CLASS 331 OSCILLATORS January 2011
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Unit-1 Mphycc-7 Ujt
UNIT-1 MPHYCC-7 UJT The Unijunction Transistor or UJT for short, is another solid state three terminal device that can be used in gate pulse, timing circuits and trigger generator applications to switch and control either thyristors and triac’s for AC power control type applications. Like diodes, unijunction transistors are constructed from separate P-type and N-type semiconductor materials forming a single (hence its name Uni-Junction) PN-junction within the main conducting N-type channel of the device. Although the Unijunction Transistor has the name of a transistor, its switching characteristics are very different from those of a conventional bipolar or field effect transistor as it can not be used to amplify a signal but instead is used as a ON-OFF switching transistor. UJT’s have unidirectional conductivity and negative impedance characteristics acting more like a variable voltage divider during breakdown. Like N-channel FET’s, the UJT consists of a single solid piece of N-type semiconductor material forming the main current carrying channel with its two outer connections marked as Base 2 ( B2 ) and Base 1 ( B1 ). The third connection, confusingly marked as the Emitter ( E ) is located along the channel. The emitter terminal is represented by an arrow pointing from the P-type emitter to the N-type base. The Emitter rectifying p-n junction of the unijunction transistor is formed by fusing the P-type material into the N-type silicon channel. However, P-channel UJT’s with an N- type Emitter terminal are also available but these are little used. -
JRE SCHOOL of Engineering
JRE SCHOOL OF Engineering PUT EXAMINATION SET-A MAY 2015 Subject Name Microwave Engineering Subject Code EEC 603 Roll No. of Student Max Marks 100 Max Duration 3 hrs Date 02/05/2015 Time 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. For Branches: EC Branch only (6th sem) Q. 1 Attempt any FOUR from the following. All question carry equal marks. (5 X 4 = 20) a) A TE11 wave is propagating in a air-filled circular waveguide of diameter 12cm at 2.5GHz, find the cutoff frequency, guide wavelength, wave impedance in the guide. b) Show that TM01 and TM10 modes do not exist in a rectangular waveguide. c) What is a microstrip line? Compare microstrip lines with striplines. Write advantages and disadvantages of both. Microstrip Transmission Line: It is also called open strip line because of the openness of its structure. It has very simple geometry. It is an unsymmetrical strip line that is nothing but a parallel plate transmission line having dielectric substrate, the on face of which is metallised ground and the other (top) face, has thin conducting strip of certain width ‘w’ and thickness ‘t’. The top ground plate is not present and so cover plate is used for shielding purpose. Modes are only quasi TEM, thus the theory of TEM coupled lines applies only. Losses: (i) Dielectric loss in substrate (ii) ohmic skin losses in conductor strip and ground plane. Advantages: (i) Simple construction (ii) easier integration with semiconductor device (iii) fabrication cosh is lower (iv) package and unpacked semiconductor chips can be attached to these lines. -
Thyristors.Pdf
THYRISTORS Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved. Thyristors Thyristors are a class of semiconductor devices characterized by 4-layers of alternating p and n material. Four-layer devices act as either open or closed switches; for this reason, they are most frequently used in control applications. Some thyristors and their symbols are (a) 4-layer diode (b) SCR (c) Diac (d) Triac (e) SCS Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved. The Four-Layer Diode The 4-layer diode (or Shockley diode) is a type of thyristor that acts something like an ordinary diode but conducts in the forward direction only after a certain anode to cathode voltage called the forward-breakover voltage is reached. The basic construction of a 4-layer diode and its schematic symbol are shown The 4-layer diode has two leads, labeled the anode (A) and the Anode (A) A cathode (K). p 1 n The symbol reminds you that it acts 2 p like a diode. It does not conduct 3 when it is reverse-biased. n Cathode (K) K Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved. The Four-Layer Diode The concept of 4-layer devices is usually shown as an equivalent circuit of a pnp and an npn transistor. Ideally, these devices would not conduct, but when forward biased, if there is sufficient leakage current in the upper pnp device, it can act as base current to the lower npn device causing it to conduct and bringing both transistors into saturation. -
Relaxation Oscillators and Networks
