DOCSLIB.ORG

Principalisation Algorithm Via Class Group Structure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Principalisation Algorithm Via Class Group Structure PRINCIPALISATION ALGORITHM VIA CLASS GROUP STRUCTURE DANIEL C. MAYER Abstract. For an algebraic number field K with 3-class group Cl3(K) of type (3; 3) the structure of the 3-class groups Cl3(Ni) of the four unramified cyclic cubic extension fields Ni (1 ≤ i ≤ 4) of K is calculated with the aid of presentations for the metabelian Galois group G = Gal(F2(K)jK) of the second Hilbert 3-class field F2(K) of K. In the case of a quadratic 3 p 3 base field K = Q( D) it is shown that the structure of the 3-class groups of the four S3-fields N1;:::;N4 determines the type of the principalisation of the 3-class group of K in N1;:::;N4. This provides an alternative to the classical principalisation algorithm by Scholz and Taussky. The new algorithm, which is easily automatisable and executes very quickly, is implemented in PARI/GP and applied to all 4 596 quadratic fields with discriminant −106 < D < 107 and 3-class group of type (3; 3) to obtain extensive statistics of their principalisation types and the distribution of their second 3-class groups G on the coclass graphs G(3; r), 1 ≤ r ≤ 6, in the sense of Eick and Leedham-Green. 1. Introduction The principal ideal theorem, which has been conjectured by Hilbert in 1898 [14, p.14], states that every ideal of a number field K becomes principal when it is extended to the Hilbert class field F1(K) of K, that is the maximal abelian unramified extension field of K. Inspired by the Artin-Furtw¨anglerproof [2, 14] of the principal ideal theorem, Scholz and Taussky investigated 1 the principalisation in intermediate fields K < N < F3(K) between a base field K with non-cyclic 1 3-class group of type (3; 3) and its Hilbert 3-class field F3(K). They developed an algorithm to compute the principalisation of K in its four unramified cyclic cubic extension fields N1;:::;N4 for the case of a complex quadratic base field K [29]. This algorithm is probabilistic, since it decides if an ideal a of K becomes principal in Ni for some 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 by testing local cubic residue characters of a principal ideal cube (α) = a3, associated with the ideal a, and of the fundamental unit "i of the non-Galois cubic subfield Li of the complex S3-field Ni with respect to a series of rational test primes (p`)`≥1 and terminating when a critical test prime occurs [20, p.81, Step 8]. An upper bound for the minimal critical test prime p`0 cannot be given effectively. It can only be estimated by means of Chebotar¨ev'sdensity theorem [29, 16], thus causing uncertainty. An entirely different approach to the principalisation problem will be presented in this paper. It is based on a purely group theoretical connection between the structure of the abelianisations Mi/γ2(Mi) of the four maximal normal subgroups Mi of an arbitrary metabelian 3-group G with G/γ2(G) of type (3; 3) and the kernels Ker(Vi) of the transfers Vi from G to Mi (1 ≤ i ≤ 4). By the Artin reciprocity law of class field theory [1], a corresponding number theoretical connection is established between the structure of the 3-class groups Cl3(Ni) of the four unramified cyclic cubic extension fields Ni of an arbitrary base field K with 3-class group Cl3(K) of type (3; 3) and the principalisation kernels Ker(jNijK ) of the class extension homomorphisms jNijK : Cl3(K) −! Cl3(Ni) (1 ≤ i ≤ 4), if the group theoretical statements are applied to the second 3-class group 2 2 G = Gal(F3(K)jK) of K [22], that is the Galois group of the second Hilbert 3-class field F3(K) = 1 1 F3(F3(K)) of K. 1 2 We begin by comparing the big two-stage tower K < F3(K) < F3(K) and the four little two- 1 1 stage towers K < F3(K) < F3(Ni) (1 ≤ i ≤ 4) of 3-class fields in section 2.1. Based on these Date: January 01, 2011. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11R29,11R11,11R20; Secondary 20D15. Key words and phrases. 