Eucalyptus Workshop, LA Co

Eucalyptus Workshop, LA Co. Arboretum, June 28, 2019

Eucalyptus Workshop

Schedule 8:00 - 8:15 AM Introduction

8:15 - 9:15 AM Eucalypt Biology

9:15 - 10:00 AM Investigating Eucalypts Identiﬁcation Characteristics: Bark, Leaves, Stems, Flowers and Fruit

10:00 - 10:15 AM Coffee and Tea Break

10:15 - 11:15 AM Eucalypt Morphology Walk, Species Characters in the Field

11:15 - 11:45 PM Identifying Species by Fruit Type

11:45 - 1:00 PM Lunch

1:00 - 2:15 PM Using Identiﬁcation Keys for Eucalypt Identiﬁcation

2:15 - 3:00 PM Outdoor Field Activity: Rapid Field Identiﬁcation, Keying Trees in the Field

3:00 - 3:15 PM Coffee, Tea, and Snack Break

3:15 - 3:45 PM Southern California’s Most Common Eucalypts

3:45 - 4 PM Discussion, Wrap-up, Questions, Evaluation, and CEUs

Matt Ritter, Ph.D. Jenn Yost, Ph.D. Biology Department Biology Department Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo 93407 Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo 93407 [email protected], 805.756.2775 [email protected], 805.756.5869 Consider donating to the Cal Poly Plant Conservatory

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Thank you! Eucalypt Field Identifcation Sheet Species name: ______Growth habit: tree or mallee Bark type: rough or smooth If rough: wholly rough or partly rough Pith: glandular or not glandular Leaves Juvenile leaves (if present): opposite or alternate - petiolate or sessile - green or glaucous Adult leaves: opposite or alternate - lanceolate or rounded or other shape same color on both sides or diﬀerent colors on both sides

Leaf venation: side veins few or side veins many parallel or acute or obtuse Leaf oil glands: obvious obscured Flowers Inforescence type: branched at shoot tips or umbel in leaf axil branched in leaf axils or solitary fowers Average number of buds per umbel: ______Peduncle: round in cross-section or fattened (strap-like) Flower buds: sessile or pedicellate operculum scar present or absent glaucous or green Stamens Stamen color: all stamens with anthers or outer stamens missing anthers horn shaped Operculum and bud shapes: horn shaped

beaked rounded conical

bud diamond buds horn bud spindle bud club shaped shaped shaped shaped Fruit Glaucous or not glaucous sessile or pedicellate Fruit diameter: ______

Fruit shape:

Barrel Hemispherical Funnel Urn Spherical Cup

Fruit Disk: level or ascending or descending broad or thin Fruit Valves: enclosed or rim level or exserted Other Notable Features: Eucalypt Field Identifcation Sheet Species name: ______Growth habit: tree or mallee Bark type: rough or smooth If rough: wholly rough or partly rough Pith: glandular or not glandular Leaves Juvenile leaves (if present): opposite or alternate - petiolate or sessile - green or glaucous Adult leaves: opposite or alternate - lanceolate or rounded or other shape same color on both sides or diﬀerent colors on both sides

beaked rounded conical

bud diamond buds horn bud spindle bud club shaped shaped shaped shaped Fruit Glaucous or not glaucous sessile or pedicellate Fruit diameter: ______

Fruit shape:

Barrel Hemispherical Funnel Urn Spherical Cup

beaked rounded conical

bud diamond buds horn bud spindle bud club shaped shaped shaped shaped Fruit Glaucous or not glaucous sessile or pedicellate Fruit diameter: ______

Fruit shape:

Barrel Hemispherical Funnel Urn Spherical Cup

beaked rounded conical

bud diamond buds horn bud spindle bud club shaped shaped shaped shaped Fruit Glaucous or not glaucous sessile or pedicellate Fruit diameter: ______

Fruit shape:

Barrel Hemispherical Funnel Urn Spherical Cup

Fruit Disk: level or ascending or descending broad or thin Fruit Valves: enclosed or rim level or exserted Other Notable Features: Eucalypt Fruit Identifcation

Red Flowering Gum White Iron Bark Sugar Gum Argyle Apple (Corymbia fcifolia) (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) (Eucalyptus cladocalyx) (Eucalyptus cinerea)

Narrow-Leaf Peppermint Red Iron Bark Silver Dollar Gum Blue Gum (Eucalyptus nicholii) (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) (Eucalyptus polyanthemos) (Eucalyptus globulus)

