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On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. -
Original Papers Species Richness and Diversity of the Parasites of Two Predatory Fish Species – Perch (Perca Fluviatilis Linna
Annals of Parasitology 2015, 61(2), 85–92 Copyright© 2015 Polish Parasitological Society Original papers Species richness and diversity of the parasites of two predatory fish species – perch (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758) and zander ( Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pomeranian Bay Iwona Bielat, Monika Legierko, Ewa Sobecka Division of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Breeding, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland Corresponding author: Ewa Sobecka; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Pomeranian Bay as an ecotone is a transition zone between two different biocenoses, which is characterized by an increase in biodiversity and species density. Therefore, Pomeranian Bay is a destination of finding and reproductive migrations of fish from the rivers entered the area. The aim of the study was to compare parasitic fauna of two predatory fish species from the Pomeranian Bay, collected from the same fishing grounds at the same period. A total of 126 fish studied (53 perches and 73 zanders) were collected in the summer 2013. Parasitological examinations included: skin, fins, gills, vitreous humour and lens of the eye, mouth cavity, body cavity and internal organs. Apart from the prevalence and intensity of infection (mean, range) the parasite communities of both fish species were compared. European perch and zander were infected with parasites from five different taxonomic units. The most numerous parasites were Diplostomum spp. in European perch and Bucephalus polymorphus in zander. The prevalence of infection of European perch ranged from 5.7% ( Diphyllobothrium latum ) to 22.3% ( Diplostomum spp.) and for zander from 1.4% ( Ancyrocephalus paradoxus , Hysterothylacium aduncum ) to 12.3% ( Bucephalus polymorphus ). -
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Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/4397,Battle-of-Warsaw-1920.html 2021-10-01, 13:56 11.08.2020 Battle of Warsaw, 1920 We invite you to read an article by Mirosław Szumiło, D.Sc. on the Battle of Warsaw, 1920. The text is also available in French and Russian (see attached pdf files). The Battle of Warsaw was one of the most important moments of the Polish-Bolshevik war, one of the most decisive events in the history of Poland, Europe and the entire world. However, excluding Poland, this fact is almost completely unknown to the citizens of European countries. This phenomenon was noticed a decade after the battle had taken place by a British diplomat, Lord Edgar Vincent d’Abernon, a direct witness of the events. In his book of 1931 “The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920”, he claimed that in the contemporary history of civilisation there are, in fact, few events of greater importance than the Battle of Warsaw of 1920. There is also no other which has been more overlooked. To better understand the origin and importance of the battle of Warsaw, one needs to become acquainted with a short summary of the Polish-Bolshevik war and, first and foremost, to get to know the goals of both fighting sides. We ought to start with stating the obvious, namely, that the Bolshevik regime, led by Vladimir Lenin, was, from the very beginning, focused on expansion. Prof. Richard Pipes, a prolific American historian, stated: “the Bolsheviks took power not to change Russia, but to use it as a trampoline for world revolution”. -
They Fought for Independent Poland
2019 Special edition PISMO CODZIENNE Independence Day, November 11, 2019 FREE AGAIN! THEY FOUGHT FOR INDEPENDENT POLAND Dear Readers, The day of November 11 – the National Independence Day – is not accidentally associated with the Polish military uni- form, its symbolism and traditions. Polish soldiers on almost all World War I fronts “threw on the pyre their lives’ fate.” When the Polish occupiers were drown- ing in disasters and revolutions, white- and-red flags were fluttering on Polish streets to mark Poland’s independence. The Republic of Poland was back on the map of Europe, although this was only the beginning of the battle for its bor- ders. Józef Piłsudski in his first order to the united Polish Army shared his feeling of joy with his soldiers: “I’m taking com- mand of you, Soldiers, at the time when the heart of every Pole is beating stron- O God! Thou who from on high ger and faster, when the children of our land have seen the sun of freedom in all its Hurls thine arrows at the defenders of the nation, glory.” He never promised them any bat- We beseech Thee, through this heap of bones! tle laurels or well-merited rest, though. On the contrary – he appealed to them Let the sun shine on us, at least in death! for even greater effort in their service May the daylight shine forth from heaven’s bright portals! for Poland. And they never let him down Let us be seen - as we die! when in 1920 Poland had to defend not only its own sovereignty, but also entire Europe against flooding bolshevism. -