3-class groups, principalisation of 3-classes, quadratic base fields, number fields with S3-group, metabelian 3-groups, coclass graphs. Research supported by the Austrian Science Fund, Grant Nr. J0497-PHY. 1 2 DANIEL C. MAYER relationships, section 2.2 is devoted to the proof that the 3-class groups Cl3(Ni) (1 ≤ i ≤ 4) have the structure of a nearly homocyclic abelian 3-group of 3-rank two, provided that the index of 2 nilpotency of the second 3-class group G = Gal(F3(K)jK) is not too small. The structure of the remaining 3-class groups is determined in section 2.3.1, if G is of coclass cc(G) = 1. However, the central results of this paper concern groups G of coclass cc(G) ≥ 2 and are developed in section 2.3.2. They establish the theoretical background for the new principalisation algorithm in section 3 with the aid of the number " of elementary abelian 3-groups of type (3; 3; 3) and of 3-rank three among the 3-class groups Cl3(Ni) (1 ≤ i ≤ 4). 2. The structure of the four 3-class groups Cl3(Ni) 2.1. Two-stage towers of 3-class fields. Let K be an algebraic number field with elementary abelian 3-class group Cl3(K) of type (3; 3). Then, by class field theory, there exist four unramified 1 cyclic cubic extension fields N1;:::;N4 of K within the first Hilbert 3-class field F3(K) of K. 1 1 Consequently, the first Hilbert 3-class field F3(Ni) of Ni is an intermediate field between F3(K) 2 and the second Hilbert 3-class field F3(K) of K, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 4. 1 Since F3(K) is the maximal abelian unramified extension field of K with a power of 3 as rela- 2 1 tive degree, the Galois groups G = Gal(F3(K)jK) of the big two-stage tower of K, K < F3(K) ≤ 2 1 1 1 F3(K), and Γi = Gal(F3(Ni)jK) of the four little two-stage towers of K, K < F3(K) ≤ F3(Ni) 1 with 1 ≤ i ≤ 4, are non-abelian, except in the degenerate case of a single-stage tower F3(K) = 1 2 2 1 F3(Ni) = F3(K). Since their commutator subgroups are given by γ2(G) = Gal(F3(K)jF3(K)) ' 1 1 1 1 Cl3(F3(K)) and γ2(Γi) = Gal(F3(Ni)jF3(K)) < Ai = Gal(F3(Ni)jNi) ' Cl3(Ni) by [1], G and Γi 1 are metabelian 3-groups with abelianisations G/γ2(G) and Γi/γ2(Γi) isomorphic to Gal(F3(K)jK) ' Cl3(K) and thus of type (3; 3). In the following section 2.2, we determine the standard structure of the abelian maximal normal subgroup Ai ' Cl3(Ni) of Γi with 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 for a given second 3-class group G of K. Since the four maximal normal subgroups M1;:::;M4 of G are associated with the extensions N1;:::;N4 2 by Mi = Gal(F3(K)jNi), their commutator groups and abelianisations are given by γ2(Mi) = 2 1 1 Gal(F3(K)jF3(Ni)) and Mi/γ2(Mi) = Gal(F3(Ni)jNi) ' Cl3(Ni). Since γ2(Mi) is a characteristic subgroup of Mi, it is a normal subgroup of G. Consequently, we have the relation G/γ2(Mi) = 2 2 1 1 Gal(F3(K)jK)=Gal(F3(K)jF3(Ni)) ' Gal(F3(Ni)jK) = Γi and the connection between Γi and G on the one hand, and Ai and Mi on the other hand, can be summarised as follows: Γ ' G/γ (M ) ; (1) i 2 i Ai ' Mi/γ2(Mi) : 2.2. Nearly homocyclic 3-class groups of type (3q+r; 3q). The concept of nearly homocyclic p-groups with an arbitrary prime p ≥ 2 appears in [8, p.68, Th.3.4] and is treated systematically in [25, 2.4]. For our purpose, it suffices to consider the special case p = 3. Definition 2.1. By the nearly homocyclic abelian 3-group A(3; n) of order 3n, for an integer n ≥ 2, we understand the abelian group of type (3q+r; 3q), where n = 2q + r with integers q ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ r < 2. Additionally, we define that A(3; 1) denotes the cyclic group C(3) of order 3 and A(3; 0) the trivial group 1. The application of Blackburn's well-known theorem 3.4 in [8, p.68] to the Galois groups Γi = 1 1 1 Gal(F3(Ni)jK) of the four little two-stage towers K < F3(K) ≤ F3(Ni) with abelian maximal 1 normal subgroups Ai = Gal(F3(Ni)jNi) ' Cl3(Ni) will show that in general the 3-class groups u v Cl3(Ni) (1 ≤ i ≤ 4) are nearly homocyclic abelian 3-groups A(3; u + v) of type (3 ; 3 ) with 1 ≤ v ≤ u ≤ v + 1. The phrase `in general' is made precise in the following theorems, in which we 2 distinguish second 3-class groups G = Gal(F3(K)jK) of coclass cc(G) = 1 and of coclass cc(G) ≥ 2 and use concepts and notation of our papers [22, 23]. 2.2.1. Second 3-class groups G of coclass cc(G) = 1. Let G be a metabelian 3-group of order jGj = 3n and nilpotency class cl(G) = m − 1, where n = m ≥ 3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Geometry of Syzygies
