Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to Identify the Setting Priorities of the Sanitation Sector in the West Bank
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An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to Identify the Setting Priorities of the Sanitation Sector in the West Bank By Baraa Yaseen Jararaa Supervisor Prof. Marwan Haddad This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2013 III Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Prof. Marwan Haddad for his helpful efforts, fruitful guidance, and continual encouragement throughout the entire research. Special thanks go also to my friends for the help in preparing the proposal of this study and guidance during its preparation. I would like to thanks to Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) and Austrian project for funding my master study and helping me in providing the data. Special thanks go to Eng. Adel Yasin, Dr. Subhi Samhan, and Eng. Hazem Kitana. Special thanks to my parents for help, encouragements, and patience. My wife I love you so much, thank you for your understanding and love during my study. Finally, I am very grateful to all those who helped and encouraged me to make this research possible. IV اﻻقرار أنا الموقع أدناه مقدم الرسالة التي تحمل العنوان : Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to Identify the Setting Priorities of the Sanitation Sector in the West Bank أقر بأن ما اشتممت عميو ىذه الرسالة إنما ىي نتاج جيدي الخاص، باستثناء ما تمت اﻹشارة إليو حيثما ورد، وأن ىذه الرسالة ككل، أو أي جزء منيا لم يقدم لنيل أية درجة أو لقب عممي أو بحثي لدى أية مؤسسة تعميمية أو بحثية أخرى . Declaration The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification. اسى انطانب : : Student's Name انتوقيغ: : Signature انتاريخ: :Date V Table of Contents No Content Page Acknowledgment III Declaration IV Table of Contents V List of Tables X List of Figures XII Acronyms XIII Abstract XIV Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) 1 1.2 Sanitation Sector in general 2 1.3 Research Question 4 1.4 Objectives of the Research 4 1.5 Methodology 5 Chapter 2. Literature review 11 2.1 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) 11 2.1.1 Introduction 11 2.1.2 Multicriteria Solving Methodologies 15 2.1.3 Regulatory Uses of MCDA 15 2.1.3.1 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 16 2.1.3.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 18 2.1.3.3 U.S. Department of Energy 20 2.1.3.4 European Union 22 2.1.4 MCDA Applications for Environmental Management 23 and Related Uses 2.1.4.1 Application to general environmental management 24 2.1.4.2 Application to Stakeholder Involvement 32 2.1.4.3 Application to Management of Contaminated Lands 35 2.2 Sanitation Sector in Palestinian Territories 36 2.2.1 Introduction 36 2.2.2 Regulatory Framework 38 2.2.2.1 Water Law No. 3, 2002 40 2.2.2.2 Joint Water Committee 41 2.2.2.3 Environment Law No. (7) of 1999 42 2.2.2.4 National Water Plan 43 2.2.3 Waste Water Management Plan report (PWA 44 Wastewater Policies) 2.2.3.1 Wastewater Collection Policies 44 2.2.3.2 Industrial Wastewater Policies 46 2.2.3.3 Wastewater Treatment Policies 47 VI 2.2.3.4 Awareness and Stakeholders participation 49 2.2.3.5 Tariff Policy 49 2.2.3.6 Legal and Administration Policy 51 Chapter 3. Current situation of institutional 52 wastewater management agencies in palestine 3.1 National Water Council 53 3.2 The Palestinian Water Authority 55 3.3 Other Government Institutions 56 3.4 Local Committees, Municipalities, and Village Councils 58 3.5 Local NGO’s and International Organizations 58 Chapter 4. Situation of sanitation in palestine and 60 future plans 4.1 Situation of Wastewater in the Urban Area (1996-2012) 61 4.2 Situation of Wastewater in the Refugee Camps (1996- 62 2012) 4.3 Situation of Wastewater in Rural (1996-2012) 64 4.4 Situation of Wastewater in Rural (1996-2012) 67 4.5 Deficiencies and Problems 71 4.6 Driving Forces for WW Management 75 4.7 Opportunities 76 4.8 Existing and Future Plans: 76 4.8.1 To Stop Flowing Wastewater Toward the Green LINE 76 to be Treated and Reused in Palestine 4.8.2 Criteria for WWT Selection 77 4.8.3 Look into the Future Sustainable Planning of WWTP 77 4.8.4 Centralized WWTP (>15000 m3/day or 200,000 78 PE) 4.8.5 Look into the Future Sustainable Operation Small 79 WWTP 4.8.6 Main Cities and Urban Areas 79 4.8.7 Priorities for Selecting Wastewater Projects (Main 80 Cities &Urban Areas) 