DOCSLIB.ORG

Installation and Maintenance Book

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Installation and Maintenance Book n~ n mmn n m TT nm kLkL 1 KUN lC3 INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE BOOK ELECTRONIQ-7 CIRCUITS &- DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL SHIP ENGINEERING CENTER PUBLISHED: APRIL 1965 CHANGE 2 : SEPTEMBER 1968 (0967-000-0122) BOX SCORE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS HANDBOOK NAVSHIPS 0967.W0.0120 EDITION PUBLICATION STOCK DATE NUMBER Basic April 1965 0967-000-0120 Change 1 December 1966 0967-000-012 1 Change 2 September 1968 0967-000-0122 CHANGE 2 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS NAYSHIPS 0967~000.0120 EFFECTIVE PAGES LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Title Page Change 2 SrcLion 9 ii thru xvi Change 2 9-A-1 thru 9-A-9 Original A and B Change 2 9-A-10 thru 9-A-21 Change 1 9-B-1 and 9-8-2 Original 9-B-3 thru 9-8-7 Change 1 Section 10 10-A-1 and 10-A-2 Orieinal 2-1 thru 2-13 Original 16-A-3 cicu i"-~-ii 1 ln-8-1 rhni 10-8-4 Original Section 3 10-B-5 thru 10-8-7 Change 1 3-1 tbru 3-37 Uriginal Seiiiuii 11 ,, " 7 Section 4 LA-'.L and :I-.-? 2rigiir.nl 4-8-1 thru 4-A-43 Original 11-A-3 and 11-A-4 OriginalIChange 1 4-6-1 tlrru 4-B-35 Original 11-A-5 and 11-A-6 Change llChange 2 4-C-1 thru 4-C-22 Original 11-A-7 thru 11-A-37 Change 2 4-0-1 thru 4-9-19 Original 11-B-1 and 11-8-2 Originallchange 2 11-B-3 thru 11-B-12 Change 2 Section 5 5-A-1 thru 5-A-8 Original 5-A-9 thru 5-A-34 change I 5-B-1 thru 5-B-4 Original 5-C-1 thru 5-C-4 Original ...... ~~ -. ,, " . z~d13-A-2 -n-:-;--, .A a Section 6 13-A-? and I?-&-4 GriginaIlChange 2 6-A-1 thru 6-A-5 Original 13-A-5 thru 13-A-15 Chanze- 2 6-A-6 thru 6-A-6CC Change 1 13-8-1 thru 13-B-4 Uriginal 6-A-7 thru 6-A-21 Original 13-B-5 thru 13-B-9 Change 2 6-A-22 thru 6-A-22EFF Change 1 6-A-23 and 6-A-24 Original Section 14 b-A-25 and 6-A-26 CriginaliZhange 2 A-tt.ru I/-A-38 Orizinul- 6-A-27 thru 6-A-38 Original 14-A-39 and 14-A-40 OriginalICirangr 2 6-A-39 thru 6-A-43 Change 1 11-2-41 thru 14-A-46 Change 2 6-B-1 thru 6-8-8 Original 14-A-46A and Blank Change 2 6-8-9 and 6-8-10 Change IlChange 2 14-A-47 thru 14-A-70 Change 2 6-a-11 thru 6-B-18 Change 1 14-8-1 thru 14-5-4 vriginal 6-8-19 and 6-8-20 Change l1Change 2 14-B-5 thru 14-8-16 Change 2 6-B-21 tliru 6-B-44 Change 1 6-B-45 and 6-8-46 Change ZIChange 1 Section 15 6-B-47 thru 6-B-57 Change 1 ij-~~-ichru 15-A-22 O~i~ill~l ..-*-?7 . -. ::.;-.>: A- ~.-a .. -. ~/::<:IIL~- 2 Section 7 ;j-~-; an; ;;-:.; Zriginal i-:,.> id 7-?~-? Ori$inal/Chanee 2 15-8-3 thru 15-B-11 Change 2 7-8-3 tnru 7-8-7b Original Section 16 CCCf'"".- " ib-A-1 tnru lo-A-+ driainai 8-h-l chr; 8-A-5 Original 16-A-5 and 16-A-6 OriginallLhange i 8-' 6 . , ", ... " ‘L- La2rt,... S-;.-27 Change I 1 tl-A-7 ~ilxu16-A-13 '."b,rLC L 8-B-1 and 8-b-2 3rigin-1 16-5-1 and 16-8-2 Crigisai 8-R-3 and 8-8-4 Originallchange 1 16-8-3 thru 16-B-9 ioange 2 8-B-5 and 8-8-6 Change IIChange 2 8-8-7 thru 8-B-23 Change 1 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Section 17 Section 21 17-1 and 17-2 Original 21-A-1 thru 21-A-6 Original 17-3 thru 17-11 Change 2 21-A-7 and 21-A-8 OrieinalIChanre- 2 21-A-9 thru ZI-A-~I change 2 Section 18 21-8-1 and 21-B-2 Original 18-A-1 and 18-A-2 OriginalIChange 2 21-8-3 and 21-8-4 Originallchange 2 18-A-3 thru 18-A-5 Change 2 21-B-5 thru 21-B-7 Change 2 18-8-1 and 18-8-2 Original 18-B-3 thru 18-B-6 Change 2 Section 22 22-1 thru 22-6 Original Section 19 22-7 thru 22-39 Change 2 19-A-1 and Blank Original 19-8-3 thru 19-B-12 Change 1 Section 23 19-8-13 and 19-8-14 Change 21Change 1 23-1 thru 23-4 