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It Doesn't Get Better Than What We Make of It

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It Doesn't Get Better Than What We Make of It It doesn’t get better than what we make of it The importance of the Eurovision News Exchange in TV coverage of foreign news Hilde Zwaig Kolstad Master thesis Department of Media and Communication UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2012 II Abstract This thesis investigates the role of the Eurovision News Exchange (EVN) as a source for foreign TV news coverage for the Danish and Norwegian public service broadcasters: DR and NRK. With the theoretical approach of political economy, I have sought to expose existing structures in international news distribution that are influencing the broadcasters’ coverage and the EVN’s distinct features within the field. A central point of the analysis has been the particular logics of the EVN, as a cooperation of member broadcasters based on public service principles, opposed to the commercial logics of the major TV news agencies. The investigation showed that the EVN supplies a fair share of the sources of the investigated broadcasters’ foreign news coverage, but also that this share does not represent a factual alternative to the share of the commercial news agencies. Certain tendencies in what kinds of themes and geographical areas the broadcasters use the two image suppliers for in their coverage are apparent, and the implications of the broadcasters’ approach to the different sources are discussed. The public service background of the EVN, and its contributing members, was examined with regard to the content in the supplied news material, and a further possible democratizing role of the cooperation in foreign TV news coverage. The analysis found that the role the EVN has to the broadcasters’ foreign news coverage depends on the individual broadcasters’ financial situations. The cooperation also emerged as a necessary supplement to the commercial news agencies. The public service background further proved to both strengthen and weaken the EVN, and a partly unused potential of holding a democratizing factor in the international news flow, was largely connected to this dynamic. III IV Acknowledgements I started out on this project four years ago, and it feels like the world around me had time to change during the course. I am glad I am now wrapping it up. I am grateful to several who have helped me along the way: Special thanks to my main supervisor, Sigurd Allern, for shrewd and inspiring guidance. Thanks to co-supervisor Stig Hjarvard for additional comments, and to my informants at NRK and DR, especially Bente Lundstrøm at DR for helpfully assisting me with practical arrangements. Thanks to my family, for unconditional support and care, especially to my parents, Inger Lise Kolstad and Einar Zwaig, for always making it so easy for me to pursue an education, and to live, in general. Thanks to Morten for indispensable support and faith in me on, and especially off, the academic “court”. Many thanks to Nick Best, Anja Sletten, Eli Zwaig Kolstad and Guttorm Syvertsen for invaluable help with the text. And thanks for more or less direct assistance and inspiration at different stages of the process to: my most favorite colleagues at the NRK EVN-office, Marit Moi, Gunnar Høidahl, colleagues in Geneva, Liv Inger Engevik, Ida Bergan, Ingeborg Staxrud Olerud, Ingvild Ulsaker Kruge, Nina Hurum and Turid Edvardsen. Hilde Zwaig Kolstad Oslo, June 29. 2012 V VI Table of contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Clarification and terminology ................................................................................ 4 1.2 Theoretical approach ..................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Methodological procedures ........................................................................................... 5 1.4 Eurovision and the EBU ................................................................................................ 6 1.4.1 Demarcation of area of interest .............................................................................. 7 1.4.2 The daily operation ................................................................................................. 7 1.4.3 What is transmitted ................................................................................................. 9 1.4.4 Financial and operational foundation ................................................................... 11 1.4.5 Who are the members ........................................................................................... 12 1.4.6 EVN’s relation to the commercial news agencies ................................................ 14 1.5 Structure ...................................................................................................................... 16 2 Theoretical foundation and perspectives ....................................................................... 17 2.1 Hidden and influential news suppliers ........................................................................ 17 2.1.1 EVN research contributions ................................................................................. 18 2.1.2 Two returning points of concern .......................................................................... 19 2.2 Political economy approach ........................................................................................ 23 2.2.1 The public service foundation .............................................................................. 24 2.2.2 News production – the primary task of PSB ........................................................ 27 2.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 30 3 Methods and data ............................................................................................................. 32 3.1 Cases and strategies ..................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Selection of cases ................................................................................................. 32 3.1.2 Applied research strategies ................................................................................... 34 3.2 Content analysis .......................................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Sample .................................................................................................................. 35 3.2.2 Variables and Categories ...................................................................................... 38 3.3 Qualitative interviews ................................................................................................. 39 3.3.1 Informants sample ................................................................................................ 39 3.3.2 Practical undertakings .......................................................................................... 41 VII 3.4 EBU documents and sources ....................................................................................... 42 3.5 Methodological reflections .......................................................................................... 43 3.5.1 Reliability and validity ......................................................................................... 43 3.5.2 Research from the inside ...................................................................................... 45 3.5.3 Representativeness ............................................................................................... 46 3.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 47 4 The Eurovision News Exchange as a source .................................................................. 49 4.1 First, there were pictures… ......................................................................................... 49 4.1.1 The vast need ........................................................................................................ 49 4.1.2 Irregular but extended service .............................................................................. 54 4.2 EVN and the commercial news agencies .................................................................... 59 4.2.1 Foreign violence ................................................................................................... 59 4.2.2 Two peas in the same regional pod? .................................................................... 61 4.2.3 The EVN can get closer ....................................................................................... 62 4.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 64 5 Public service international news.................................................................................... 67 5.1 Depends on its members ............................................................................................. 67 5.1.1 Financial premise ................................................................................................. 67 5.1.2 The basis of reciprocity ........................................................................................ 68 5.1.3 It is something we do at the end of the chain ......................................................
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