    The Geometry of Syzygies A second course in Commutative Algebra and Algebraic Geometry David Eisenbud University of California, Berkeley with the collaboration of Freddy Bonnin, Clement´ Caubel and Hel´ ene` Maugendre For a current version of this manuscript-in-progress, see www.msri.org/people/staff/de/ready.pdf Copyright David Eisenbud, 2002 ii Contents 0 Preface: Algebra and Geometry xi 0A What are syzygies? . xii 0B The Geometric Content of Syzygies . xiii 0C What does it mean to solve linear equations? . xiv 0D Experiment and Computation . xvi 0E What’s In This Book? . xvii 0F Prerequisites . xix 0G How did this book come about? . xix 0H Other Books . 1 0I Thanks . 1 0J Notation . 1 1 Free resolutions and Hilbert functions 3 1A Hilbert’s contributions . 3 1A.1 The generation of invariants . 3 1A.2 The study of syzygies . 5 1A.3 The Hilbert function becomes polynomial . 7 iii iv CONTENTS 1B Minimal free resolutions . 8 1B.1 Describing resolutions: Betti diagrams . 11 1B.2 Properties of the graded Betti numbers . 12 1B.3 The information in the Hilbert function . 13 1C Exercises . 14 2 First Examples of Free Resolutions 19 2A Monomial ideals and simplicial complexes . 19 2A.1 Syzygies of monomial ideals . 23 2A.2 Examples . 25 2A.3 Bounds on Betti numbers and proof of Hilbert’s Syzygy Theorem . 26 2B Geometry from syzygies: seven points in P3 .......... 29 2B.1 The Hilbert polynomial and function. 29 2B.2 . and other information in the resolution . 31 2C Exercises . 34 3 Points in P2 39 3A The ideal of a finite set of points .
    [Show full text]
  • On the Class Group and the Local Class Group of a Pullback
    JOURNAL OF ALGEBRA 181, 803]835Ž. 1996 ARTICLE NO. 0147 On the Class Group and the Local Class Group of a Pullback Marco FontanaU Dipartimento di Matematica, Uni¨ersitaÁ degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.ukand brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Stefania GabelliU Dipartimento di Matematica, Uni¨ersitaÁ di Roma ``La Sapienza'', Rome, Italy Communicated by Richard G. Swan Received October 3, 1994 0. INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS Let M be a nonzero maximal ideal of an integral domain T, k the residue field TrM, w: T ª k the natural homomorphism, and D a proper subring of k. In this paper, we are interested in deepening the study of the Ž.fractional ideals and of the class group of the integral domain R arising from the following pullback of canonical homomorphisms: R [ wy1 Ž.DD6 6 6 Ž.I w6 TksTrM More precisely, we compare the Picard group, the class group, and the local class group of R with those of the integral domains D and T.We recall that as inwx Bo2 the class group of an integral domain A, CŽ.A ,is the group of t-invertibleŽ. fractional t-ideals of A modulo the principal ideals. The class group contains the Picard group, PicŽ.A , and, as inwx Bo1 , U Partially supported by the research funds of Ministero dell'Uni¨ersitaÁ e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica and by Grant 9300856.CT01 of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. 803 0021-8693r96 $18.00 Copyright Q 1996 by Academic Press, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Gsm073-Endmatter.Pdf
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/gsm/073 Graduat e Algebra : Commutativ e Vie w This page intentionally left blank Graduat e Algebra : Commutativ e View Louis Halle Rowen Graduate Studies in Mathematics Volum e 73 KHSS^ K l|y|^| America n Mathematica l Societ y iSyiiU ^ Providence , Rhod e Islan d Contents Introduction xi List of symbols xv Chapter 0. Introduction and Prerequisites 1 Groups 2 Rings 6 Polynomials 9 Structure theories 12 Vector spaces and linear algebra 13 Bilinear forms and inner products 15 Appendix 0A: Quadratic Forms 18 Appendix OB: Ordered Monoids 23 Exercises - Chapter 0 25 Appendix 0A 28 Appendix OB 31 Part I. Modules Chapter 1. Introduction to Modules and their Structure Theory 35 Maps of