Lemon Scented Gum Spider Gum Red Gum Ribbon Gum (Corymbia citriodora) (Eucalyptus conferruminata) (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) (Eucalyptus viminalis)

Key to Commonly Cultivated Eucalypts

1. Leaves lighter green on the underside 2. Bark rough, hard, thin, faky; fruit 3/4 in. diameter or more—Red Flowering Gum (Corymbia fcifolia) 2’ Bark rough, sof, thick, fbrous; fruit 1/2 in. diameter or less—Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) 2’’ Bark smooth

3. Bark with orange blotches; leaves ofen curved; Sugar Gum Red Flowering Gum mature fruit ridged; fruit valves sunken inside (Eucalyptus cladocalyx) (Corymbia ﬁcifolia) fruit—Sugar Gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx) 3’ Bark bluish gray; leaves straight; mature fruit smooth; valves of fruit exserted, 4. Valves 4 or 5, curved inward; buds and fruit ofen glaucous—Rose Gum (Eucalyptus grandis) 4’ Valves usually 4, erect; leaves straight; buds

and fruit not glaucous—Sydney Blue Gum Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus saligna) (Eucalyptus robusta) Flooded Gum Eucalyptus grandis Sydney Blue Gum 1’ Leaves the same color on both sides; AND bark rough, furrowed, retained on trunk and limbs (Eucalyptus saligna) (NOTE: there is a 1’’ option on the backside) 5. Leaves silver or bluish silver in color 6. Leaves attached oppositely; fower buds and fruit grouped in threes—Argyle Apple (Eucalyptus cinerea) 6’ Leaves attached alternately, mostly less than 1/2 in. wide at widest point—Narrow-Leaf Peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholii) 6’’ Leaves attached alternately, mostly 3/4 in. wide or wider 7. Bark dark brown to black, very rough and deeply furrowed— Narrow-Leaf Peppermint Argyle Apple Red Iron Bark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) (Eucalyptus nicholii) (Eucalyptus cinerea) 7’ Bark light brown or gray, and scraggly; leaves round or only slightly longer than wide; fowers white—Silver Dollar Gum (Eucalyptus polyanthemos) 7’’ Bark light brown or gray, and scraggly; leaves 3 to 4 times longer than broad; fowers pink—Coral Gum (Eucalyptus torquata) 5’ Leaves green Flooded Gum 8. Leaves mostly less than 1/2 in. wide at widest point— (Eucalyptus rudis) Narrow Leaf Peppermint (Eucalyptus nicholii) 8’ Leaves mostly 3/4 in. wide or wider; bark gray, fnely Silver Dollar Gum Coral Gum (Eucalyptus polyanthemos) furrowed; all stamens with anthers—Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus torquata) (Eucalyptus rudis) 8’’ Leaves mostly 3/4 in. wide or wider; bark dark brown to black, very rough and deeply furrowed; some stamens without anthers—Red Iron Bark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon)

Red Iron Bark Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus sideroxylon) (Eucalyptus rudis) 1’’ Leaves the same color on both sides; AND bark smooth, shedding (sometimes with imperfectly shed rough bark on the basal area of trunk) 9. Buds and fruit produced singly; leaves over 8 in. long—Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) 9’ Buds and fruit clustered in threes or more; leaves less than 6 in. long, smelling like lemon when crushed—Lemon Scented Gum (Corymbia citriodora) 9’’ Buds and fruit clustered in threes or more; leaves less than 6 in. long, smelling medicinal or spicy when crushed (but not like lemon) Lemon Scented Gum Blue Gum 10. Leaves silver, bluish silver, or bluish-gray in color (covered (Corymbia citriodora) (Eucalyptus globulus) with wax) 11. Shrub with several trunks; all leaves opposite, without a leaf stalk—Silver Mountain Gum (Eucalyptus pulverulenta) 11’ Tree with one trunk; some leaves alternate, stalked; buds and fruits in simple clusters of three in leaf axils—Cider Gum (Eucalyptus gunnii) 11’’ Tree with one trunk; some leaves alternate, stalked; buds and fruits in branched clusters of seven at shoot tips—Silver Dollar Gum (Eucalyptus polyanthemos) Cider Gum Silver Mountain Gum 10’ Leaves green, olive green, or dark green (not waxy) (Eucalyptus gunnii) (Eucalyptus pulverulenta) 12. Leaves egg-shaped or round, barely twice as long as wide; buds and fruit fused into a spherical cluster the size of a small fst—Spider Gum (Eucalyptus conferruminata) 12’ Leaves shaped like a long spearhead, 3 to 4 times longer than wide; buds and fruit not fused 13. Buds and fruit in clusters of fve or more (usually seven) 14. Bud hemispheric, with a distinct beak; branches ofen drooping— Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) 14’ Bud horn-shaped or conical, not beaked; branches ofen steeply ascending—Forest Red Gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) 13’ Buds and fruit always in clusters of three 15. Bark shed in long slender ribbons; buds with a short stalk; all Spider Gum stamens with anthers—Ribbon Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) (Eucalyptus conferruminata) 15’ Bark shed in plates or patches; buds borne on a long slender stalk; some stamens without anthers—White Iron Bark (Eucalyptus leucoxylon)