In J.G. Webster (ed.), Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Wiley & Sons, vol. 18, pp. 396-405, 1999 Relaxation Oscillators and Networks DeLiang Wang Department of Computer and Information Science and Center for Cognitive Science The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210-1277 Relaxation oscillations comprise a large class of nonlinear dynamical systems, and arise naturally from many physical systems such as mechanics, biology, chemistry, and engineering. Such periodic phenomena are characterized by intervals of time during which little happens, interleaved with intervals of time during which considerable changes take place. In other words, relaxation oscillations exhibit more than one time scale. The dynamics of a relaxation oscillator is illustrated by the mechanical system of a seesaw in Figure 1. At one side of the seesaw is there a water container which is empty at the beginning; in this situation the other side of the seesaw touches the ground. As the weight of water dripping from a tap into the container exceeds that of the other side, the seesaw flips and the container side touches the ground. At this moment, the container empties itself, and the seesaw returns quictly to its original position and the process repeats. AAA AAA Figure 1. An example of a relaxation oscillator: a seesaw with a water container at one end (adapted from (4)). Relaxation oscillations were first observed by van der Pol (1) in 1926 when studying properties of a triode circuit. Such a circuit exhibits self-sustained oscillations. van der Pol discovered that for a certain range of the system parameters the oscillation is almost sinusoidal, but for a different range the oscillation exhibits abrupt changes. -
Simple Blocking Oscillator Performance Analysis for Battery Voltage Enhancement
Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol. 11, No.3&4 (2015) 321-329 © Rinton Press SIMPLE BLOCKING OSCILLATOR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR BATTERY VOLTAGE ENHANCEMENT DEWANTO HARJUNOWIBOWO ESMART, Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] RESTU WIDHI HASTUTI Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] KENNY ANINDIA RATOPO Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] ANIF JAMALUDDIN ESMART, Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] SYUBHAN ANNUR FKIP MIPA, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia An application Blocking Oscillator (BO) on a battery to power a system LED lamp light detector has been built and compared with a standard system used phone cellular adapter as the power supply. The performance analysis was carried out to determine the efficiency of the blocking oscillator and its potency to be adopted in an electronic appliance using low voltage and current from a battery. Measurements were taken using an oscilloscope, a multimeter, and a light meter. The results show that the system generates electrical pulses of 1.5 to 7.6 VDC and powering the system normally. The system generates 3.167 mW powers to produce the intensity of 176 Lux. On the contrary, the standard system needs 1.8mW to produce 5 Lux. A LED usually takes at least 60mW to get 7150 Lux. Therefore, the system used a simple blocking oscillator seems potential to provide high voltage for powering electronic appliances with low current. Key words: blocking oscillator, characteristic, efficiency, LED, pulse 1 Introduction A design of circuit based on blocking oscillator for light up a LED using waste battery was carried out. -
Electronic Circuits Lab
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB 1 2 STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL TEACHERS TRAINING AND RESEARCH GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Rough record and Fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted in the laboratory. Rough records are needed to be certified immediately on completion of the experiment. Fair records are due at the beginning of the next lab period. Fair records must be submitted as neat, legible, and complete. INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE FAIR RECORD In the fair record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding experiment number, experiment name , date on which it was done and the page number. On the right side page of the record following has to be written: 1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters. 2. In the left top margin, experiment number and date should be written. 3. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly. 4. Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components used: A list of the Apparatus/Tools/ Equipments /Components used for doing the experiment should be entered. 5. Principle: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set up/algorithm should be written. 6. Procedure: steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be briefly described(flow chart/programs in the case of computer/processor related experiments) 7. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be fulfilling the aim. 8. Inference: Inference from the results is to be mentioned. On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded: 1. Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams/experimental set up. -
Sinusoidal and Non- Sinusoidal Oscillators
