DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Morphology of the Male Genitalia of Aphididae (Insecta, Hemiptera): Part 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Morphology of the Male Genitalia of Aphididae (Insecta, Hemiptera): Part 1 Zoomorphology (2011) 130:289–303 DOI 10.1007/s00435-011-0134-z ORIGINAL PAPER Comparative morphology of the male genitalia of Aphididae (Insecta, Hemiptera): part 1 Karina Wieczorek • Bartosz J. Płachno • Piotr S´wia˛tek Received: 4 February 2011 / Revised: 29 July 2011 / Accepted: 12 August 2011 / Published online: 28 August 2011 Ó The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The present study provides new data concern- Introduction ing the morphology of the male genitalia of Aphididae and unifies their nomenclature. The structure of the male gen- Among Hemiptera, Aphidoidea have a special status italia of 31 species from 26 genera of Aphididae was because of their high polymorphism and distinctive mode studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. In the of reproduction—cyclical parthenogenesis. In the complete studied species, the genitalia of males consist of a phallus life cycle (holocycle) of most aphids, the parthenogenetic composed of the sclerotized basal part with its articulation phase ends with the appearance of sexuales—oviparous and a membranous apical part—an aedeagus. Laterally of females and males. In most species, the sexual forms the phallus, there is a pair of setose parameres. The shape appear in autumn; rarely earlier, at the beginning of the of the aedeagus, the shape and length of the sclerotized summer. Daylength, temperature and nutrition are the most basal part and its articulation as well as the variability of important factors, which influence the production of sex- parameres in their form and the number of setae are rec- uales (Kawada 1987). ognized as important systematic signs of the genitalia. In comparison with females, aphid males are slender and These characters are considered in conjunction with the characterized by numerous rhinaria on the antennal seg- phylogenetic relationships among the studied taxa. ments III and IV, shorter cauda, visible sclerotization on the abdomen and sclerotized genital structures. Males, Keywords External reproductive system Á Insects Á SEM winged or wingless, are also less numerous and smaller than females. If they are less than 50% of female size, they are considered to be dwarfs (Vollrath 1998). The structure of the male internal reproductive system has been studied in about 80 species so far (Vitlaczil 1882; Blochman 1887;Cholodkovsky1900; Wojciechowski 1977; Communicated by T. Bartolomaeus. Klimaszewski et al. 1973; Głowacka et al. 1974a, b; Bochen et al. 1975; Polaszek 1987a, b in lit.; Wieczorek and Woj- & K. Wieczorek ( ) ciechowski 2004;Wieczorek2006, 2008; Wieczorek and Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, ´ Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland Swia˛tek 2008, 2009), and these studies have made an e-mail: [email protected] important contribution to unravelling the phylogeny of Aph- ididae. However, in contrast to others groups of Hemiptera, B. J. Płachno the male genitalia of Aphididae have only been used margin- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Cracow, Poland ally in their taxonomy and classification (Essig and Abernathy e-mail: [email protected] 1952; Iglischand Sobhani1972; Sobhani and Iglisch 1972)and have never been documented in a comparative study. Only ´ P. Swia˛tek Polaszek (1987b in lit.) reviewed these structures and revealed Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland a number of characters which are of potential use in the phy- e-mail: [email protected] logeny and higher classification of Aphidoidea. 123 290 Zoomorphology (2011) 130:289–303 The male genitalia of aphids are relatively large and less reduced parameres. Heie (1980) described only a sin- discernible under a hand lens or even with the naked eye gle pair of structures that he termed parameres or claspers, and are composed of the median intromittent organ (the with the aedeagus having a sclerotized basal part; while phallus) and 2 pairs of sclerotized appendices located lat- according to Miyazaki (1987), both of the pairs of appen- erally of the phallus. Nevertheless, the nomenclature and dices are called valves, claspers or parameres. Yang and drawings of these appendices are a source of confusion (see Chang (2000) comprehensively investigated the external Table 1). In general description of the male genitalia of male genitalia in Hemiptera. According to these