Red Gum (Eucalyptus Manna Gum camaldulensis) (Eucalyptus viminalis) White Iron Bark (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) Keying Exercise

Number: ______Number: ______

Name of the tree: Name of the tree:

Keying path: Keying path:

Important characters: Important characters:

Notes/drawings Notes/drawings

Number: ______Number: ______

Name of the tree: Name of the tree:

Keying path: Keying path:

Important characters: Important characters:

Notes/drawings Notes/drawings Keying Exercise

Number: ______Number: ______

Name of the tree: Name of the tree:

Keying path: Keying path:

Important characters: Important characters:

Notes/drawings Notes/drawings

Number: ______Number: ______

Name of the tree: Name of the tree:

Keying path: Keying path:

Important characters: Important characters:

Notes/drawings Notes/drawings

MYRTACEAE MYRTLE FAMILY Matt Ritter

[Subshrub] shrub, tree, trunk bark smooth or scaly; glands 0 or embedded in epidermis. LF: opposite or alternate, persistent, gen glandular when young. INFL FL: gen bisexual, parts in 4s, 5s, gen ± white; hypanthium exceeding ovary or not; stamens gen many; ovary [rarely superior to] inferior, 2–5(18)-chambered; placentas axil- lary, just below top, or basal, ovules few to many, gen in 2–many series. FR: berry, capsule, nut. SEED: 1–many; coat membranous to ± leathery or hard, bony; embryo starchy or oily (of great taxonomic importance). 100 genera, ± 3500 spp.: many spp. trop Am, Australasia, fewer Afr, s Asia; economically important for timber (Eucalyptus), spices (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, cloves; Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr., allspice), edible frs (Psidium guajava L., guava; Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, pineapple guava), many orns (Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, several other genera). [McVaugh 1968 Taxon 17:354–418] Apparently of Gondwanan origins; trop, subtrop, Medit climates. Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret, Myrtus communis L., Syzygium australe 1. Fr a berry; seeds often > 5 mm; lvs gen opposite (whorled). 2. Calyx lobes, petals 5; seed coat shiny, hard...... [MYRTUS] 2´ Calyx lobes, petals 4; seed coat membranous 3. Ripe fr dark purple; seeds gen > 1, lenticular; colyledons ± = embryonic st ...... [LUMA] 3´ Ripe fr red or purple; seed gen 1, spheric; cotyledons >> embryonic st ...... [SYZYGIUM] 1´ Fr a capsule or nut; seeds gen 1–3 mm; mature lvs alternate or opposite 4...... EUCALYPTUS 4´ Perianth parts free in bud, each segment persistent or falling separately 5. Fls in a dense cylindrical cluster surrounding st at tip or just below; stamens several × > perianth . . . . MELALEUCA 5´ Fls 1 or in small clusters, not surrounding st; stamens ≤ perianth 6. Lvs opposite, linear or awl-shaped; fr a 1-chambered nut; style with ring of hairs just below stigma ...... [CHAMELAUCIUM] 6´ Lvs alternate, oblanceolate to obovate-oblong; fr a many-chambered capsule; style glabrous ...... LEPTOSPERMUM

EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS, GUM TREE Tree, shrub. ST: gen erect; bark shedding, smooth, or persistent near base (occ) or throughout, rough; twigs gen round. LF: juvenile gen opposite, horizontal, sessile, ± cordate, entire, glaucous; adult gen alternate, vertical, petioled, ± lanceolate, entire, glandular, glabrous, gen same color on both sides. INFL such umbels. FL several series, gen all fertile, white (yellow, red, pink); ovary chambers 3–6, fused to hypanthium. FR: capsule, thick-walled, woody, gen smooth, gen dehiscing at top. SEED: gen 1–3 mm, wind-dispersed. ± 700 spp.: most endemic to Australia; > 250 spp. Cult in CA; important for oils, tannins, timber, orns. (Greek: true cap, for bud cap) [Brooker 2000 Austral Syst Bot E. pulverulenta Sims excluded, cult only. 1. 2. Lvs lanceolate, lemon-scented; bark smooth ...... E. citriodora 2´ Lvs ovate, elliptic, or round, not lemon-scented; bark rough ...... E. polyanthemos 1´ 3. Fls 1 in lf axils, ± sessile; fr glaucous, > 1.5 cm wide ...... E. globulus 3´ Fls 3–many in stalked umbels; fr not glaucous, < 1 cm wide 4. Bark deeply furrowed, dark brown to ± black; anthers 0 on outer stamens ...... E. sideroxylon 4´ Bark smooth, shedding, occ rough near base, mottled, gray, white, orange, or tan; anthers on all stamens 5. Fls, fr fused at base into cluster 3–6 cm wide ...... E. conferruminata 5´ Fls, fr all free at base 6. Hypanthium cylindric or urn-shaped; lvs lighter abaxially ...... E. cladocalyx 6´ Hypanthium obconic, ovoid, or hemispheric; lvs same color on both sides 7...... E. viminalis 7´ 8. Lvs linear, gen < 0.5 cm wide; fr valves not exserted ...... E. pulchella 8´ Lvs lanceolate, gen > 1 cm wide; fr valves exserted 9. Bud cap hemispheric, beaked, ± = hypanthium ...... E. camaldulensis 9´ Bud cap horn-shaped to conic, not beaked, ± 2 × hypanthium ...... E. tereticornis E. camaldulensis Dehnh. RED GUM, RIVER RED GUM ST: < 25 m, ± straight; branches often hanging in clumps; bark per- ❖ sistent near base, gen shed in irregular strips, smooth, gray or tan. LF: Schauer SILVER DOLLAR GUM, RED BOX ST: 6–20 cm, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, lanceolate. INFL FL: E. polyanthemos hypanthium 2–3 mm, hemispheric, ± = bud cap; bud cap hemispheric, LF: 5–10 cm, 1.5–5 cm beaked (bluntly conic); stamens white. FR: 0.5–1 cm, ± hemispheric; wide, round, elliptic, or ovate, gray-green, silver, or blue-green, occ valves exserted. Common. Disturbed areas; < 300 m. NCoRO, GV, glaucous. INFL FL: CW (exc SCoRI), SCo, n ChI (Santa Cruz Island), TR, PR; native hypanthium ± 4 mm, ovoid to obconic, ± 2 bud cap; bud cap conic to Australia; naturalized in AZ. As cult sp., ranks 1 outside CA, 2 in × ❖ to hemispheric; stamens white. FR: 5–6 mm, pear- to bowl-shaped; CA. Apr–Jul valves incl. Uncommon. Disturbed coastal areas; < 200 m. SnJV,

E. citriodora Hook. LEMON-SCENTED GUM ST: 20–35 m, CCo, SnFrB, SCoRO, SCo, s ChI (Santa Catalina Island), WTR; straight, slender; bark smooth, shed in irregular pieces, occ spot- native to se Australia. Commonly cult in CA; often juvenile, adult, LF: 10–20 cm, and transitional lvs in mature crowns of naturalized pls; juvenile lvs 1–2 cm wide, lanceolate, lemon-scented. INFL umbels. FL: hypanthium 5–6 mm, hemispheric, > bud cap; bud cap E. pulchella Desf. WHITE PEPPERMINT ST: < 20 m, branches gen beaked; stamens white. FR: < 15 mm, urn-shaped; valves incl. erect; bark shedding in long strips, smooth, occ shaggy or rough near Uncommon. Disturbed coastal areas; gen < 200 m. SCo; native to base, white to blue-gray. LF: 5–10 cm, gen < 0.5 cm wide, linear, ne Australia. Commonly cult in CA; treated by some as Corymbia dark green, ± peppermint odor when crushed. INFL: umbel, 9–15- citriodora (Hook.) Hill & Johnson (Hill & Johnson 1995 Telopea FL: hypanthium ± 2 mm, obconic, ± = bud cap; bud cap hemi- 6:185–504). Dec–May spheric; stamens white. FR: 4–6 mm, ovoid to cup-shaped; valves not