Original 19-8-15 thru 19-8-32 Change 1 23-5 thru 23-17 Change 2 19-C-1 and 19-C-2 Original 19-C-3 thru 19-C-11 Change 1 Section 20 20-A-1 thru 20-A-5 Original 20-A-6 thru 20-A-8 Change 1 20-A-9 and 20-A-10 Change 11Change 2 20-A-11 and Blank Change 2 20-8-1 and Blank Original 20-C-1 thru 20-C-7 Original CHANGE 2 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS NAVSHIPS 0967-000-0120 TABLEOFCONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I Introduition Purpose Use Scope 2 General Inlormotion on Electron Tube Clrrvlts Definitions of Letter Synbols I:sed :.nnscrilc:;nn or >).;;no; s List of Symbols Biasing Xethods Cathode Bias Crid.Lca!< Bias Fixed Bias Classes of Amplifier Operation Class A Operation Class B Operation Class AB Operation Class C Operation Coupling ilethods R-C Coupling Impedance Coupling Transformer Coupling Direct Coupling Time Constants R-C Circuits R-L Circuits 3 Gcncro! Inloimmtion an Semi~ond~~tarC;rcu;ti Definitions of Letter Symbols Used Construction of Symbols Alphabetical List of Semiconductor Letter Symbols Diode Circuits Junction Diode Theory Forward-Biased Diode Stabilization Reverse-Biased Diode Stabilization Doublr-Diode S~aLili~a~ion Diode Voltage Stabilization -.~rmperaturr Compensation Shtinr-1.imiting Diode Diode AGC Circuit WPI' Switching (Fnllr-~"y13r nicde) Photodiodes Tunnel Diodes Triode iommon-Base CircuiLs -.nias (Common Sasri Triode Common-Emitter Circuits "~.2L.:> ~- *J~~Lics (C owJlld,, rll,iLLLI) Bzrss.. Stabi1izetion Triode Cornon-Collecrnr Ciri-liirs Bias (Common Collector) Tetrade, Power, and Special-Purpose Circuits Tetrodes ,..""+<-" '""*?..A,. ,n"..k,m-e""..A T..".."<"*"-\ .---"-- \--- "-- --"-- .-",."A"L"., Spacistor Tetroide ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS TABLE OF CONTENTS Sec,ion Crystal-Xixer Tetrade Point-Contact Tetrode Power Transistors and Considerations Special-Purpose Transistors and Circuits PNPK Triode (Hook Collector) Unipolar (Field-Effect) Transistor Unijunction Transistor (Double-Based Diode) Surface-Barrier Transistor PNIP-KPIN Transistor Drift Transistor Diffused-Base (XESA) Transistor Silicon Controlled Rectifier Phototransistor Thermistor Classes of Amplifier Operation Class A Class B Class A8 Class C Coupling \lethods R-C Coupling Impedance Coupling Transformer Coupling Direct Coupling Time Constants Hybrid Parameters 4 Po.., Supply Cirruitr Port A. Electron-Tube Circuits Single-Phase, Half-Wave Rectifier Single-Phase, Full-Wave Rectifier Single-Phase, Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier Three-Phase, Half-Wave (Three-Phase Star) Rectifier Three-Phase, Full-Wave (Single "Y" Secondary) Rectifier Three-Phase, Full-Wave (Delta Secondary) Rectifier Three-Phase, Half-Wave (Double "Y" Secondary) Rectifier Half-Wave Voltage Doubler Full-Wave Voltage Doubler Voltage Tripler Voltage Quadrupler High-Voltage (CRT) Supply, Audio Oscillator Type High-Voltage (CRT) Supply, R-F Oscillator Type Part B. Semiconductor Circuits Semiconductor Rectifiers Single-Phase, Half-Wave Rectifier Single-Phase, Full-Wave Rectifier Single-Phase, Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier Three-Phase, Half-Wave (Three-Phase Star) Rectifier Three-Phase, Full-Wave (Single "Y" Secondary) Rectifier Three-Phase, Full-Wave (Delta Secondary) Rectifier Three-Phase, Half-Wave (Double "Y" Secondary) Rectifier Half-Wave Voltage Doubler Full-Wave Voltage Doubler Voltage Tripler Voltage Quadrupler High-Voltage (CRT) Supply, Square-Wave Oscillator Type DC-to-DC Converter Dosimeter Charper (DC-to-DC Converter) ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS NAVSHIPS 0967-000-0120 TABLE OF