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Lecture Notes INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad -500 043 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LECTURE NOTES Course Title ANALOG AND PULSE CIRCUITS Course Code AECB11 Programme B.Tech Semester IV ECE Course Type Core Regulation IARE - R18 Theory Practical Course Structure Lectures Tutorials Credits Laboratory Credits 3 1 4 3 2 Chief Coordinator Dr. V Vijay, Associate Professor Mrs. KS Indrani, Assistant Professor, ECE Course Faculty Ms. N Anusha, Assistant Professor, ECE Mr. S Lakshmanachari, Assistant professor, ECE COURSE OUTCOMES (COs): CO 1: Discuss the frequency response and analysis of multistage amplifiers and transistor at high frequency CO 2: Analyze the effect of feedback on Amplifier characteristics in feedback amplifiers CO 3: Discuss the frequency response of various oscillators and analyze the large signal and tuned amplifiers CO 4: Understand the linear wave shaping and different types of sampling gates with operating principles using diodes, transistors CO 5: Analysis and Design of Bistable, Monostable, Astable Multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using Transistors COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLOs): Students who complete the course will have demonstrated the ability to do the following. AECB07.01 Understand the classification of amplifiers, distortions in amplifiers and different coupling schemes used in amplifiers. AECB07.02 Analyze various multistage amplifiers such as Darlington, Cascade etc. AECB07.03 Understand and remember the concept of Hybrid - model of Common Emitter transistor. AECB07.04 Analyze the importance of positive feedback and negative feedback in connection in electronic circuits. Analyze various types of feedback amplifiers like voltage series, voltage shunt, current series AECB07.05 and current shunt. AECB07.06 Understand the condition for Oscillations and various types of Oscillators. AECB07.07 Design various sinusoidal Oscillators like RC Phase shift, Wien bridge, Hartley and Colpitts oscillator for various frequency ranges. Design different types of power amplifiers for practical applications of desired specifications like AECB07.08 efficiency, output power, distortion, etc. AECB07.09 Design the tuned circuits used in single tuned amplifiers and understand its frequency response. AECB07.10 Analyze the response of high pass RC to different non sinusoidal inputs with different time constants and identify RC circuit‘s applications. AECB07.11 Understand the basic operating principle of sampling gates. Analyze the response of low pass RC circuits to different non sinusoidal inputs with different AECB07.12 time constants and identify RC circuit‘s applications. Illustrate the Bistable multivibrator with various triggering methods and apply design procedures AECB07.13 to different bistable multivibrator circuits. AECB07.14 Analyze the Monostable, Astable multivibrator circuits with applications and evaluate time, frequency parameters. Evaluate triggering points, hysteresis width of Schmitt trigger circuit and also design practical AECB07.15 Schmitt trigger circuit. SYLLABUS MODULE-I MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS Classes: 08 Classification of Amplifiers, Distortion in amplifiers, Different coupling schemes used in amplifiers, Frequency response and Analysis of multistage amplifiers, Cascade amplifier, Darlington pair. Transistor at High Frequency: Hybrid - model of Common Emitter transistor model, fα, β and MODULEy gain bandwidth, Gain band width product. MODULE-II FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS Classes: 10 Concepts of feedback – Classification of feedback amplifiers – General characteristics of Negative feedback amplifiers – Effect of Feedback on Amplifier characteristics – Voltage series, Voltage shunt, Current series and Current shunt Feedback configurations. MODULE-III OSCILLATORS AND LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS Classes: 08 Condition for Oscillations, RC type Oscillators-RC phase shift and Wien-bridge Oscillators, LC type Oscillators –Generalized analysis of LC Oscillators, Hartley and Colpitts Oscillators, Frequency and amplitude stability of Oscillators, Crystal Oscillator. Class A Power Amplifier- Series fed and Transformer coupled, Conversion Efficiency, Class B Power Amplifier- Push Pull and Complimentary Symmetry configurations, Conversion Efficiency, Principle of operation of Class AB and Class C Amplifiers. Tuned Amplifiers: Single Tuned Amplifiers – Q-factor, frequency response of tuned amplifiers, Concept of stagger tuning and synchronous tuning. MODULE-IV LINEAR WAVE SHAPING AND SAMPLING GATES Classes: 10 Linear wave shaping circuits: High pass RC and low pass RC circuits, response to step and square inputs with different time constants, high pass RC circuit as a differentiator, low pass RC circuit as an integrator. Sampling gates: basic operating principle of sampling gate, uni and bi directional sampling gates. MODULE-V MULTIVIBRATORS Classes: 09 Multivibrators: Bistable multivibrator, unsymmetrical triggering, symmetrical triggering; Schmitt trigger; Monostable multivibrator, Astable multivibrator. Text Books: 1. Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias, ―Integrated Electronics‖ McGraw Hill Education, 2nd Edition, 2010. 2. B.N.Yoganarasimhan, ―Pulse and Digital Circuits‖, 2nd Edition, 2011. 3. A. Anand Kumar, ―Pulse and Digital Circuits‖, PHI learning, 2nd Edition, 2005. Reference Books: 1. David A. Bell, ―Electronic Devices and Circuits‖, Oxford, 5th Edition, 1986. 2. Robert L. Boylestead, Louis Nashelsky, ―Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory‖, Pearson Education, 11th Edition, 2009. Web References: 1. www.nptel.ac.in 2. notes.specworld.in/pdc-pulse-and-digital-circuits 3. http:// www.introni.it/pdf/Millman-Taub- Pulse and Digital Switching Waveforms 1965.pdf 4. https://www.jntubook.com/pulse-digital-circuits-textbook-free-download/ E-Text Books: 1. https://www.jntubook.com/electronic-circuit-analysis-textbook 2. http://tradownload.com/results/neamen-electronic-circuit-analysis-and-design-.htm 3. http://www.igniteengineers.com 4. http://www.ocw.nthu.edu.tw MODULE I MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS Transistors at High Frequencies At low frequencies it is assumed that transistor responds instantaneously to changes in the input voltage or current i.e., if you give AC signal between the base and emitter of a Transistor amplifier in Common Emitter configuraii6n and if the input signal frequency is low, the output at the collector will exactly follow the change in the input (amplitude etc.,). If '1' of the input is high (MHz) and the amplitude of the input signal is changing the Transistor amplifier will not be able to respond. It is because; the carriers from the emitter side will have to be injected into the collector side. These take definite amount of time to travel from Emitter to Base, however small it may be. But if the input signal is varying at much higher speed than the actual time taken by the carries to respond, then the Transistor amplifier will not respond instantaneously. Thus, the junction capacitances of the transistor, puts a limit to the highest frequency signal which the transistor can handle. Thus depending upon doping area of the junction etc, we have transistors which can respond in AF range and also RF range. To study and analyze the behavior of the transistor to high frequency signals an equivalent model based upon transmission line equations will be accurate. But this model will be very complicated to analyze. So some approximations are made and the equivalent circuit is simplified. If the circuit is simplified to a great extent, it will be easy to analyze, but the results will not be accurate. If no approximations are made, the results will be accurate, but it will be difficult to analyze. The desirable features of an equivalent circuit for analysis are simplicity and accuracy. Such a circuit which is fairly simple and reasonably accurate is the Hybrid-pi or Hybrid-π model, so called because the circuit is in the form of π. Hybrid - π Common Emitter Transconductance Model For Transconductance amplifier circuits Common Emitter configuration is preferred. Why? Because for Common Collector (hrc< 1). For Common Collector Configuration, voltage gain Av < 1. So even by cascading you can't increase voltage gain. For Common Base, current gain is hib< 1. Overall voltage gain is less than 1. For Common Emitter, hre>>1. Therefore Voltage gain can be increased by cascading Common Emitter stage. So Common Emitter configuration is widely used. The Hybrid-x or Giacoletto Model for the Common Emitter amplifier circuit (single stage) is as shown below. Analysis of this circuit gives satisfactory results at all frequencies not only at high frequencies but also at low frequencies. All the parameters are assumed to be independent of frequency. Where B‘ = internal node in base rbb‘ = Base spreading resistance rb‘e = Internal base node to emitter resistance rce = collector to emitter resistance Ce = Diffusion capacitance of emitter base junction rb‘c = Feedback resistance from internal base node to collector node gm = Transconductance CC= transition or space charge capacitance of base collector junction Circuit Components B' is the internal node of base of the Transconductance amplifier. It is not physically accessible. The base spreading resistance rbb is represented as a lumped parameter between base B and internal node B'. gmVb'e is a current generator. Vb'e is the input voltage across the emitter junction. If Vb'e increases, more carriers are injected into the base of the transistor. So the increase in the number of carriers is proportional to Vb'e. This results in small signal current
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