHVWKDW¿OOHGWKH(XURSHDQ agenda, such as debates on Euro skepticism, on European integration, freedom of movement, and imposing economic sanctions on Russia, were much less vi- sible than topics linked to internal politics. The left wing political parties were 57 dŽŵĂƵƌĞĂŶ͕,ŽƌŝĂ>ƵƉƵ͕'ĂďƌŝĞůĉĚĞƐĐƵ dŚĞϮϬϭϰƵƌŽƉĞĂŶůĞĐƟŽŶƐŝŶZŽŵĂŶŝĂ FRQFHUQHGWRREWDLQVXI¿FLHQWVXSSRUWWRZLQSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQVLQWKH¿UVW round after the liberals decided to leave the governing coalition. Right wing po- litical parties were confronted with the creation of a new political party, a splin- HQDQGDQGIRUWZR\HDUVEHWZHHQ$SULODQG)HEUXDU\ ter of the main opposition party, an organization that is supported by president %DVHVFXWKHPDLQRSSRVLWLRQ¿JXUHRIWKHJRYHUQPHQW7KLVDUWLFOHSUHVHQWV several key aspects of the party system and political situation Romania that VKDSHGWKHHOHFWRUDOFDPSDLJQDQGLQÀXHQFHGWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH(XURSHDQ Elections. It will describe the main political parties and electoral alliances, fun- ding resources and strategies of the political actors, with a focus on ideological stances of the parties and of their voters. We will evaluate the extent that certain &' 31/ 36'5 3(5 3$& 8'05 31/&' 31/$7)(5 DQG FL policy preferences differentiated between party attachments during the campa- YLFRUJDQL]DWLRQV3DUWLGXO8QLWă WLQă ign of the 2014 European elections by using data collected by a EU-wide vo- i D&LYLFă$VRFLD LD)R WLQJDGYLFHDSSOLFDWLRQ 9$$ 7KH¿QDOVHFWLRQGLVFXVVHVWKHPDLQRXWFRPHV 8QLYHUVLWDUă$VRFLD ì è of these elections on the Romanian politics. 3ROLWLFÄ)UDWHUQLWDWHD´8QLXQHD0RQGLDOăD5RPkQLORU/LEHUL,Q&'5ì ì è ì ì ì è Party Mappings in Romania 3(53$&8'0531/&'31/$7)(5DQGRQHRIFLYLFRUJDQL]DWLRQV 3DUWLGXO8QLWă WLQă$OLDQi D&LYLFă Romania had a continuous decrease in the number of successful politi- LD )R L 3ROLWLFL GLQ 5RPkQLD 6ROLGDULWDWHD 8QLYHUVLWDUă cal competitors in Parliamentary elections: 16 in 1990, 7 in 1992, 6 in 1996, ì è ì 5 in 2000, 4 in 2004, 4 in 2008, and 4 in 2012. At the same time, the number of Ä)UDWHUQLWDWHD´8QLXQHD0RQGLDOăD5RPkQLORU/LEHULì è ì ì entries in the Romanian party system was very small. ì è The main Romanian political parties are the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), the National Liberal Party (PNL), the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) and the Greater Romania Party (PRM). A short description of each will follow below. /LEHUDO3DUW\WKH1DWLRQDO3HDVDQW&KULVWLDQ'HPRFUDWLF3DUW\WKH&LYLF)RUFH The Social Democratic Party (PSD) is the largest Romanian party in the post-communist period. It is one of the two successors of the Romanian Communist Party and the direct continuator of the Iliescu-wing of the National 6DOYDWLRQ )URQW )61 $IWHU WKH 1DWLRQDO &RQYHQWLRQ RI )61 ZKHQ 35RPDQEHFDPHLWVQHZSUHVLGHQWWKHVXSSRUWHUVRIWKHFRXQWU\¶V3UHVLGHQW ,RQ,OLHVFXOHIW)61WRIRUPDQHZSDUW\)'61 ODWHUFDOOHG3'65DQG36' ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV ZKLFK PDQ\ RI WKHP WULHG WR FRPSHQVDWH E\ VHPLOHJDO 7KH'HPRFUDWLF/LEHUDO3DUW\3'/ IRUPHUO\FDOOHGµ'HPRFUDWLF3DUW\¶ ±3'XQWLOODWH LVWKHRWKHUGLUHFWVXFFHVVRURIWKH1DWLRQDO6DOYDWLRQ )URQW )61 $IWHU D GHFDGHORQJ DI¿OLDWLRQ ZLWK WKH 6RFLDOLVW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3'3'/KDVEHFRPHDPHPEHURIWKH(XURSHDQ3HRSOH¶V3DUW\LQ The National Liberal Party (PNL) is the only historical party reestabli- shed in 1990 that managed to survive as a parliamentary party until the current legislature. The Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) is an ethnic party which reunites different organizations representing approximately 1.4 million 58 dŽŵĂƵƌĞĂŶ͕,ŽƌŝĂ>ƵƉƵ͕'ĂďƌŝĞůĉĚĞƐĐƵ dŚĞϮϬϭϰƵƌŽƉĞĂŶůĞĐƟŽŶƐŝŶZŽŵĂŶŝĂ FRQFHUQHGWRREWDLQVXI¿FLHQWVXSSRUWWRZLQSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQVLQWKH¿UVW ethnic Hungarians in Romania. UDMR has been present in all the post-communist parliaments and in all governments formed since 1996, except for one year betwe- HQDQGDQGIRUWZR\HDUVEHWZHHQ$SULODQG)HEUXDU\ The Greater Romania Party (PRM) is run by V. Tudor since its begin- %DVHVFXWKHPDLQRSSRVLWLRQ¿JXUHRIWKHJRYHUQPHQW7KLVDUWLFOHSUHVHQWV ning and reached a peak of popular support at the 2000 elections, when it re- ceived the second largest share of votes. However, in 2008 and 2012 the party VKDSHGWKHHOHFWRUDOFDPSDLJQDQGLQÀXHQFHGWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH(XURSHDQ failed to gain parliamentary representation. The main electoral coalitions in Romania were CDR, USD, DA, USD and ARD. CDR was formed in 1992 and consisted in several political parties: PN &' 31/ 36'5 3(5 3$& 8'05 31/&' 31/$7)(5 DQG FL - YLFRUJDQL]DWLRQV3DUWLGXO8QLWă ii Democratice, Uniunea Democrat-Cre WLQă Aliani D&LYLFă$VRFLD LD)R tilor De inu i Politici din România, Solidaritatea WLQJDGYLFHDSSOLFDWLRQ 9$$ 7KH¿QDOVHFWLRQGLVFXVVHVWKHPDLQRXWFRPHV 8QLYHUVLWDUă$VRFLD ia 21 Decembrie,ì Mi carea România Viitoare, Sindicatulè 3ROLWLFÄ)UDWHUQLWDWHD´8QLXQHD0RQGLDOăD5RPkQLORU/LEHUL,Q&'5ì ì è ì ì had a slightly differentì structure: a groupè of parties--PN CD, PNL, PSDR, 3(53$&8'0531/&'31/$7)(5DQGRQHRIFLYLFRUJDQL]DWLRQV - 3DUWLGXO8QLWă ii Democratice, Uniunea Democrat-Cre WLQă$OLDQi D&LYLFă Asocia LD )R tilor De inu L 3ROLWLFL GLQ 5RPkQLD 6ROLGDULWDWHD 8QLYHUVLWDUă Asocia ia 21 Decembrie,ì Mi carea România Viitoare,è Sindicatulì Politic Ä)UDWHUQLWDWHD´8QLXQHD0RQGLDOăD5RPkQLORU/LEHULì è ì ì ìUSD was established in è1995 and was formed by two political parties: PD and PSDR. DA, formed in 2004, was an alliance between PNL and PD. USL, established in 2012, was the alliance between PSD, PNL and PC. ARD (Just Romania Alliance) was an electoral alliance formed between the Democratic /LEHUDO3DUW\WKH1DWLRQDO3HDVDQW&KULVWLDQ'HPRFUDWLF3DUW\WKH&LYLF)RUFH and supported by the Centre-Right Civic Initiative and other NGOs. Funding resources and strategies 6DOYDWLRQ )URQW )61 $IWHU WKH 1DWLRQDO &RQYHQWLRQ RI )61 ZKHQ 35RPDQEHFDPHLWVQHZSUHVLGHQWWKHVXSSRUWHUVRIWKHFRXQWU\¶V3UHVLGHQW Parties in Central and Eastern Europe have traditionally been short of ,RQ,OLHVFXOHIW)61WRIRUPDQHZSDUW\)'61 ODWHUFDOOHG3'65DQG36' ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV ZKLFK PDQ\ RI WKHP WULHG WR FRPSHQVDWH E\ VHPLOHJDO 7KH'HPRFUDWLF/LEHUDO3DUW\3'/ IRUPHUO\FDOOHGµ'HPRFUDWLF3DUW\¶ and illegal funding practices, including the capture of the state and the media ±3'XQWLOODWH LVWKHRWKHUGLUHFWVXFFHVVRURIWKH1DWLRQDO6DOYDWLRQ [Gherghina, Chiru, Bertoa 2011]. Most of the post-communist political parties )URQW )61 $IWHU D GHFDGHORQJ DI¿OLDWLRQ ZLWK WKH 6RFLDOLVW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO rely on state subventions for their funding [Ikstens et al. 2002; van Biezen 2003; 3'3'/KDVEHFRPHDPHPEHURIWKH(XURSHDQ3HRSOH¶V3DUW\LQ Lewis 2008]. In the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Slovenia parties are highly subsidized by the state [Smilov, Toplak 2007], whereas in Romania it amounts to considerably less [Gherghina, Chiru, Bertoa 2011]. The Romanian parties have developed tools to obtain state resources for electoral purposes. These practices include: partisan tailored transfers of money from the govern- ment to own constituencies prior to elections; relying on large-scale patronage to 59 dŽŵĂƵƌĞĂŶ͕,ŽƌŝĂ>ƵƉƵ͕'ĂďƌŝĞůĉĚĞƐĐƵ dŚĞϮϬϭϰƵƌŽƉĞĂŶůĞĐƟŽŶƐŝŶZŽŵĂŶŝĂ reward party sponsors and activists; as well as making state agencies contribute indirectly to campaign funds under the guise of workshops [Gherghina, Chiru, %HUWRD@3DUW\¿QDQFLQJLQ5RPDQLDJUDGXDOO\HYROYHGIURPYHU\JHQHUDO SURYLVLRQVYDOLGIRUWKH¿UVWSRVWFRPPXQLVWHOHFWLRQVIURPWRYHU\VSHFL - ¿FUHJXODWLRQVDSSOLFDEOHLQWKHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQV ¿HG3HUVRQDOL]HGSDUWLHVORVWSURPLQHQFHUHODWLYHWRPRUHYDOXHGULYHQRQHV Migration of legislators Since 1990, elected legislators moving from one party to another was si- DSSHDUWRFRQ¿UPWKHUHOHYDQFHRIOHIWULJKWGLVFRXUVHIRUWKHQHZGHPRFUDFLHV JQL¿FDQWDQGKDVGDDJUDGXDOLQFUHDVH3DUW\VZLWFKLQJE\LQGLYLGXDOUHSUHVHQ
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