authors, Aphidoidea Ossiannilsson et al. (1970) recognized claspers the male genitalia of aphids [based on the study of a single or opercula lateral to the penis, and the sclerotized basal species, Periphyllus koelreuteriae (Takahashi, 1919)] part of the penis consists of a pair of valves, whereas consist of the aedeagus, phallobasal plates with distinct Matsuda (1976) mentioned the tubular penis and more-or- cone-shaped projection—a connective directly connected Table 1 Comparison of the terms for male genitalia in Aphidoidea applied so far and proposed in the present paper Terms used in the Phallus Parameres present paper Basal part Articulations of basal part Aedeagus (penis) (sclerotized) (proximal and distal part (membranous) of sclerotized arms) Balbiani (1869) Valves -?Claspers Macrosiphoniella millefolli (De Geer, 1773) Baker (1915) Large, fan-shaped structures -?Claspers Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann, 1802) Essig and Abernathy (1952) Supporting plates Coriaceous ring ? Harpagones (gonapophyses) Periphyllus species Takahashi (1960) ---Claspers Aiceona japonica Takahashi, 1960 Sorin (1965) Basal sheath -?Claspers Stomaphis species Ossiannilsson et al. (1970) Valves -?Claspers (opercula) Aphidoidea, generally Iglisch and Sobhani (1972), ? ‘‘Sclerotized fastener’’ ?? Sobhani and Iglisch (1972) Macrosiphoniella species Matsuda (1976) --?Reduced parameres Aphidoidea, generally Heie (1980) ?-?parameres (claspers) Aphidoidea, generally Miyazaki (1987) --?parameres (claspers, valves) Aphidoidea, generally Polaszek (1987b in lit.) Valves -?Claspers comparative study of Aphidoidea Blackman et al. (2001) Valves -?Claspers Trama troglodytes von Heyden, 1837 Favret et al. (2004) Apophyses -?Claspers Iowana frisoni Hottes, 1954 Grimaldi and Engel (2005) Reduction in or a loss of male genitalia Aphidoidea, generally ? Structure described as the same name as in the present paper; - structure not described 123 Zoomorphology (2011) 130:289–303 291 with genital styles. The phallobase and the connective form were borrowed from the Department of Zoology, Univer- the upper half-circle-shaped periandrium, and this structure sity of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Because of the rarity of is hypothetically considered to be a primary characteristic males, sample sizes consisted of 10 studied individuals for among hemipterans. Grimaldi and Engel (2005) mentioned each species, with exception of M. spinifer, L. ocoteae and that Aphidomorpha have a reduction in or even a loss of P. passerini which were studied from 3-4 specimens only. male genitalia. Generally, these structures were believed to The genitalia of 31 species were studied from aphid be similar across species and not useful taxonomically. material preserved in alcohol and slide-mounted specimens Because numerous terms have been applied to the var- (LM); 9 species were also observed using SEM techniques; ious components of the external male genitalia of Aphidi- nymphs and adult males of Appendiseta robiniae (Gillette, dae, our study firstly standardizes the terminology. We 1907) were prepared for semi-thin sectioning. Collection used light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data and the microscopic techniques used are summarized to show the detailed structure of the male genitalia, i.e., the in Table 2. phallus composed of the sclerotized basal part with its articulations (proximal and distal arm), the membranous Light and electron microscopy apical part—aedeagus and parameres (see Table 1). In the present paper, the general morphologies of these Alcohol-preserved specimens and slides were examined structures are described and compared in those represen- and photographed using the light microscope Nikon tatives of the Aphididae in which the genitalia are not Eclipse 600. Drawings were made with a camera lucida. A modified. This paper is part of a larger study into the magnified view is provided for each of the photographs and phylogeny of the Aphididae will provide new data con- drawings. Additionally, the nymphs and adult specimens of cerning the morphology of the male genitalia in selected Appendiseta robiniae were fixed for 2 h with 2.5% glu- species of Aphididae (subfamilies: Aiceoninae, Anoecii- taraldehyde in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), then nae, Eriosomatinae, Hormaphidinae, Greenideinae, Lach- washed 5 times in a phosphate buffer, postfixed for 2 h in ninae, Mindarinae and Thelaxinae), Adelgidae and 1% OsO4 in the same buffer, dehydrated in a graded series Phylloxeridae—i.e. representatives of aphids with strongly of ethanol replaced by acetone and then embedded in an modified structures of the male genitalia. Epoxy Embedding Medium Kit (Sigma). Semi-thin sec- tions (0.8 lm thick) were cut on a Leica Ultracut UCT ultramicrotome, stained with methylene blue and examined Materials and methods under an Olympus BX60 microscope equipped with a DP12 digital camera and AnalySIS 3.2 (Soft Imaging Taxon sampling System) software. The procedure for preparing samples for SEM was as The structure of the male genitalia of 31 species belonging described earlier (Płachno and S´wia˛tek