CONTENTS section Port C. Electromech~nicoiCircuits Rutsti<,g Z:eitiur,cihzfiiial Systems Uynamotor Inverter Vibrator-Type Power Supplies Nonsynchronous Vibrator Supply Synchronous Vibrator Supply Port D. Filter Circuits Power-Supply Filters Shunt-Capacitor Filter 3-i Capacitor-inpur iiirri I-C Capacitor-Input Filter L-C Choke-Input Filter Resonant Filter 5 v~ito~e-~e~~iotorC~rcu~tr Port A. Electron-Tube Circuits Gas-Tube Regulator Electronic Regulator D-C Regulator using Pentode Amplifier D-C Regulator using Cascode Twin-Triode Amplifier D-C Regulator using Cascade Twin-Triode Amplifier D-C Regulator using Twin-Triode and Pentode (Balanced Input) D-C Regulator using Pentode and Twin-Triode (Balanced Output) Electromagnetic Regulators Part B. Semiconductor Circuits Semiconductor Regulators BrrdbCuw?: Dlu& S~LUL~~-T~~~-Xi-gulai~r Part C. Elertromechanicol Circultr Electromechanical Regulators 6 Amplilier Circuits P~rtA. Electron-Tube Circuits Audio Amplifiers R-C Coupled Triode Audio Voltage Amplifier R-C Coupled Pentode Audio Voltage Amplifier Impedance-Coupled Triode Audio Voltage Amplifier Transformer-Coupled Triode Audio Voltage Amplifier Single-Ended, R-C Coupled Triode Audio Power Amplifier Single-Ended, R-C Coupled Pentode Audio Power Amplifier Push-Pull (Class A, AB, and B) Audio Power Amplifier Phase Inverters Iransformer Type Inverter Single-Tube Paraphase Inverter lwo-lube Parapnase Inverter TJraphas*, " .L..a. 7 -> ".a..i"ui-Luupis- ;.i.s;>=i Differential Paraphase Inverter Cathode Follower iow-Level Video Cathode Foiluwar Pulse Cathode Follower \ririeo Amplifiers Triode Video Amplifier .Ycntode Video .47piifler :.;.r.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ariel Moss EE 254 Project 6 12/6/13 Project 6: Oscillator Circuits The
    Ariel Moss EE 254 Project 6 12/6/13 Project 6: Oscillator Circuits The purpose of this experiment was to design two oscillator circuits: a Wien-Bridge oscillator at 3 kHz oscillation and a Hartley Oscillator using a BJT at 5 kHz oscillation. The first oscillator designed was a Wien-Bridge oscillator (Figure 1). Before designing the circuit, some background information was collected. An input signal sent to the non-inverting terminal with a parallel and series RC configuration as well as two resistors connected in inverting circuit types to achieve gain. The circuit works because the RC network is connected to the positive feedback part of the amplifier, and has a zero phase shift at a frequency. At the oscillation frequency, the voltages applied to both the inputs will be in phase, which causes the positive and negative feedback to cancel out. This causes the signal to oscillate. To calculate the time constant given the cutoff frequency, Calculation 1 was used. The capacitor was chosen to be 0.1µF, which left the input, series, and parallel resistors to be 530Ω and the output resistor to be 1.06 kHz. The signal was then simulated in PSPICE, and after adjusting the output resistor to 1.07Ω, the circuit produced a desired simulation with time spacing of .000335 seconds, which was very close to the calculated time spacing. (Figures 2-3 and Calculations 2-3). R2 1.07k 10Vdc V1 R1 LM741 4 2 V- 1 - OS1 530 6 OUT 0 3 5 + 7 OS2 U1 V+ V2 10Vdc Cs Rs 0.1u 530 Cp Rp 0.1u 530 0 Figure 2: Wien-Bridge Oscillator built in PSPICE Ariel Moss EE 254 Project 6 12/6/13 Figure 3: Simulation of circuit Next the circuit was built and tested.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 19 - the Oscillator