CHAPTER65 Learning Objectives ➣ What is an Oscillator? SINUSOIDAL ➣ Classification of Oscillators ➣ Damped and Undamped AND NON- Oscillations ➣ Oscillatory Circuit ➣ Essentials of a Feedback LC SINUSOIDAL Oscillator ➣ Tuned Base Oscillator ➣ Tuned Collector Oscillator OSCILLATORS ➣ Hartley Oscillator ➣ FET Hartley Oscillator ➣ Colpitts Oscillator ➣ Clapp Oscillator ➣ FET Colpitts Oscillator ➣ Crystal Controlled Oscillator ➣ Transistor Pierce Cystal Oscillator ➣ FET Pierce Oscillator ➣ Phase Shift Principle ➣ RC Phase Shift Oscillator ➣ Wien Bridge Oscillator ➣ Pulse Definitions ➣ Basic Requirements of a Sawtooth Generator ➣ UJT Sawtooth Generator ➣ Multivibrators (MV) ➣ Astable Multivibrator An oscillator is an electronic device used for ➣ Bistable Multivibrator (BMV) the purpose of generating a signal. Oscillators ➣ Schmitt Trigger are found in computers, wireless receivers ➣ Transistor Blocking Oscillator and transmitters, and audiofrequency equipment particularly music synthesizers 2408 Electrical Technology 65.1. What is an Oscillator ? An electronic oscillator may be defined in any one of the following four ways : 1. It is a circuit which converts dc energy into ac energy at a very high frequency; 2. It is an electronic source of alternating cur- rent or voltage having sine, square or sawtooth or pulse shapes; 3. It is a circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any externally ap- Oscillator plied input signal; 4. It is an unstable amplifier. These definitions exclude electromechanical alternators producing 50 Hz ac power or other devices which convert mechanical or heat energy into electric energy. 65.2. Comparison Between an Amplifier and an Oscillator As discussed in Chapter-10, an amplifier produces an output signal whose waveform is similar to the input signal but whose power level is generally high. -
Simple Blocking Oscillator for Waste Battery's Voltage Enhancement
International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 2, March 2016 Simple Blocking Oscillator for Waste Battery’s Voltage Enhancement Dewanto Harjunowibowo, Wiwit Widiawati, Anif Jamaluddin, and Furqon Idris zero. Since VBB<<VCC and does not affect the operation of Abstract—A system based on Blocking Oscillator (BO) has circuit therefore it can be neglected. been built and potentially produces high gain pulses voltage. This paper aims to discuss characteristic, work principle, and its potency of simple blocking oscillator to optimize batteries usage. The measurement of its peak to peak voltage (Vpp) and root means square voltage (Vrms) were conducted using digital oscilloscope and digital voltmeter. The experiment proves that the system produces high gain pulse electricity and driven LED without broke it out. The system could power a white LED 3.0-4.0 V using an input voltage of 0.98 VDC from waste battery. Using blocking oscillator, a battery may be used longer and more efficient until the battery energy almost ramps out to 0.5V. Index Terms—Blocking oscillator, characteristic, gain, led. Fig. 1. A triggered transistor blocking oscillator with base timing. Suppose a triggering signal is momentarily applied to the I. INTRODUCTION collector to lower its voltage. By transformer action, the base In order to increase battery life, some experiments has been will rise in potential. After VBE exceeds the cut in voltage, done, such as to design circuit building blocks with lower the transistor saturates and starts to draw current. The increase supply voltage and consuming sub-microwatt power. in collector current lowers the collector voltage, which in turn Reference [1] has built a circuit design which generates a DC raises the base voltage. -
Oscilators Simplified
SIMPLIFIED WITH 61 PROJECTS DELTON T. HORN SIMPLIFIED WITH 61 PROJECTS DELTON T. HORN TAB BOOKS Inc. Blue Ridge Summit. PA 172 14 FIRST EDITION FIRST PRINTING Copyright O 1987 by TAB BOOKS Inc. Printed in the United States of America Reproduction or publication of the content in any manner, without express permission of the publisher, is prohibited. No liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information herein. Library of Cangress Cataloging in Publication Data Horn, Delton T. Oscillators simplified, wtth 61 projects. Includes index. 1. Oscillators, Electric. 2, Electronic circuits. I. Title. TK7872.07H67 1987 621.381 5'33 87-13882 ISBN 0-8306-03751 ISBN 0-830628754 (pbk.) Questions regarding the content of this book should be addressed to: Reader Inquiry Branch Editorial Department TAB BOOKS Inc. P.O. Box 40 Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214 Contents Introduction vii List of Projects viii 1 Oscillators and Signal Generators 1 What Is an Oscillator? - Waveforms - Signal Generators - Relaxatton Oscillators-Feedback Oscillators-Resonance- Applications--Test Equipment 2 Sine Wave Oscillators 32 LC Parallel Resonant Tanks-The Hartfey Oscillator-The Coipltts Oscillator-The Armstrong Oscillator-The TITO Oscillator-The Crystal Oscillator 3 Other Transistor-Based Signal Generators 62 Triangle Wave Generators-Rectangle Wave Generators- Sawtooth Wave Generators-Unusual Waveform Generators 4 UJTS 81 How a UJT Works-The Basic UJT Relaxation Oscillator-Typical Design Exampl&wtooth Wave Generators-Unusual Wave- form Generator 5 Op Amp Circuits -
Relaxation Oscillator Using Superconducting Schmitt Trigger Inverter