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Aphicidal Effect of Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Effect Against Myzus Persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
    molecules Article Evaluation of Aphicidal Effect of Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Effect against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Qasim Ahmed 1,† , Manjree Agarwal 2,† , Ruaa Al-Obaidi 3, Penghao Wang 2,* and Yonglin Ren 2,* 1 Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya Campus, Baghdad 10071, Iraq; [email protected] 2 College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; [email protected] 3 Pharmacy College, Mustansiriyah University, Al-Qadisyia, Baghdad 10052, Iraq; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (P.W.); [email protected] (Y.R.) † These authors contributed equally to this paper. Abstract: The insecticidal activities of essential oils obtained from black pepper, eucalyptus, rose- mary, and tea tree and their binary combinations were investigated against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Aphididae: Hemiptera), under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. All the tested essential oils significantly reduced and controlled the green peach aphid population and caused higher mortality. In this study, black pepper and tea tree pure essential oils were found to be an effective insecticide, with 80% mortality when used through contact application. However, for combinations of essential oils from black pepper + tea tree (BT) and rosemary + tea tree (RT) tested Citation: Ahmed, Q.; Agarwal, M.; as contact treatment, the mortality was 98.33%. The essential oil combinations exhibited synergistic Al-Obaidi, R.; Wang, P.; Ren, Y. and additive interactions for insecticidal activities. The combination of black pepper + tea tree, Evaluation of Aphicidal Effect of eucalyptus + tea tree (ET), and tea tree + rosemary showed enhanced activity, with synergy rates Essential Oils and Their Synergistic of 3.24, 2.65, and 2.74, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mechanism by Which Aphids Adhere to Smooth Surfaces
    J. exp. Biol. 152, 243-253 (1990) 243 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1990 THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APHIDS ADHERE TO SMOOTH SURFACES BY A. F. G. DIXON, P. C. CROGHAN AND R. P. GOWING School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ Accepted 30 April 1990 Summary 1. The adhesive force acting between the adhesive organs and substratum for a number of aphid species has been studied. In the case of Aphis fabae, the force per foot is about 10/iN. This is much the same on both glass (amphiphilic) and silanized glass (hydrophobic) surfaces. The adhesive force is about 20 times greater than the gravitational force tending to detach each foot of an inverted aphid. 2. The mechanism of adhesion was considered. Direct van der Waals forces and viscous force were shown to be trivial and electrostatic force and muscular force were shown to be improbable. An adhesive force resulting from surface tension at an air-fluid interface was shown to be adequate and likely. 3. Evidence was collected that the working fluid of the adhesive organ has the properties of a dilute aqueous solution of a surfactant. There is a considerable reserve of fluid, presumably in the cuticle of the adhesive organ. Introduction The mechanism by which certain insects can walk on smooth vertical and even inverted surfaces has long interested entomologists and recently there have been several studies on this subject (Stork, 1980; Wigglesworth, 1987; Lees and Hardie, 1988). The elegant study of Lees and Hardie (1988) on the feet of the vetch aphid Megoura viciae Buckt.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemiptera: Aphididae: Tamaliinae)