    Chapter 19 - The Oscillator The Electronics Curse “Your amplifiers will oscillate, your oscillators won't!” Question, What is an Oscillator? A Pendulum is an Oscillator... “Oscillators are circuits that are used to generate A.C. signals. Although mechanical methods, like alternators, can be used to generate low frequency A.C. signals, such as the 50 Hz mains, electronic circuits are the most practical way of generating signals at radio frequencies.” Comment: Hmm, wasn't always. In the time of Marconi, generators were used to generate a frequency to transmit. We are talking about kiloWatts of power! e.g. Grimeton L.F. Transmitter. Oscillators are widely used in both transmitters and receivers. In transmitters they are used to generate the radio frequency signal that will ultimately be applied to the antenna, causing it to transmit. In receivers, oscillators are widely used in conjunction with mixers (a circuit that will be covered in a later module) to change the frequency of the received radio signal. Principal of Operation The diagram below is a ‘block diagram’ showing a typical oscillator. Block diagrams differ from the circuit diagrams that we have used so far in that they do not show every component in the circuit individually. Instead they show complete functional blocks – for example, amplifiers and filters – as just one symbol in the diagram. They are useful because they allow us to get a high level overview of how a circuit or system functions without having to show every individual component. The Barkhausen Criterion [That's NOT ‘dog box’ in German!] Comment: In electronics, the Barkhausen stability criterion is a mathematical condition to determine when a linear electronic circuit will oscillate.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of BJT Colpitts Oscillators - Empirical and Mathematical Methods for Predicting Behavior Nicholas Jon Stave Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Analysis of BJT Colpitts Oscillators - Empirical and Mathematical Methods for Predicting Behavior Nicholas Jon Stave Marquette University Recommended Citation Stave, Nicholas Jon, "Analysis of BJT Colpitts sO cillators - Empirical and Mathematical Methods for Predicting Behavior" (2019). Master's Theses (2009 -). 554. https://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/554 ANALYSIS OF BJT COLPITTS OSCILLATORS – EMPIRICAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PREDICTING BEHAVIOR by Nicholas J. Stave, B.Sc. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2019 ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF BJT COLPITTS OSCILLATORS – EMPIRICAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PREDICTING BEHAVIOR Nicholas J. Stave, B.Sc. Marquette University, 2019 Oscillator circuits perform two fundamental roles in wireless communication – the local oscillator for frequency shifting and the voltage-controlled oscillator for modulation and detection. The Colpitts oscillator is a common topology used for these applications. Because the oscillator must function as a component of a larger system, the ability to predict and control its output characteristics is necessary. Textbooks treating the circuit often omit analysis of output voltage amplitude and output resistance and the literature on the topic often focuses on gigahertz-frequency chip-based applications. Without extensive component and parasitics information, it is often difficult to make simulation software predictions agree with experimental oscillator results. The oscillator studied in this thesis is the bipolar junction Colpitts oscillator in the common-base configuration and the analysis is primarily experimental. The characteristics considered are output voltage amplitude, output resistance, and sinusoidal purity of the waveform.