Polish Coins Depicting Martial Arts and the Art of War
© Idōkan Poland Association “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 15, no. 1 (2015), pp. 1–10 DOI: 10.14589/ido.15.1.1 Wojciech J. Cynarski1(ABDEFG), Łukasz R. Cynarski2(B) 1 University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów (Poland) 2 Idokan Poland Association, Rzeszów (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] Polish coins depicting martial arts and the art of war Submission:16.08.2014; acceptance: 1.09.2014 Key words: martial arts, military culture, numismatics, Polish coins, symbolism Abstract Aim. The subject of the research is Polish coins which represent military or martial arts culture. The authors, using a multi-disci- plinary approach attempt to show how national heritage in a specific area of culture, is promoted by the issuing of commemorative coins This is their description along with their attempts to explain the phenomenon. Material and Methods. The research material comprises Polish coins and in addition, some selected foreign coins (issued between 1923 and 2013) excluding test coins. The content of the drawings (the graphics) and the inscriptions are discussed and subsequently interpreted. Subject literature and National Bank of Poland advertising material is also included. Results. The use of symbolism, Polish historical military formations, weapons and armour, famous battles of the Polish army and fortifications were successively considered. Reference was also made to the presence of the theme of martial arts on ”sport and the Olympics” coins. The analysis is illustrated with photographs of selected coins. Conclusions. Some countries promote their own traditions of physical culture, others promote the combat sports, in which they are most successful. -
Część I: Artykuły
Rozprawy Społeczne 2011, Tom V, Nr 2 Relacje państwo – Kościół Katolicki.... CZĘŚĆ I: ARTYKUŁY RELACJE PAŃSTWO – KOŚCIÓŁ KATOLICKI W ŚWIETLE DYPLOMATYCZNYCH STOSUNKÓW Z WATYKANEM W LATACH 1918-1939 RozprawySławomir Społeczne Bylina Nr 2 (V) 2011 Instytut Teologiczny w Siedlcach Streszczenie - : Relacje pomiędzy stroną państwową i kościelną, to istotny aspekt życia ludzkiego, jaki istnieje od początku naszej ery. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie zasadniczych elementów, które miały wpływ na budowanie więzi państwo – Koś ciół katolicki w wymiarze powszechnym. Poprzez kwerendę archiwalną i przy pomocy zebranej literatury przedmiotu zbadano drogę, która prowadziła do odnowienia i kontynuacji oficjalnych stosunków dyplomatycznych pomiędzy Polską a Stolicą Apostolską w okresie międzywojennym. Należy zauważyć, że stanowisko Watykanu wobec sprawy polskiej było- istotnym elementem zabiegów dyplomatycznych kolejnych papieży okresu pomiędzy wojnami światowymi. Wymienione zależności jakie miały miejsce w latach 1918-1939 ukazują również aktualne postawy ludzi wierzących, którzy w zdecydo Słowawanej większościkluczowe: stanowią obywatele, gdzie dominuje wyznanie rzymsko-katolickie w tym szczególnie Polski. państwo, Kościół katolicki, Stolica Apostolska, konkordat, nuncjusz apostolski Wstęp - - w postaci deklaracji politycznych, które z ramienia - dyplomacji watykańskiej były moralnym wspar- Wspólne więzi jakie panowały pomiędzy Rzeczy ciem w zagrożeniu przez trzech zaborców narodu- pospolitą a Stolicą Apostolską rozpoczęły się w mo polskiego. Papież rozwinął krucjatę modlitwy o po mencie Chrztu Polski w 966 r., który był początkiem- kój oraz ogłaszał liczne apele pokojowe. Z począt- pierwszych deklaracji i dokumentów, zawieranych kiem sierpnia 1917 r. przedstawił krajom, oraz ich na szczeblu międzynarodowym. Dokument „ Dago rządom, które brały udział w wojnie jasny i sprecy- me iudex”, wizyty legatów, ustanowienie nuncjatury- zowany plan tzw. Punktację Pacellego składającą się w Polsce w 1515 r. -
Floods in Poland from 1946 to 2001 — Origin, Territorial Extent and Frequency
Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, 15 (2004): 69–76 Proceedings of the Conference “Risks caused by the geodynamic phenomena in Europe” FLOODS IN POLAND FROM 1946 TO 2001 — ORIGIN, TERRITORIAL EXTENT AND FREQUENCY Andrzej DOBROWOLSKI1, Halina CZARNECKA1, Janusz OSTROWSKI1, Monika ZANIEWSKA1 Abstract. Based on the data concerning floods on the territory of Poland during the period 1946–2001, the reasons generating floods, the number of regional floods in the rivers catchment systems, and sites of local floods occurrence, were defined. Both types of floods: caused by riverbank overflows, and land flooding by rain or snow-melt water, were considered. In the most cases, the floods were caused by rainfall. They were connected with changes in the rainfall structure within Po- land. In each season of the year floods of various origin were observed. When the flood initiating factors appeared simulta- neously, the flood grew into a catastrophic size. In present analysis, for the first time in Poland, a large group of local floods has been distinguished. A special attention has been paid to floods caused by sudden flooding of the land (flash flood), including floods in the urban areas — more and more frequent during the recent years. The results of the analyses have provided important data for the assessment of the flood hazard in Poland, and for the creation of a complex flood control strategy for the whole country and/or for selected regions. Key words: flood, classification of floods, floods territorial extent, frequency of floods occurrence, torrential and rapid rain- fall, threat of life, material losses. Abstrakt. Na podstawie zbioru danych z lat 1946–2001 okreœlono przyczyny wystêpowania powodzi w Polsce, liczbê powodzi re- gionalnych w uk³adzie zlewni rzecznych oraz miejsca wyst¹pieñ powodzi lokalnych. -
The Roman Catholic Clergy, the Byzantine Slavonic Rite and Polish National Identity: the Case of Grabowiec, 1931-341
Religion, State & Society, Vo!. 28, No. 2, 2000 The Roman Catholic Clergy, the Byzantine Slavonic Rite and Polish National Identity: The Case of Grabowiec, 1931-341 KONRAD SADKOWSKI In November 1918 Poland returned to the map of Europe as an independent state. After its borders were finalised in 1921-22 Poland was a distinctly multinational state, with approximately one-third of its population being ethnic Poles. Two of the largest minority groups were the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who resided in Poland's eastern and south-eastern kresy (borderlands).2 Until the First World War, however, the territory these groups lived on was part of the Russian and Austro Hungarian Empires. Indeed, the Ukrainians lived divided between the two empires. At the chaotic conclusion of the First World War both the Ukrainians and Bela rusians made unsuccessful bids for independence. For the former this included a bloody war with the Poles in 1918-19. Prior to the partitioning of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Russia, Prussia and Austria in the late eighteenth century, the majority of the Ukrainians and Belarusians of this state adhered to the Greek Catholic (Uniate) rite in the Roman Church. The Uniate Church was created through the Union of Brest of 1596, engineered to bring the Commonwealth's Christian Orthodox believers under Rome's jurisdiction. In Russia the Uniate Church did not survive the partition years; it was abolished in the Western Provinces in 1839 and in the Kingdom of Poland in 1875. The Uniates were forced to adopt Russian Orthodoxy, though some resisted. In Galicia (the territory acquired by Austria in the partitions), however, the Uniate Church continued to thrive. -
The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History 7-28-2006 The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland David Thomas Ruskoski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Ruskoski, David Thomas, "The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/1 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POLISH ARMY IN FRANCE: IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA, WORLD WAR I VOLUNTEERS IN FRANCE, DEFENDERS OF THE RECREATED STATE IN POLAND by DAVID T. RUSKOSKI Under the Direction of Gerald H. Davis and Christine M. Skwiot ABSTRACT Independent Poland ceased to exist in 1795 and the various insurrections to restore the Polish state were thwarted by the Germans, Austro-Hungarians, and Russians. During the First World War, Polish statesmen called upon the thousands of Polish immigrants in the United States to join the Polish Army in France, a military force funded by the French government and organized by the Polish Falcons of America and Ignacy Paderewski, the world-famous Polish pianist. Over 20,000 men trained in Canada and fought in the final months of the war on the Western front. -
High Treason: Essays on the History of the Red Army 1918-1938, Volume II