    Zootaxa 3926 (2): 268–278 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3A7050CE-3C5A-4E38-BDB6-060E2EE0C234 A new species of the nearctic gall-forming genus Tamalia Baker (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Tamaliinae) MARIUSZ KANTURSKI1 & KARINA WIECZOREK Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 1Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The apterous viviparous female and alate oviparous female of a new aphid species, Tamalia milleri sp. nov., a represen- tative of a nearctic relict genus Tamalia and associated with Arctostaphylos columbiana, is described and figured in detail from specimens collected in California and Oregon (USA) and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London (UK). The differences between T. milleri and a related species, T. dicksoni Remaudière & Stroyan as well as other taxa of this genus are discussed. The distribution of Tamalia and a key to identification of the known species of the genus are provided. Key words: aphids, Arctostaphylos, Nearctic, taxonomy Introduction The relict nearctic genus Tamalia Baker, forming galls on Arctostaphylos Adanson (manzanitas; Ericaceae Juss.) (Blackman and Eastop, 2006) is the only extant representative of the aphid subfamily Tamaliinae Oestlund, 1923 (Remaudière and Stroyan, 1984). This genus comprises four described species; however, some authors question the validity of T. keltoni Richards (Blackman and Eastop, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Monograph of the North American Species of Deraeocoris—Heteroptera Miridae
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN I JUNE 1921 The University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Monograph of the North American Species of Deraeocoris—Heteroptera Miridae By Harry H. Knight Division of Entomology and Economic Zoology UKIVERSeri OF lar-1‘4,1A it • r 1 4011 UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS R. W. THATCHER, M.A., D.Agr, Director ANDREW Boss, Vice Director A. D. WILSON, B.S. in Agr, Director of Agricultural Extension and Farmers' Institutes C. G. SELVIG, M.A., Superintendent, Northwest Substation, Crookston M. J. THOMPSON,. M.S., Superintendent, Northeast Substation, Duluth. 0. I. BERGH, B.S.Agr, Superintendent, North Central Substation, Grand Rapids P. E. Miuu, B.S.A., Superintendent, West Central Substation, Morris R. E. HODGSON, B.S. in Apr, Superintendent, Southeast Substation, Wasp CHARLES HARALSON, Superintendent, Fruit Breeding Farm, Zumbra (P. 0. Excelsior) W. H. KENETY, M.S., Superintendent, Forest Experiment Station, W. P. KIRKWOOD, BA., Editor ALICE MCFEELY, Assistant Editor of Bulletins HARRIET W. SEWALL, B.A., Librarian T. J. HorroN, Photographer R. A. GORTNER, Ph.D., Chief, Division of Agricultural Biochemistry J. D. BLACK, Ph.D., Chief, Division of Agricultural Economics ANDREW Boss, Chief, Division of Agronomy and Farm Management. W. H. PETERS, MAgr., Acting Chief, Division of Animal Husbandry FRANCIS JAGER, Chief, Division of Bee Culture C. IL ECKLES, M.S. Chief, Division of Dairy Husbandry W. A. RILEY, Ph.D., Chief, Division of Entomology and Economic Zoology WILLIAM Boss, Chief, Division of Farm Engineering E. G. CHEYNEY, B.A., Chief, Division of Forestry W. H. ALDERMAN, B.S.A., Chief, Division of Horticulture E.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista Monografii I Publikacji Z Listy Filadelfijskiej Z Lat 2016–2019 Monographs and Publications from the ISI Databases from 2016 Till 2019
    Lista monografii i publikacji z Listy Filadelfijskiej z lat 2016–2019 Monographs and publications from the ISI databases from 2016 till 2019 2019 Artykuły/Articles 1. Bocheński Z.M., Wertz, K., Tomek, T., Gorobets, L., 2019. A new species of the late Miocene charadriiform bird (Aves: Charadriiformes), with a summary of all Paleogene and Miocene Charadrii remains. Zootaxa, 4624(1):41-58. 2. Chmolowska D., Nobis M., Nowak A., Maślak M., Kojs P., Rutkowska J., Zubek Sz. 2019. Rapid change in forms of inorganic nitrogen in soil and moderate weed invasion following translocation of wet meadows to reclaimed post-industrial land. Land Degradation and Development, 30(8): 964– 978. 3. Zubek Sz., Chmolowska D., Jamrozek D., Ciechanowska A., Nobis M., Błaszkowski J., Rożek K., Rutkowska J. 2019. Monitoring of fungal root colonisation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and soil microbial processes to assess the success of ecosystem translocation. Journal of Environmental Management, 246: 538–546. 4. Gurgul A., Miksza-Cybulska A., Szmatoła T., Jasielczuk I., Semik-Gurgul E., Bugno-Poniewierska M., Figarski T., Kajtoch Ł.2019. Evaluation of genotyping by sequencing for population genetics of sibling and hybridizing birds: an example using Syrian and Great Spotted Woodpeckers. Journal of Ornithology, 160(1): 287–294. 5. Grzędzicka E. 2019. Is the existing urban greenery enough to cope with current concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and CO2? Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(1): 219-233. 6. Grzywacz B., Tatsuta H., Bugrov A.G., Warchałowska-Śliwa E. 2019. Cytogenetic markers reveal a reinforcemenet of variation in the tension zone between chromosome races in the brachypterous grasshopper Podisma sapporensis Shir.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains
    United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Aphid Fauna of Greece
    Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 31-38, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece 1,5 2 1,6 3 John A. TSITSIPIS , Nikos I. KATIS , John T. MARGARITOPOULOS , Dionyssios P. LYKOURESSIS , 4 1,7 1 3 Apostolos D. AVGELIS , Ioanna GARGALIANOU , Kostas D. ZARPAS , Dionyssios Ch. PERDIKIS , 2 Aristides PAPAPANAYOTOU 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Heraklion, Crete, Greece 5Present address: Amfikleia, Fthiotida, Greece 6Present address: Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems, Center for Research and Technology, Technology Park of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece 7Present address: Department of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Abstract In the present study a list of the aphid species recorded in Greece is provided. The list includes records before 1992, which have been published in previous papers, as well as data from an almost ten-year survey using Rothamsted suction traps and Moericke traps. The recorded aphidofauna consisted of 301 species. The family Aphididae is represented by 13 subfamilies and 120 genera (300 species), while only one genus (1 species) belongs to Phylloxeridae. The aphid fauna is dominated by the subfamily Aphidi- nae (57.1 and 68.4 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively), especially the tribe Macrosiphini, and to a lesser extent the subfamily Eriosomatinae (12.6 and 8.3 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Woolly Oak Aphids Stegophylla Brevirostris Quednau and Diphyllaphis Microtrema Quednau (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae)1 Susan E
    EENY574 Woolly oak aphids Stegophylla brevirostris Quednau and Diphyllaphis microtrema Quednau (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae)1 Susan E. Halbert2 The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles flocculent wax. Two genera of woolly oak aphids occur in of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms Florida, each including one known native Florida species. relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of One species, Stegophylla brevirostris Quednau, is common, interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well and the other, Diphyllaphis microtrema Quednau, is rare. as academic audiences. Distribution Introduction Both species occur in eastern North America. Stegophylla brevirostris is a pest only in Florida. Description Florida woolly oak aphids can be recognized easily by the large quantities of woolly wax that they secrete (Figs. 1, 2). Beneath the wax, the aphid bodies are pale. Young nymphs can be pale green, and they tend to be more mobile than adults. Excreted honeydew forms brown droplets in the wax. Separation of the two species is based on microscopic characters. Both species have short appendages and pore- like siphunculi. They lack the tubular siphunculi present in many species of aphids. Species of Stegophylla have larger siphuncular pores, with a ring of setae surrounding them (Figs. 3, 4). Species of Diphyllaphis have minute siphuncular Figure 1. Stegophylla brevirostris Quednau colony on oak. pores that lack setae (Figs. 5, 6). The majority (59%) of DPI Credits: Susan E. Halbert records for Stegophylla brevirostris indicate that live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) was the host. A few records came Woolly oak aphids are conspicuous pests on oak (Quercus from other species of oaks.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Cultural Tactics Into the Management of Bark Beetle and Reforestation Pests1