    [Show full text]
  • AM Transmitters
    Chapter 4: AM Transmitters Chapter 4 Objectives At the conclusion of this chapter, the reader will be able to: • Draw a block diagram of a high or low-level AM transmitter, giving typical signals at each point in the circuit. • Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of high and low-level AM transmitters. • Identify an RF oscillator configuration, pointing out the components that control its frequency. • Describe the physical construction of a quartz crystal. • Calculate the series and parallel resonant frequencies of a quartz crystal, given manufacturer's data. • Identify the resonance modes of a quartz crystal in typical RF oscillator circuits. • Describe the operating characteristics of an RF amplifier circuit, given its schematic diagram. • Explain the operation of modulator circuits. • Identify the functional blocks (amplifiers, oscillators, etc) in a schematic diagram. • List measurement procedures used with AM transmitters. • Develop a plan for troubleshooting a transmitter. In Chapter 3 we studied the theory of amplitude modulation, but we never actually built an AM transmitter. To construct a working transmitter (or receiver), a knowledge of RF circuit principles is necessary. A complete transmitter consists of many different stages and hundreds of electronic components. When beginning technicians see the schematic diagram of a "real" electronic system for the first time, they're overwhelmed. A schematic contains much valuable information. But to the novice, it's a swirling mass of resistors, capacitors, coils, transistors, and IC chips, all connected in a massive web of wires! How can anyone understand this? All electronic systems, no matter how complex, are built from functional blocks or stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Oscillator Design
    Oscillator Design •Introduction –What makes an oscillator? •Types of oscillators –Fixed frequency or voltage controlled oscillator –LC resonator –Ring Oscillator –Crystal resonator •Design of oscillators –Frequency control, stability –Amplitude limits –Buffered output –isolation –Bias circuits –Voltage control –Phase noise 1 Oscillator Requirements •Power source •Frequency-determining components •Active device to provide gain •Positive feedback LC Oscillator fr = 1/ 2p LC Hartley Crystal Colpitts Clapp RC Wien-Bridge Ring 2 Feedback Model for oscillators x A(jw) i xo A (jw) = A f 1 - A(jω)×b(jω) x = x + x d i f Barkhausen criteria x f A( jw)× b ( jω) =1 β Barkhausen’scriteria is necessary but not sufficient. If the phase shift around the loop is equal to 360o at zero frequency and the loop gain is sufficient, the circuit latches up rather than oscillate. To stabilize the frequency, a frequency-selective network is added and is named as resonator. Automatic level control needed to stabilize magnitude 3 General amplitude control •One thought is to detect oscillator amplitude, and then adjust Gm so that it equals a desired value •By using feedback, we can precisely achieve GmRp= 1 •Issues •Complex, requires power, and adds noise 4 Leveraging Amplifier Nonlinearity as Feedback •Practical trans-conductance amplifiers have saturating characteristics –Harmonics created, but filtered out by resonator –Our interest is in the relationship between the input and the fundamental of the output •As input amplitude is increased –Effective gain from input
    [Show full text]
  • Lec#12: Sine Wave Oscillators