FINAL REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH TITLE : HIG H TREASON: ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF TH E RED ARMY 1918-193 8 VOLUME I I AUTHOR . VITALY RAPOPOR T YURI ALEXEE V CONTRACTOR : CENTER FOR PLANNING AND RESEARCH, .INC . R . K . LAURINO, PROJECT DIRECTO R PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : VLADIMIR TREML, CHIEF EDITO R BRUCE ADAMS, TRANSLATOR - EDITO R COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 626- 3 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or i n part from funds provided by the National Council for Sovie t and East European Research . HIGH TREASO N Essays in the History of the Red Army 1918-1938 Volume I I Authors : Vitaly N . Rapopor t an d Yuri Alexeev (pseudonym ) Chief Editor : Vladimir Trem l Translator and Co-Editor : Bruce Adam s June 11, 198 4 Integrative Analysis Project o f The Center for Planning and Research, Inc . Work on this Project supported by : Tte Defense Intelligence Agency (Contract DNA001-80-C-0333 ) an d The National Council for Soviet and East European Studies (Contract 626-3) PART FOU R CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE RKK A Up to now we have spoken of Caligula as a princeps . It remains to discuss him as a monster . Suetoniu s There is a commandment to forgive our enemies , but there is no commandment to forgive our friends . L . Medic i Some comrades think that repression is the main thing in th e advance of socialism, and if repression does not Increase , there is no advance . Is that so? Of course it is not so . -
Polish Military Assistance to Its Ally, the Ukrainian People's Republic, In
Historia i Polityka No. 34(41)/2020, pp. 207–223 www.hip.umk.pl ISSN 1899-5160, e-ISSN 2391-7652 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2020.044 Zbigniew KARPUS Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies, Toruń, Poland Polish Military Assistance to Its Ally, the Ukrainian People’s Republic, in 1920 Pomoc wojskowa Polski dla jej sojusznika Ukraińskiej Republiki Ludowej w 1920 r. • Abstrakt • • Abstract • W ramach podpisanej 21 kwietnia 1920 r. As part of a political agreement regulating Po- w Warszawie umowy politycznej, regulującej land’s relations with the Ukrainian People’s stosunki Polski z Ukraińską Republiką Ludo- Republic signed in Warsaw on April 21, 1920, wą, strona polska oficjalnie uznawała rząd URL the Polish side officially recognized the UPR’s z Symonem Petlurą na czele i zobowiązywała się government with Simon Petlura at its head do udzielenia pomocy stronie ukraińskiej przy and committed itself to help the UPR form formowaniu na polskim terytorium oddziałów Ukrainian troops on the Polish territory. The ukraińskich. Artykuł analizuje szczegóły zawar- paper discusses the details of the concluded tego porozumienia oraz sposób i warunki jego agreement and the manner and conditions of realizacji. its subsequent implementation. Słowa kluczowe: pomoc wojskowa; Ukra- Keywords: military assistance; Ukrainian Pe- ińska Republika Ludowa; Polska ople’s Republic; Poland With the arrival of Chief Ataman Symon Petlura in Warsaw on December 7, 1919 at the invitation of the Polish Commander-in-Chief Józef Piłsudski, the Pol- ish-Ukrainian negotiations entered a decisive phase. These negotiations continued for several months and culminated in the signing of a final political agreement in Warsaw on April 21, 1920. -
Rafał Lemkin (1900-1959)
Rafał Lemkin (1900-1959) co-creator of international criminal law Short biography Adam Redzik Rafał Lemkin (1900-1959) co-creator of international criminal law Short biography Warsaw 2017 INTRODUCTION n the literature today there is no better known IPolish lawyer in the world than Rafał (Eng. Raphael) Lemkin[53, 57]*. This is due to his struggle to establish laws penalising crimes driven by hatred towards people of specific races, religions, ethnicity or social groups. Today not only every lawyer, but every educated individual ought to know that mass killings committed with the intention of exterminating in whole or in part the aforementioned groups constitute genocide. The notion itself is widely * The numbers in square brackets indicate the items in the bib- liography. The number after the comma is the page. Items from the bibliography are separated by semicolons, e.g. [27, 117; 34, 110] = W. Korey, An Epitaph for Raphael Lemkin, New York [2001], p. 117; S. Mikke, Adwokat Rafał Lemkin – wybitny nieznany, “Palestra” 2006, no. 1–2, p. 110. 5 known and is used, sometimes maybe too often. With the development of international crimi- nal law, including protection against the most severe crimes, came an interest in the life and activity of the man who was the creator of the notion of “genocide” and the main author of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punish- ment of the Crime of Genocide of December 9, 1948. This man was Rafał Lemkin (1900–1959), a Polish jurist, a prosecutor and later an ad- vocate, alumnus of the Lwów school of crim- inal law of Juliusz Makarewicz[40, 495–496], and lecturer of the Free Polish University in War- saw.