    DA United States US Department of Proceedings --z:;;-;;; Agriculture Forest Service Integrating Cultural Tactics into Northeastern Forest Experiment Station the Management of Bark Beetle General Technical Report NE-236 and Reforestation Pests Edited by: Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team J.C. Gregoire A.M. Liebhold F.M. Stephen K.R. Day S.M.Salom Vallombrosa, Italy September 1-3, 1996 Most of the papers in this publication were submitted electronically and were edited to achieve a uniform format and type face. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. Some participants did not submit papers so they have not been included. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Remarks about pesticides appear in some technical papers contained in these proceedings. Publication of these statements does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by State and Federal Law. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agencies. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife - if they are not handled and applied properly.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture
    USDA United States Department Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture Forest Service Greenleaf Manzanita in Montane Chaparral Pacific Southwest Communities of Northeastern California Research Station General Technical Report Michael A. Valenti George T. Ferrell Alan A. Berryman PSW-GTR- 167 Publisher: Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California Forest Service Mailing address: U.S. Department of Agriculture PO Box 245, Berkeley CA 9470 1 -0245 Abstract Valenti, Michael A.; Ferrell, George T.; Berryman, Alan A. 1997. Insects and related arthropods associated with greenleaf manzanita in montane chaparral communities of northeastern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-167. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture; 26 p. September 1997 Specimens representing 19 orders and 169 arthropod families (mostly insects) were collected from greenleaf manzanita brushfields in northeastern California and identified to species whenever possible. More than500 taxa below the family level wereinventoried, and each listing includes relative frequency of encounter, life stages collected, and dominant role in the greenleaf manzanita community. Specific host relationships are included for some predators and parasitoids. Herbivores, predators, and parasitoids comprised the majority (80 percent) of identified insects and related taxa. Retrieval Terms: Arctostaphylos patula, arthropods, California, insects, manzanita The Authors Michael A. Valenti is Forest Health Specialist, Delaware Department of Agriculture, 2320 S. DuPont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901-5515. George T. Ferrell is a retired Research Entomologist, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2400 Washington Ave., Redding, CA 96001. Alan A. Berryman is Professor of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6382. All photographs were taken by Michael A. Valenti, except for Figure 2, which was taken by Amy H.
    [Show full text]
  • POPULATION DYNAMICS of the SYCAMORE APHID (Drepanosiphum Platanoidis Schrank)
    POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE SYCAMORE APHID (Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank) by Frances Antoinette Wade, B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London, and the Diploma of Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K. August 1999 1 THESIS ABSTRACT Populations of the sycamore aphid Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank (Homoptera: Aphididae) have been shown to undergo regular two-year cycles. It is thought this phenomenon is caused by an inverse seasonal relationship in abundance operating between spring and autumn of each year. It has been hypothesised that the underlying mechanism of this process is due to a plant factor, intra-specific competition between aphids, or a combination of the two. This thesis examines the population dynamics and the life-history characteristics of D. platanoidis, with an emphasis on elucidating the factors involved in driving the dynamics of the aphid population, especially the role of bottom-up forces. Manipulating host plant quality with different levels of aphids in the early part of the year, showed that there was a contrast in aphid performance (e.g. duration of nymphal development, reproductive duration and output) between the first (spring) and the third (autumn) aphid generations. This indicated that aphid infestation history had the capacity to modify host plant nutritional quality through the year. However, generalist predators were not key regulators of aphid abundance during the year, while the specialist parasitoids showed a tightly bound relationship to its prey. The effect of a fungal endophyte infecting the host plant generally showed a neutral effect on post-aestivation aphid dynamics and the degree of parasitism in autumn.
    [Show full text]