    Integrated Technical Education Cluster Banna - At AlAmeeria ‎ © Ahmad El J-601-1448 Electronic Principals Lecture #12 Sine wave oscillators Instructor: Dr. Ahmad El-Banna 2015 January Banna Agenda - © Ahmad El Introduction Feedback Oscillators Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuits 1448 Lec#12 , Jan, 2015 Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuits - 601 - J Crystal-Controlled Oscillators 2 INTRODUCTION 3 J-601-1448 , Lec#12 , Jan 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna Banna Introduction - • An oscillator is a circuit that produces a periodic waveform on its output with only the dc supply voltage as an input. © Ahmad El • The output voltage can be either sinusoidal or non sinusoidal, depending on the type of oscillator. • Two major classifications for oscillators are feedback oscillators and relaxation oscillators. o an oscillator converts electrical energy from the dc power supply to periodic waveforms. 1448 Lec#12 , Jan, 2015 - 601 - J 4 FEEDBACK OSCILLATORS FEEDBACK 5 J-601-1448 , Lec#12 , Jan 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna Banna Positive feedback - • Positive feedback is characterized by the condition wherein a portion of the output voltage of an amplifier is fed © Ahmad El back to the input with no net phase shift, resulting in a reinforcement of the output signal. Basic elements of a feedback oscillator. 1448 Lec#12 , Jan, 2015 - 601 - J 6 Banna Conditions for Oscillation - • Two conditions: © Ahmad El 1. The phase shift around the feedback loop must be effectively 0°. 2. The voltage gain, Acl around the closed feedback loop (loop gain) must equal 1 (unity). 1448 Lec#12 , Jan, 2015 - 601 - J 7 Banna Start-Up Conditions - • For oscillation to begin, the voltage gain around the positive feedback loop must be greater than 1 so that the amplitude of the output can build up to a desired level.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit I - Feedback Amplifiers Part - a 1
    EC6401 Electronic Circuits II Department of ECE 2014-2015 UNIT I - FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS PART - A 1. Define positive and negative feedback? Ans: Positive feedback: If the feedback voltage (or current) is so applied as to increase the input voltage (i.e. it is in phase with it), then it is called positive feedback. Negative feedback: If the feedback voltage (or current) is so applied as to reduce the input voltage (i.e. it is 180out of phase with it), then it is called negative feedback. 2. What are the advantages of negative feedback? Ans: The advantages of negative feedback are higher fidelity and stabilized gain, increased bandwidth, less distortion and reduced noise and input & output impedances can be modified as desired. 3. List four basic types of feedback? Ans: (1) Voltage series feedback (2) Voltage shunt feedback (3) Current series feedback and (4) Current shunt feedback. 4. Negative feedback is preferred to other methods of modifying Amplifier characteristics. Why? Ans: Negative feedback is preferred to other methods of modifying Amplifier Characteristics because it has the following advantages of reduction in distortion, stability in gain, increased bandwidth etc. 5. State the condition in (1+A) which a feedback amplifier must satisfy in order to be stable. Ans: The two important and necessary conditions are (1) The feedback must be positive, (2) Feedback factor must be unity i.e. A = 1 6. What is meant by phase and gain margin? Ans: Phase Margin: It is defined as 1800 minus the magnitude of the Aat the frequency at which A is unity. If he phase margin is negative the system is stable otherwise unstable.