modules 38 The lattice of submodules of a module 42 Appendix 1A: Categories 44 VI Contents Chapter 2. Finitely Generated Modules 51 Cyclic modules 51 Generating sets 52 Direct sums of two modules 53 The direct sum of any set of modules 54 Bases and free modules 56 Matrices over commutative rings 58 Torsion 61 The structure of finitely generated modules over a PID 62 The theory of a single linear transformation 71 Application to Abelian groups 77 Appendix 2A: Arithmetic Lattices 77 Chapter 3. Simple Modules and Composition Series 81 Simple modules 81 Composition series 82 A group-theoretic version of composition series 87 Exercises — Part I 89 Chapter 1 89 Appendix 1A 90 Chapter 2 94 Chapter 3 96 Part II. AfRne Algebras and Noetherian Rings Introduction to Part II 99 Chapter 4. Galois Theory of Fields 101 Field extensions 102 Adjoining
    [Show full text]
  • Computing the Power Residue Symbol
    Radboud University Master Thesis Computing the power residue symbol Koen de Boer supervised by dr. W. Bosma dr. H.W. Lenstra Jr. August 28, 2016 ii Foreword Introduction In this thesis, an algorithm is proposed to compute the power residue symbol α b m in arbitrary number rings containing a primitive m-th root of unity. The algorithm consists of three parts: principalization, reduction and evaluation, where the reduction part is optional. The evaluation part is a probabilistic algorithm of which the expected running time might be polynomially bounded by the input size, a presumption made plausible by prime density results from analytic number theory and timing experiments. The principalization part is also probabilistic, but it is not tested in this thesis. The reduction algorithm is deterministic, but might not be a polynomial- time algorithm in its present form. Despite the fact that this reduction part is apparently not effective, it speeds up the overall process significantly in practice, which is the reason why it is incorporated in the main algorithm. When I started writing this thesis, I only had the reduction algorithm; the two other parts, principalization and evaluation, were invented much later. This is the main reason why this thesis concentrates primarily on the reduction al- gorithm by covering subjects like lattices and lattice reduction. Results about the density of prime numbers and other topics from analytic number theory, on which the presumed effectiveness of the principalization and evaluation al- gorithm is based, are not as extensively treated as I would have liked to. Since, in the beginning, I only had the reduction algorithm, I tried hard to prove that its running time is polynomially bounded.
    [Show full text]
  • Principalization Algorithm Via Class Group Structure
    Principalization Algorithm via Class Group Structure Conference: Joint CSASC Conference 2011 Place: Krems, Austria Date and time: Sunday, September 25th, 2011, 16:15 { 16:45 Author: Daniel C. Mayer 1 2 Abstract. For an algebraic number field K with 3-class group Cl3(K) of type (3; 3) or (9; 3), the structure of the 3-class groups Cl3(Ni) of the four unramified cyclic cubic extension fields Ni, 1 ≤ i ≤ 4, of K 2 2 is calculated with the aid of presentations for the metabelian Galois group G3(K) = Gal(F3(Kp)jK) 2 of the second Hilbert 3-class field F3(K) of K. In the case of a quadratic base field K = Q( D) it is shown that the structure of the 3-class groups of the four S3-fields N1;:::;N4 determines the type of principalization of the 3-class group of K in N1;:::;N4. This provides an alternative to the classical principalization algorithm by Scholz and Taussky. The new algorithm, which is easily automatizable and executes very quickly, is implemented in PARI/GP and applied to all 4 596, resp. 1 146, quadratic fields with discriminant −106 < D < 107 and 3-class group of type (3; 3), resp. (9; 3), to obtain extensive statistics of their principalization types and the distribution of 2 their second 3-class groups G3(K) on the coclass graphs G(3; r), 1 ≤ r ≤ 6, in the sense of Eick, Leedham-Green, and Newman. References. [1] D. C. Mayer, Transfers of metabelian p-groups, Monatsh. Math. (2010), DOI 10.1007/s00605-010-0277-x.