4.8.8 Semi Urban (Population 5000-10000) and Rural Areas 80 (Population 2000-5000) 4.8.9 Priorities for Selecting Wastewater Projects (Semi 80 Urban and Rural Areas) 4.8.10 Rural Areas and Small Communities (De-Centralized 81 (Local WWTP)) 4.8.11 Reuse & Recycling 82 4.8.12 PWA with Cooperation and Coordination with all 82 VII Stakeholders and Beneficiaries will do Strongly and Effectively Chapter 5. Criteria identification 83 5.1 Criteria Used in Some Countries 83 5.1.1 Egypt 83 5.1.2 Iraq 85 5.1.3 Libya 86 5.1.4 South Africa 87 5.2 Stakeholder Consultation 88 5.2.1 Consultation with Palestinian Ministries 88 5.2.1.1 Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) 89 5.2.1.2 Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) 91 5.2.1.3 Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA) 92 5.2.1.4 Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) 92 5.2.1.5 Ministry of Local Governments (MoLG) 93 5.2.1.6 Ministry of Labor (MoL) 94 5.2.2 Consultation with Universities 94 5.2.3 Consultation with NGOs 95 5.2.4 Consultation with Private sector 96 5.2.4.1 Universal Group for Engineering & Consulting (UG) 97 5.2.4.2 Center for Engineering and Planning (CEP) 98 5.2.5 Consultation with Municipalities 99 5.2.5.1 Nablus Municipality 99 5.2.5.2 Ramallah Municipality 100 5.3 Citizens Questionnaire 102 5.3.1 Sample Size 102 5.3.2 Analysis of the Questionnaire 106 5.3.2.1 First Topic: Water Situation 107 5.3.2.2 Second Topic: Current status of sanitation and citizens' 107 satisfaction 5.3.2.3 Third Topic: Impact of wastewater on citizens 108 5.3.2.4 Fourth Topic: Economic and social aspects 109 5.3.2.5 Fifth Topic: citizens' awareness, and awareness 110 campaigns 5.3.2.6 Sixth Topic: Institutional issues 110 5.3.2.7 Seventh Topic: Decision-making 111 5.4 EQA Terms of Reference (TOR) 112 5.5 Selected Criteria Used in the Sanitation Projects (donors 113 criteria) 5.5.1 Wastewater Projects for USAID Funding 113 5.5.1.1 Assessment of Potential West Bank Water Projects for 114 VIII USAID Funding 5.5.1.1.1 Identification of Potential Projects 114 5.5.1.1.2 Establishment of project selection criteria 115 5.5.1.1.3 Evaluation of Shortlisted Projects 116 5.5.1.1.4 Recommended Criteria for Prioritizing Projects 118 5.5.1.2 Site selection report 121 5.5.1.2.1 Criteria 1: Civil Administration Permitting 123 5.5.1.2.2 Criteria 2: Operational Simplicity 125 5.5.1.2.3 Criteria 3: Environmental and Health Impacts 127 5.5.1.2.4 Criteria 4: Municipal Readiness 129 5.5.2 Wastewater Projects for European Union (EU) Funding 131 5.5.3 Wastewater Projects for German Bank for 133 Reconstruction (KFW) Funding 5.5.3.1 Multi-Criteria Screening of Options 134 5.5.3.2 Environmental Issues 134 5.5.3.2.1 Socio-Economic Impact 134 5.5.3.2.2 Institutional Criteria 134 5.5.4 Wastewater Projects for Ministry of Foreign Affairs 135 (MFA) Republic of Finland Funding 5.5.4.1 Selection Criteria and Screening 135 5.5.5 Wastewater Projects for Local Finance Investment 136 Projects 5.5.5.1 Suitability of Land 136 5.5.5.2 Political Constraints 136 5.5.5.3 Potential Aquifer Impacts 137 5.5.5.4 Proximity of Reuse Sites 138 5.5.5.5 Proximity to Existing and/or Planned Utilities 138 5.5.5.6 Flood Plain Elevation 138 5.5.5.7 Proximity to Landfill 139 5.5.5.8 Nuisance to Surrounding Urban Areas 139 5.5.5.9 Population Served 139 5.6 Criteria Identification 139 Chapter 6. Mcda tools development 141 6.1 Normalize the Weights of Criteria 141 6.2 Carries a Value Rating for Each Criteria 144 6.2.1 Demography 144 6.2.2 Water Consumption / Wastewater Production 144 6.2.3 Reusing Wastewater 145 6.2.4 Environmental Factor 146 6.2.5 Operation Body 148 6.2.6 Risk for Industrial Waste 149 IX 6.2.7 Socio-Economic Factor 149 6.2.8 Geographical Factor (topography, catchment) 150 6.2.9 Political Issues 151 Chapter 7. Priorities settings 152 7.1 Identify Communities 152 7.2 Application of MCDA Tools 163 7.2.1 Carries a Value Rating for Each Criteria 163 7.2.1.1 Demography 163 7.2.1.2 Water Consumption / Wastewater Production 164 7.2.1.3 Reusing Wastewater 166 7.2.1.4 Environmental Factor 167 7.2.1.5 Operation Body 170 7.2.1.6 Risk for Industrial Waste 171 7.2.1.7 Socio-Economic Factor 174 7.2.1.8 Geographical Factor (topography, catchment) 179 7.2.1.9 Political Issues 181 7.2.2 Evaluation Measure for Each Community 182 7.3 Setting Priorities 187 7.4 Sensitivity and Certainty Analysis 188 7.4.1 Program Implementation (Case Study) 189 Chapter 8.