    [Show full text]
  • Simple Blocking Oscillator Performance Analysis for Battery Voltage Enhancement
    Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol. 11, No.3&4 (2015) 321-329 © Rinton Press SIMPLE BLOCKING OSCILLATOR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR BATTERY VOLTAGE ENHANCEMENT DEWANTO HARJUNOWIBOWO ESMART, Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] RESTU WIDHI HASTUTI Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] KENNY ANINDIA RATOPO Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] ANIF JAMALUDDIN ESMART, Physics Education Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia [email protected] SYUBHAN ANNUR FKIP MIPA, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia An application Blocking Oscillator (BO) on a battery to power a system LED lamp light detector has been built and compared with a standard system used phone cellular adapter as the power supply. The performance analysis was carried out to determine the efficiency of the blocking oscillator and its potency to be adopted in an electronic appliance using low voltage and current from a battery. Measurements were taken using an oscilloscope, a multimeter, and a light meter. The results show that the system generates electrical pulses of 1.5 to 7.6 VDC and powering the system normally. The system generates 3.167 mW powers to produce the intensity of 176 Lux. On the contrary, the standard system needs 1.8mW to produce 5 Lux. A LED usually takes at least 60mW to get 7150 Lux. Therefore, the system used a simple blocking oscillator seems potential to provide high voltage for powering electronic appliances with low current. Key words: blocking oscillator, characteristic, efficiency, LED, pulse 1 Introduction A design of circuit based on blocking oscillator for light up a LED using waste battery was carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • Oscillator Circuits
    Oscillator Circuits 1 II. Oscillator Operation For self-sustaining oscillations: • the feedback signal must positive • the overall gain must be equal to one (unity gain) 2 If the feedback signal is not positive or the gain is less than one, then the oscillations will dampen out. If the overall gain is greater than one, then the oscillator will eventually saturate. 3 Types of Oscillator Circuits A. Phase-Shift Oscillator B. Wien Bridge Oscillator C. Tuned Oscillator Circuits D. Crystal Oscillators E. Unijunction Oscillator 4 A. Phase-Shift Oscillator 1 Frequency of the oscillator: f0 = (the frequency where the phase shift is 180º) 2πRC 6 Feedback gain β = 1/[1 – 5α2 –j (6α – α3) ] where α = 1/(2πfRC) Feedback gain at the frequency of the oscillator β = 1 / 29 The amplifier must supply enough gain to compensate for losses. The overall gain must be unity. Thus the gain of the amplifier stage must be greater than 1/β, i.e. A > 29 The RC networks provide the necessary phase shift for a positive feedback. They also determine the frequency of oscillation. 5 Example of a Phase-Shift Oscillator FET Phase-Shift Oscillator 6 Example 1 7 BJT Phase-Shift Oscillator R′ = R − hie RC R h fe > 23 + 29 + 4 R RC 8 Phase-shift oscillator using op-amp 9 B. Wien Bridge Oscillator Vi Vd −Vb Z2 R4 1 1 β = = = − = − R3 R1 C2 V V Z + Z R + R Z R β = 0 ⇒ = + o a 1 2 3 4 1 + 1 3 + 1 R4 R2 C1 Z2 R4 Z2 Z1 , i.e., should have zero phase at the oscillation frequency When R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C then Z + Z Z 1 2 2 1 R 1 f = , and 3 ≥ 2 So frequency of oscillation is f = 0 0 2πRC R4 2π ()R1C1R2C2 10 Example 2 Calculate the resonant frequency of the Wien bridge oscillator shown above 1 1 f0 = = = 3120.7 Hz 2πRC 2 π(51×103 )(1×10−9 ) 11 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Hertly Oscillator
    Name of Experiment: Construct a Hartley Oscillator and Determine its Frequency of Oscillation. Objectives: After completing this experiment we would able to learn: 1. How a tank circuit operates. 2. How it produces sinusoidal signal. 3. How a Hartley Oscillator operates. History: The Hartley oscillator was invented by Ralph V.L. Hartley while he was working for the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company. Hartley invented and patented the design in 1915 while overseeing Bell System's transatlantic radiotelephone tests; it was awarded patent number 1,356,763 on October 26, 1920. Theory: A Hartley oscillator is essentially any configuration that uses two series-connected coils and a single capacitor (see Colpitts oscillator for the equivalent oscillator using two capacitors and one coil). Although there is no requirement for there to be mutual coupling between the two coil segments, the circuit is usually implemented this way. It is made up of the following: • Two inductors in series, which need not be mutual • One tuning capacitor Advantages of the Hartley oscillator include: • The frequency may be adjusted using a single variable capacitor • The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range • Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed Disadvantages include; Harmonic-rich content if taken from the amplifier and not directly from the LC circuit The basic LC Oscillator circuit is that they have no means of controlling the amplitude of the oscillations and also, it is difficult to tune the oscillator to the required frequency. If the cumulative electromagnetic coupling between L1 and L2 is too small there would be insufficient feedback and the oscillations would eventually die away to zero.