    [Show full text]
  • Algebraic Number Theory Notes
    Math 223b : Algebraic Number Theory notes Alison Miller 1 January 22 1.1 Where we are and what’s next Last semester we covered local class field theory. The central theorem we proved was Theorem 1.1. If L/K is a finite Galois extension of local fields there exists a canonical map, the local Artin map × × ab θL/K : K /NL (Gal(L/K)) We proved this by methods of Galois cohomology, intepreting both sides as Tate ! cohomology groups. To prove this, we needed the following two lemmas: • H1(L/K, L×) =∼ 0 • H2(L/K, L×) is cyclic of order [L : K]. This semester: we’ll do the analogous thing for L and K global fields. We will need × × × to replace K with CK = AK /K . Then the analogues of the crucial lemmas are true, but harder to prove. Our agenda this semester: • start with discussion of global fields and adeles. • then: class formations, axiomatize the parts of the argument that are common to the global and local cases. • algebraic proofs of global class field theory • then we’ll take the analytic approach e.g. L-functions, class number formula, Ceb- otarev density, may mention the analytic proofs • finally talk about complex multiplication, elliptic curves. 1 1.2 Global fields, valuations, and adeles Recall: have a notion of a global field K. equivalent definitions: • every completion of K is a local field. • K is a finite extension of Q (number field) or of Fp((t)) (function field). The set of global fields is closed under taking finite extensions.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2103.04184V1 [Math.NT] 6 Mar 2021 of Eeal,I Sdffiutt Eemn H E Fiel Fkwihcapitula Which K of Ideals of Set the Determine to Difficult Is It Generally
    3-PRINCIPALIZATION OVER S3-FIELDS S. AOUISSI, M. TALBI, D. C. MAYER, AND M. C. ISMAILI Abstract. Let p 1 (mod 9) be a prime number and ζ3 be a primitive cube root of ≡3 unity. Then k = Q(√p, ζ3) is a pure metacyclic field with group Gal(k/Q) S3. In the ≃ case that k possesses a 3-class group Ck,3 of type (9, 3), the capitulation of 3-ideal classes of k in its unramified cyclic cubic extensions is determined, and conclusions concerning (∞) the maximal unramified pro-3-extension k3 of k are drawn. 1. Introduction Let k be a number field, and L be an unramified abelian extension of k. We say that an ideal of k or its class capitulates in L if becomes principal by extending it to an ideal of L. I I . Generally, it is difficult to determine the set of ideals of k which capitulate in L. Among the first mathematicians who were concerned with this kind of problem is Kronecker, who in 1882 studied the capitulation problem for imaginary quadratic fields. In 1902, Hilbert [12] conjectured that “any ideal of a number field k capitulates in the Hilbert class field k(1) of k”. This conjecture was demonstrated in 1930 by Furtw¨angler [7] after Artin had reduced it to a problem of group theory. Hilbert’s famous Theorem 94 states that “if L/k is an unramified cyclic extension of prime degree p, then there exists an ideal of k of order p which capitulates in L”. The number of ideal classes of k that capitulate in such an extension L is equal to [L : k][Ek : L/k(EL)], where Ek and EL are respectively the groups of the units of k and L, and Nis the relative norm of the extension L/k.