E. cladocalyx F. Muell. SUGAR GUM ST: 10–20 m, gen straight; exserted. Uncommon. Disturbed areas; < 200 m. SnFrB; native to se bark shed in large irregular patches, ± smooth, white, often mottled Australia, rarely cult in CA. Dec–Feb gray, orange, or tan. LF: 8–15 cm, 2–3 cm wide, ± widely lanceo- E. sideroxylon Woolls RED IRON BARK ST: 7–25 m; bark persis- late, lighter abaxially. INFL tent, deeply furrowed, hard, dark brown to ± black. LF: 6–14 cm, 1–2 FL: hypanthium < 1 cm, cylindric or urn-shaped, ± ridged; bud cap cm wide, lanceolate, dull gray-green. INFL hemispheric to conic, < hypanthium, > hypanthium in width; stamens FL: hypanthium 4–6 mm, gen glaucous, ovoid to hemispheric, > bud white. FR: 1–1.5 cm, ± urn-shaped, ribbed; valves incl. Uncommon. cap; bud cap conic; stamens gen pink to red (white), anthers 0 on Disturbed coastal areas; gen < 200 m. CCo, SCo, PR; native to s outer. FR: ± 1 cm, ovoid; valves incl. Uncommon. Coastal, disturbed Australia. TOXIC to livestock in Australia. Commonly cult in s CA. areas; < 200 m. CCo, SCoRO, SCo, n ChI, WTR; native to se Austra- Apr–Jul lia, commonly cult in CA. Dec–Feb

E. conferruminata D.J. Carr & S.G.M. Carr SPIDER GUM, BUSHY E. tereticornis Sm. FOREST RED GUM ST: 10–25(50) m, straight; YATE ST: 1–5 m, irregularly branched; bark smooth, shed in strips, bark persistent near base, gen shed in irregular strips, smooth, gray or short ribbons, light gray or tan. LF: 5–9 cm, 1–4 cm wide, elliptic to tan. LF: 8–20 cm, 1–2.5 cm wide, lanceolate. INFL elongate-elliptic, glossy, light green. INFL FL: hypanthium 2–3 mm, obconic to hemispheric, ± 1/2 × bud cap; FL bud cap horn-shaped to conic, smooth; stamens white. FR: 7–9 mm, yellow-green. FR: sessile, fused at base into cluster 3–6 cm wide; hemispheric; valves exserted. Uncommon. Disturbed coastal areas; valves 3, exserted, style remnants persistent. Uncommon. Disturbed < 200 m. SnJV, SCoRO, SCo, n ChI, TR, PR; native to e Australia. coastal areas; gen < 200 m. CCo, SCo; native to sw Australia. Com- Commonly cult in CA. May–Aug monly cult as screen, SnFrB south. Apr–Jul

E. viminalis Labill. MANNA GUM, RIBBON GUM ST: 25–50 m, E. globulus Labill. BLUE GUM ST: < 60 m, straight; bark straight; bark gen shed in long ribbons, persistent near base or not, sometimes persistent near base, otherwise shed in irregular strips, smooth, white, gray, or tan. LF: 10–15 cm, 1–2.5 cm wide, lanceo- smooth, blue-gray; twigs ± square or winged. LF: 10–30 cm, 2.5–4 late. INFL FL: hypanthium 2–3 mm, ovoid to obconic, cm wide, gen narrowly lanceolate, often sickle-shaped, gen aromatic. ± = bud cap; buds ± sessile; bud cap conic, smooth; stamens white. INFL FL: hypanthium < 2 cm, ± 4-ribbed, FR: 5–7 mm, ± hemispheric; valves exserted. Uncommon. Disturbed areas; < 100 m. NCoRO, CCo, SCoRO, SCo, PR; native to se Austra- hypanthium, warty, glaucous; stamens white. FR: > 2 cm, ± 4-ribbed, lia. Commonly cult in CA. Jul–Sep warty, glaucous, rim wide, thickened; valves ± not exserted. Com- mon. Disturbed areas; < 300 m. NCoRO, GV, CW, SW; native to