    [Show full text]
  • RF Oscillators
    Islamic University of Gaza Communications Engineering I (Lab.) Faculty of Engineering Prepared by: Electrical Department Eng. Mohammed K. Abu Foul Experiment # (1) RF Oscillators Prelab: 1. Describe the conditions of oscillation that the Colpitts oscillator and Hartley oscillator can operate in a proper way. 2. Try to design a Hartley oscillator as shown in figure 1.9 with 5 MHz output frequency, and then find the values of C3, L1 and L2. 3. Briefly describe the advantages of crystal oscillator. 4. Briefly describe the design concepts of voltage controlled oscillators. Experiment Objectives: 1. To understand the basic theory of oscillators. 2. To design and implement the Colpitts and Hartley oscillators. 3. To design and implement the crystal and voltage controlled oscillators. 4. To understand the measurement and calculation of the output frequency of oscillator. Experiment theory: Nowadays, wireless communication is widely used in and expanded rapidly. Therefore, RF oscillators become one of the important members in wireless communications. The characteristic of oscillator is that it can produce sinusoidal wave or square wave at output terminal without any input signal. So oscillator becomes an important role no matter for modulated signals or carrier signals. In this experiment, we will focus on the theory of feedback oscillators and the design and implementation of different kinds of oscillators. Besides, we can also learn to measure and calculate the output frequency of oscillators in this experiment. 1. The operation theory of oscillators. Figure 1.1 shows the basic block diagram of the oscillator circuit. It includes an amplifier and a resonator, which comprise the positive feedback network.
    [Show full text]
  • CLASS 331 OSCILLATORS January 2011
    CLASS 331 OSCILLATORS 331 - 1 331 OSCILLATORS 94.1 MOLECULAR OR PARTICLE RESONANT 34 .Particular frequency control TYPE (E.G., MASER) means 1 R AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY STABILIZATION 35 ..Electromechanical (e.g., motor) USING A PHASE OR FREQUENCY 36 R ..Reactance device (e.g., SENSING MEANS variable capacitors, saturable 2 .Plural oscillators controlled inductors, reactance tubes, 3 .Molecular resonance etc.) stabilization 36 C ...Capacitor controlled AFC 4 .Search sweep of oscillator 36 L ...Inductor controlled AFC 5 .Magnetron oscillator 1 A .AFC with logic elements 6 .Klystron oscillator 37 BEAT FREQUENCY 7 ..Plural controls 38 .Plural beating 8 .Transistorized controls 39 ..Single channel 9 .Oscillator with distributed 40 .Frequency or amplitude parameter-type discriminator adjustment or control 10 .Plural A.F.S. for a single 41 .Frequency stabilization oscillator 42 .With particular signal combining 11 ..Plural comparators or means (e.g., cavity mixer) discriminators 43 ..With filter in mixer output 12 ...With phase-shifted inputs circuit 13 ..Motor control of oscillator 44 WITH FREQUENCY CALIBRATION OR 14 .With intermittent comparison TESTING controls 45 POLYPHASE OUTPUT 15 .Amplitude compensation 46 PLURAL OSCILLATORS 16 .Tuning compensation 47 .Oscillator used to vary 17 .Particular error voltage control amplitude or frequency of (e.g., intergrating network) another oscillator 18 .With reference oscillator or 48 .Adjustable frequency source 49 .Selectively connected to common 19 ..Spectrum reference source output or oscillator substitution
    [Show full text]