    [Show full text]
  • Class Field Towers
    Class Field Towers Franz Lemmermeyer September 7, 2010 Contents 1 Some History 1 1.1 The Prehistory . 1 1.1.1 Fermat, Euler, and Gauß: Binary Quadratic Forms . 1 1.1.2 Kummer and Dedekind: Ideals . 2 1.1.3 Kummer and Weber: Kummer Theory . 3 1.2 The Genesis of the Hilbert Class Field . 5 1.2.1 Kronecker and Weber: Complex Multiplication . 5 1.2.2 Hilbert: Hilbert Class Fields . 6 1.2.3 Furtw¨angler: Singular Numbers . 6 1.2.4 Takagi: Class Field Theory . 7 1.2.5 From Hilbert to Hasse . 8 1.3 Genus Class Fields . 9 1.3.1 Quadratic Number Fields . 9 1.3.2 Abelian Number Fields . 10 1.3.3 General Number Fields . 10 1.3.4 Central Extensions . 11 1.4 2-Class fields . 15 1.4.1 Quadratic Number Fields . 15 1.4.2 Cubic Number Fields . 18 1.4.3 General Number Fields . 19 1.5 3-Class Fields . 19 1.5.1 Quadratic Number Fields . 19 1.5.2 Cubic Fields . 21 1.6 `-Class Fields . 22 1.6.1 Quadratic Number Fields . 22 1.6.2 Cyclic Number Fields . 22 1.7 Separants . 22 1.8 Capitulation of Ideal Classes . 23 1.8.1 Hilbert’s Theorem 94 . 23 1.8.2 Artin’s Reduction . 24 1.8.3 Scholz and Taussky . 25 1.8.4 Principal Ideal Theorems . 30 1.9 Class Field Towers . 31 1.9.1 Terminating Class Field Towers . 31 1.9.2 Golod-Shafarevic: Infinite Class Field Towers . 35 1.9.3 Odlyzko Bounds .
    [Show full text]
  • Invariant Generalized Ideal Classes--Structure Theorems for P
    INVARIANT GENERALIZED IDEAL CLASSES STRUCTURE THEOREMS FOR p-CLASS GROUPS IN p-EXTENSIONS A SURVEY GEORGES GRAS Abstract. We give, in Sections 2 and 3, an english translation of: Classes g´en´eralis´ees invariantes, J. Math. Soc. Japan, 46, 3 (1994), with some im- provements and with notations and definitions in accordance with our book: Class Field Theory: from theory to practice, SMM, Springer-Verlag, 2nd cor- rected printing 2005. We recall, in Section 4, some structure theorems for finite Zp[G]-modules (G Z/p Z) obtained in: Sur les ℓ-classes d’id´eaux dans les ≃ extensions cycliques relatives de degr´epremier ℓ, Annales de l’Institut Fourier, 23, 3 (1973). Then we recall the algorithm of local normic computations which allows to obtain the order and (potentially) the structure of a p-class group in a cyclic extension of degree p. In Section 5, we apply this to the study of the structure of relative p-class groups of Abelian extensions of prime to p degree, using the Thaine–Ribet– Mazur–Wiles–Kolyvagin “principal theorem”, and the notion of “admissible sets of prime numbers” in a cyclic extension of degree p, from: Sur la structure des groupes de classes relatives, Annales de l’Institut Fourier, 43, 1 (1993). In conclusion, we suggest the study, in the same spirit, of some deep invariants attached to the p-ramification theory (as dual form of non-ramification theory) and which have become standard in a p-adic framework. Since some of these techniques have often been rediscovered, we give a sub- stantial (but certainly incomplete) bibliography which may be used to have a broad view on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Algebraic Number Theory
    Algebraic Number Theory J.S. Milne Version 3.01 September 28, 2008 An algebraic number field is a finite extension of Q; an algebraic number is an element of an algebraic number field. Algebraic number theory studies the arithmetic of algebraic number fields — the ring of integers in the number field, the ideals and units in the ring of integers, the extent to which unique factorization holds, and so on. An abelian extension of a field is a Galois extension of the field with abelian Galois group. Class field theory describes the abelian extensions of a number field in terms of the arithmetic of the field. These notes are concerned with algebraic number theory, and the sequel with class field theory. The original version was distributed during the teaching of a second-year graduate course. BibTeX information @misc{milneANT, author={Milne, James S.