2014 International Symposium on Nonlinear Theory and its Applications NOLTA2014, Luzern, Switzerland, September 14-18, 2014 Relaxation Oscillator Using Superconducting Schmitt Trigger Inverter Takeshi Onomi† †Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan Email: [email protected] Abstract– A new superconducting Schmitt trigger National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and inverter and a relaxation oscillator are proposed. The Technology with the standard process 2 (STP2) [8]. proposed superconducting Schmitt trigger inverter is composed of a threshold gate using coupled 2.1. Coupled SQUIDs Gate with Flat Output superconducting interference devices (SQUIDs). The Characteristics oscillator is based on the concept using a Schmitt trigger inverter and a delayed feedback loop. It is shown that the We have proposed a superconducting threshold gate inverter with an inductive feedback loop can operate as the with flat output characteristics[2]. Figure 1 shows the relaxation oscillator by a numerical simulation. We also circuit diagram of the gate composed of cascaded two- show that the relaxation oscillator with an additional buffer stage c-SQUIDs gate. The double-junction SQUID (DC- gate generates a square waveform. SQUID) reads out the quantum state of the single-junction SQUID[9]. Because the transition of the quantum state of 1. Introduction the single-junction SQUID follows a step-like function, the output voltage of the DC-SQUID is characterized by a A Schmitt trigger is a famous threshold element with sharp rise in voltage. We have proposed a neural network hysteretic characteristics[1]. Semiconductor threshold using this characteristic corresponding to a sigmoid- gates with such characteristics are widely used for some shaped function which is typical for generating neuron popular applications such as hysteretic comparators or output[10]. -
Generation of Broad-Band Chaos Using Blocking Oscillator Nikolai F
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 6, JUNE 2001 673 Generation of Broad-Band Chaos Using Blocking Oscillator Nikolai F. Rulkov and Alexander R. Volkovskii Abstract—In this paper, we discuss fundamentals for the design of a source of chaotic signals based on a blocking oscillator circuit. We study a modification of a well-known circuit of blocking os- cillator which leads to the onset of chaotic oscillations. The output signal of such chaotic oscillator is a series of short term pulses char- acterized by chaotic fluctuations of time intervals between pulses. Such chaotic pulse signals posses a broad-band continuous power spectrum and short correlation length. We discuss the results of theoretical and experimental studies of nonlinear dynamics of the chaotic blocking oscillator. Index Terms—Bifurcations, chaos, nonlinear circuits. I. INTRODUCTION NTENSIVE studies of possible applications of chaotic sig- I nals are supported in part by the abilities of simple inex- pensive electrical circuits to generate complex chaotic signals. Quite a few simple autonomous nonlinear circuits that posses chaotic dynamics have been proposed and studied, see for ex- Fig. 1. Chaotic blocking oscillator circuit. ample [1]–[6]. Most of these nonlinear circuits produce chaotic signals in form of quasiharmonic oscillations. Chaos in such cir- stead of quasiharmonic chaotic signals are discussed in details cuits occurs through bifurcations from a regime of harmonic os- in [10], [12], [13]. cillation. The shape of the power spectrum of such chaotic sig- The core of the chaotic pulse oscillators is a circuit that gener- nals depends upon the amplitudes of higher harmonics which ates time intervals in accordance with the iterations of a chaotic occur due to nonlinear distortions of the original harmonic os- map. -
Pdf 146.00K An12
Application Note 12 October 1985 Circuit Techniques for Clock Sources Jim Williams Almost all digital or communication systems require some network shown is a replacement for this function. Figure 1d form of clock source. Generating accurate and stable clock is a version using two gates. Such circuits are particularly signals is often a difficult design problem. vulnerable to spurious operation but are attractive from a Quartz crystals are the basis for most clock sources. The component count standpoint. The two linearly biased gates combination of high Q, stability vs time and temperature, provide 360 degrees of phase shift with the feedback path and wide available frequency range make crystals a coming through the crystal. The capacitor simply blocks price-performance bargain. Unfortunately, relatively little DC in the gain path. Figure 1e shows a circuit based on information has appeared on circuitry for crystals and discrete components. Contrasted against the other cir- engineers often view crystal circuitry as a black art, best cuits, it provides a good example of the design flexibility left to a few skilled practitioners (see box, “About Quartz and certainty available with components specified in the Crystals”). linear domain. This circuit will oscillate over a wide range of crystal frequencies, typically 2MHz to 20MHz. In fact, the highest performance crystal clock circuitry does demand a variety of complex considerations and subtle The 2.2k and 33k resistors and the diodes compose a implementation techniques. Most applications, however, pseudo current source which supplies base drive. don’t require this level of attention and are relatively easy At 25°C the base current is: to serve.