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The Apocalypse of John; BS 2825.4 .B39 c.l Beckwith, Isbon T. The apocalypse of John THE APOCALYPSE OF JOHN ^ '^^ o *^ ^ THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO ■DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO /-<v\'( or p;i/;v22>> FEL3 :■) 1932 ^ .^ THE ^ ""^^ APOCALYPSE OF JOH]^ STUDIES IN INTRODUCTION WITH A CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY / BY ISBON T. BECKWITH, Ph.D., D.D. FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT IN THE GENERAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK, AND OF GREEK IN TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1919 All rights reserved COPTEIQHT. 1919, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1915, NortoooU ^rc28 J. S. Gushing Co. — Berwick <fe Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. PREFACE For the understanding of the Revelation of John it is essen- tial to put one's self, as far as is possible, into the world of its author and of those to whom it was first addressed. Its mean- ing must be sought for in the light thrown upon it by the con- dition and circumstances of its readers, by the author's inspired purpose, and by those current beliefs and traditions that not only influenced the fashion which his visions themselves took, but also and especially determined the form of this literary composition in which he has given a record of his visions. These facts will explain what might seem the disproportionate space which I have given to some topics in the following Intro- ductory Studies. The Apocalypse is the one book of the New Testament whose theme is the doctrines of the Last Things, the fulfillment of the Kingdom of God, that is, to use the common theological term, the doctrines of Eschatology. But these had a growth, running through the periods of biblical history; and the Apocalypse, springing from the heritage of these centuries, contains much, especially as regards form, which belongs to this eschatological development. The more fully, then, one comprehends the earlier eschatology, its history, and the prevalence of its princi- pal conceptions, the better is one fitted to understand the Apocalypse in its leading aspects. I have therefore given a rather long chapter to the eschatology of the Old Testament and late Jewish writers, together with that of the different parts of the New Testament. Reference is frequently made to this to elucidate the Apocalypse. A second topic requiring somewhat extended notice is that of the late Jewish writings called by scholars Apocalyptic. vi PREFACE These, broadly speaking, are visions, whether actual or assumed, of the unseen world, chiefly of the coming ages. These writ- ings form a distinct class, with certain characteristic concep- tions, forms, symbols, and methods of composition. To this class belongs the Revelation of John, which, though incompara- bly superior to, and in important particulars differing from, all others of the kind, yet agrees with them in many leading ideas, as well as in imagery, language, and manner of writing. There is scarcely a paragraph in the Revelation which does not re- ceive some illumination from other writings of this group. A knowledge of the characteristics of this so-called apocalyptic literature is then indispensable in the study of the Apocalypse of John. Two closely related topic:', ilio Times of the Apocalypse and its primary Purpose, necessarily enter into the study of one preparing himself to read the book from the author's stand- point. Like the other books of the New Testament, the Reve- lation, while containing truth for all time, was immediately occasioned by a concrete, practical purpose for the Church in the age in which it was written. The relation of the Roman Empire to the Church at the close of the first century (the time of the Apocalypse), and especially the establishment of a state- religion in the emperor-worship, which plays a foremost part in the Revelation, contained within them the principle of the supreme struggle between the world and Christianity. That struggle, already beginning at the time, was viewed as destined to reach its climax in a future not very remote. The primary purpose of the Apocalypse was to help the Church to meet the conflict then and afterwards. The relation of the book to its age must therefore claim adequate space in prefatory study. As the Apocalypse is a prophetic book, the subject of the right reading of prophecy in general presents inquiries which cannot be passed over too briefly. I have discussed certain canons for the interpretation of prophecy, recognized by present- day scholars, which may give some measure of guidance in dis- tinguishing the transitory element from the permanent, and I have tried to show the application of such canons to some of the perplexing questions of the Revelation. The great spiritual revelations given in the Apocalypse regarding the coming of PREFACE vii God's kingdom are conveyed in forms of the Prophet's time ; and the usefulness of his book for a subsequent age depends largely upon the separation, so far as is practicable, of the permanent from the transitory. Criticism^ technically so called, demands a considerable place in a study of the Apocalypse at the present time. For some decades now the view that the book lacks unity has attracted the support of a numerous group of scholars, and a large body of critical literature has been occupied with proposed analyses of it into different documents of widely differing authors, which supposedly have been revised and combined, perhaps through several revisions, into the present form ; or, as others would maintain, the present form of the book is the result of a suc- cession of revisions and enlargements of a single original docu- ment. These theories enter into nearly all recent discussions of the Apocalypse. The investigations upon which they are founded, carried on often with singular acuteness, are of great value in the study of the book, even if the conclusions are not always accepted. They cannot then be ignored by the inter- preter or passed over in a few words. Yet they need to be tested by the methods of a strict exegesis, and especially in the light of the peculiar literary characteristics of the author of the Apocalypse. In these respects they are not infrequently found wanting. I have given in the Introduction a survey with some discussion of the representative hypotheses, and at the end of the commentary on each paragraph of the book have taken up the principal criticisms of the paragraph. In view of the prominence of the subject in recent study of the Apocalypse, it is proper to state here the position which I have taken in regard to the originality and unity of the book. As all students are aware, the author's mind was stored to a marvelous degree with the ideas, the language, and the imagery found in the Old Testament and in apocalyptic writings. The evidence of this appears on every i^age, one might almost say in every para- graph of a few verses. That his visions themselves should have been shaped more or less by that with which his mind was filled would be inevitable ; still more would this influence be felt in any deliberate effort to describe tliese spiritual experiences. The Apocalyptist did not write down his visions while in a Viii PREFACE state of ecstasy, but after all were ended. No doubt they were in themselves beyond the possibilities of adequate portrayal. And as he recalls them, and seeks to describe them and put them into systematic form, as he has done in his ])ook, he labors with careful deliberation and all the resources at his command to give his readers some apprehension of the great scenes re- vealed to him and their significance. In this then he becomes, not a mechanical recorder of something seen and heard, but a literary artist struggling to give form to inspired ideas, as do often the poets and prophets of the Old Testament. His por- trayal becomes a carefully studied composition. He writes in the traditional manner of the apocalyptic, using its familiar conceptions, its language, and its imagery. Symbols and other suggestions are derived very frequently from the Old Testa- ment, sometimes from common Hebrew folk-lore, and in some instances apparently from apocalyptic sources not preserved to us. There are passages in which critics are probably right in finding traces of the influence of some unknown apocalyptic writing — passages which, if taken by themselves, would seem to belong to a different connection, or different historic circum- stances. But, as may be certainly concluded from the Apoca- lyptist's use of the Old Testament, these are very far from being fragments incorporated into his book bodily and apart from the connection. Like certain passages of the prophets unmistaka- bly before his mind in some places and shaping his representa- tion, so these sources have suggested to him pictures or symbols, which he transforms and applies with the utmost freedom. Without resorting to an unjustifiable method of exegesis, para- graphs exhibiting such influence may be shown to have for the Apocalyptist a meaning bearing directly on his theme and fitting into the general plan which he conceives and carries out from the beginning. In this sense, then, I hold that the book is a unit, the work of one mind ; that it has a wonderful plan to which every part contributes, a plan carried out with extraor- dinary power to its great culmination. But both the plan and its execution are marked by traits wliich are peculiar to the author.
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