}, title={Algebraic Number Theory (v3.01)}, year={2008}, note={Available at www.jmilne.org/math/}, pages={155+viii} } v2.01 (August 14, 1996). First version on the web. v2.10 (August 31, 1998). Fixed many minor errors; added exercises and an index; 138 pages. v3.00 (February 11, 2008). Corrected; revisions and additions; 163 pages. v3.01 (September 28, 2008). Fixed problem with hyperlinks; 163 pages. Available at www.jmilne.org/math/ Please send comments and corrections to me at the address on my web page. The photograph is of the Fork Hut, Huxley Valley, New Zealand. Copyright c 1996, 1998, 2008, J.S. Milne. Single paper copies for noncommercial personal use may be made without explicit permis- sion from the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • Algebraic Number Theory
    Algebraic Number Theory Fall 2014 These are notes for the graduate course Math 6723: Algebraic Number Theory taught by Dr. David Wright at the Oklahoma State University (Fall 2014). The notes are taken by Pan Yan ([email protected]), who is responsible for any mistakes. If you notice any mistakes or have any comments, please let me know. Contents 1 Introduction I (08/18) 4 2 Introduction II (08/20) 5 3 Introduction III (08/22) 6 4 Introduction IV (08/25) 7 5 Group Rings, Field Algebras, Tensor Products (08/27) 9 6 More on Tensor Products, Polynomials (08/29) 11 7 Discriminant, Separable Extensions (09/03) 12 8 Trace and Norm, Commutative F -algebras (09/05) 13 9 Idempotent and Radical (09/08) 16 10 Integrality (09/10) 17 11 Noetherian Rings and Modules (09/12) 18 12 Dedekind Domains I (09/15) 19 13 Dedekind Domains II (09/17) 21 1 14 Dedekind Domains III (09/19) 23 15 Chinese Remainder Theorem for Rings(09/22) 23 16 Valuation (09/24) 24 17 Ideal Class Group in a Dedekind Domain (09/26) 25 18 Extensions of Dedekind Domain I (09/29) 26 19 Extensions of Dedekind Domain II (10/01) 28 20 Extensions of Dedekind Domain III (10/03) 29 21 Valuation Theory I (10/06) 31 22 Valuation Theory II (10/08) 32 23 Valuation Theory III (10/10) 34 24 Valuations of a Function Field (10/13) 34 25 Ostrowski's Theorem I (10/15) 36 26 Ostrowski's Theorem II (10/17) 37 27 Weak Approximation Theorem (10/20) 39 28 Completions of Valued Fields I (10/22) 41 29 Completions of Valued Fields II, Inverse Limits(10/27) 43 30 Compactness (10/29) 45 31 Hensel's Lemma (10/31)
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Class Field Theory (Updated 17 Mar 2017) Kiran S. Kedlaya
    Notes on class field theory (updated 17 Mar 2017) Kiran S. Kedlaya Department of Mathematics, University of California, San Diego E-mail address: [email protected] AMS Open Math Notes: Works in Progress; Reference # OMN:201710.110715; Last Revised: 2017-10-24 13:53:29 AMS Open Math Notes: Works in Progress; Reference # OMN:201710.110715; Last Revised: 2017-10-24 13:53:29 Contents Preface iii Part 1. Trailer: Abelian extensions of the rationals 1 Chapter 1. The Kronecker-Weber theorem 3 Chapter 2. Kummer theory 7 Chapter 3. The local Kronecker-Weber theorem 11 Part 2. The statements of class field theory 15 Chapter 4. The Hilbert class field 17 Chapter 5. Generalized ideal class groups and the Artin reciprocity law 19 Chapter 6. The principal ideal theorem 23 Chapter 7. Zeta functions and the Chebotarev density theorem 27 Part 3. Cohomology of groups 29 Chapter 8. Cohomology of finite groups I: abstract nonsense 31 Chapter 9. Cohomology of finite groups II: concrete nonsense 35 Chapter 10. Homology of finite groups 41 Chapter 11. Profinite groups and infinite Galois theory 45 Part 4. Local class field theory 49 Chapter 12. Overview of local class field theory 51 Chapter 13. Cohomology of local fields: some computations 55 Chapter 14. Local class field theory via Tate's theorem 61 Chapter 15. Abstract class field theory 67 Part 5. The adelic formulation 75 Chapter 16. Ad`elesand id`eles 77 Chapter 17. Ad`elesand id`elesin field extensions 83 i AMS Open Math Notes: Works in Progress; Reference # OMN:201710.110715; Last Revised: 2017-10-24 13:53:29 ii CONTENTS Chapter 18.
    [Show full text]