International Conference on Silk-roads Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development, Beijing International Convention Center, China, 11-12 May 2019

Geohazards of (Events & Mitigation Activities)

Myint Naing Exploration Geologist

Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation CONTENTS

1. Country Profile 2. Regional Geology 3. Geohazards of Myanmar ❖ EARTHQUAKE ❖ LANDSLIDE ❖ TSUNAMI ❖ Mud Volcano 4. Conclusion Country Profile LOCATION

Location Lat. 9˚58’ - 28˚31’N , Long. 92˚9’ 100˚10’E Capital and Largest city MYANMA Rangoon (), 4,477,638 R Naypyidaw (administrative capital) Monetary Unit kyat Area Land area - 657,741 sq. km Total area - 677,000 sq. km Climate Tropical and Sub-tropical Three seasons ( Rainy, cold and summer) The maximum temp:- from 31 to 42°C The minimum temp:- from 0.3 to 13.4°C Population - 54.246 millions (2019) Growth - 0.89% Urban - 20.259millions (37.3%) Rural - 33.987 millions (62.7%) Ethnic groups Density - 83 (per Sq Km) Bamar-68%, Shan-9%, Kayin-3.50%, Rakhine-3.50%,Mon.-2%,Kachin-1.25%, Kayah -0.75 % and Chinese -2.50%, Indian-1.25%, Other -4.5% Organization Chart of the Ministry Country Profile

Union Minister

Union Deputy Minister

Permanent Secretary Permanent Secretary (Mining Sector) (Forestry Sector)

Department Department No.(1) No.(2) Myanmar Myanmar of of Mining Mining Gems Pearl Mines Geological Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Survey & Gold Gems, Pearl Mineral Mineral Coal Exploration Lead Tin Jade Breeding Policy Zinc Lime stone Tungsten & harvesting formulation, Geological Silver Industrial Rare Earth Jewelry Regulation Survey Copper Minerals Titanium measures Manganese Mineral Iron Platinum 4 Environmental Exploration Nickel Decorative REE Laboratory Chromite stone FDI Antimony Regional Geology The regional tectonic setting of Myanmar as a result of Indian-Asian collision

➢ The northward-moving Indian Plate underneath the Burma Platelet at an average rate of 3.5 cm/yr. ➢ The northward movement of the Burma Platelet from a spreading centre in the Andaman Sea at an average rate of 2.5–3.0 cm/yr. Geological Map of Myanmar (2008) Regional Geology LEGEND Holocene Rocks Pleistocene Rocks Miocene-Pliocene Rocks Miocene Rocks Oligocene Rocks Eocene Rocks , Molasse Type Eocene Rocks, Flysch Type Cretaceous Rocks Jurassic-Cretaceous Rocks Mesozoic & Cenozoic Granites Jurassic Rocks Paleozoic Granites Triassic Rocks Gabbro and related intrusives Permian-Triassic Rocks Ultrabasic and basic intrusive Upper Paleozoic Rocks Volcanic Rocks (mainly Paleozoic Rocks Cenozoic) undifferentiated Mainly Upper and partly Lower Paleozoic JICA Paleozoic Rocks Digital Geological Cambrian Rocks MappingProject 2005 - 2008 Precambrian Rocks Low grade metamorphic Rocks (of greenschist facies) Metamorphic Rocks (undifferentiated)

▪ Shan-Thai Block includes Precambrian to cretaceous rocks with Slate belt and Mogok Metamorphic belt to the west. ▪ Central Tertiary sedimentary basins with oil-gas and coal occurrences. The N-S trending Central Magmatic Belt at the centre. ▪ Western Ranges- fold-thrust belt with Chin flysch. Seismotectonic map Earthquake

Kabaw Fault ➢ Earthquakes in Myanmar have resulted from two main causes : 1) The continued subduction (with collision only in the north) of the northward-moving Indian Plate underneath the Burma Platelet (which is a part of the Eurasian Plate) at an average rate of 3.5 cm/yr; and Kyaukkyan Fault 2) The northward movement of the

Sagaing Fault Burma Platelet from a spreading centre in the Andaman Sea at an average rate of 2.5 – 3.0 cm/yr (Bertrand et al., 1998; Curray, 2005) Papun Fault ❖ The well-known and seismologically very active Sagaing Fault Spreading Centre Earthquake

The seismic zone map of Myanmar (2005) was prepared by a team led by Dr Maung Thein during 2003 to 2005

➢ Five seismic zones are demarcated and named (from low to high)

▪ Zone I (Low Zone),

▪ Zone II (Moderate Zone),

▪ Zone III (Strong Zone)

▪ Zone IV (Severe Zone), and

▪ Zone V (Destructive Zone) Earthquake

Earthquakes in myanmar

Richter Time Type Frequency Data Source Magnitude Range

Great > 8 1 1839- Historical 2008 record and NEIC

Major 7-7.9 15 1839- Historical 2008 record and NEIC

Strong 6-6.9 25 1950- ANSS 2008 Catalogue

Moderate 5-5.9 549 1950- ANSS 2008 Catalogue Seismicity of Myanmar

Declustered ISC catalog (with complement of IRIS catalog) Earthquake Earthquake Focal Depth Contour Map

(Maung Thein and Tint Lwin Swe, 2006)

❖ Earthquake focal depth contour of Myanmar Region in period of 1964-2004 ❖ Intermediate earthquakes occur only in the Western Fold Belt while the other parts of Myanmar experience shallow crustal earthquakes ❖ The locations of major faults are superimposed on the focal depth zones Earthquake Myitkyina Significant 1931 7.6 Wuntho 1946 7.5 Earthquakes Tagaung 1991 7.1 small to moderate Historic earthquakes Sittway Sagaing earthquakes in AVA Era 1762 7.0 1956 7.0 Mandalay 1429, 1467, 1501, Bagan 1602, 1696, 1762, Maymyo 1975 6.8 1771, 1776, 1830, 1912 8.0 1839 Taungoo Area Taungdwing Highly active with yi 2003 6.8 moderate to large earthquakes Phyu 1930 7.3 Historic Earthquakes in Bago Yangon Bago 868, 875, 1564, 1567, 1930 7.3 1582, 1588, 1590, 1757, Dedaye 1768, 1830, 1888, 1913, 1917, 1920, 1930 2004 5.7 Earthquake 1930 Bago Earthquake, MW 7.3 Taungdwingyi Earthquake

Historical Earthquakes in Bago (AD) 868, 875, 1564, 1567, 1582, 1588, 1590, 1757, 1768, 1830, 1888, 1913, 1917, 1920, 1930

Taungdwingyi Earthquake (22 September, 2003) ❖ 00:46:54 MST ❖ 6.8 on magnitude Scale ❖ Depth – 10km ❖7 death, 42 Injure, 180 houses damaged, 182 Pagodas After J. C. Brown, 1934 collapsed 2012 Thabeikkyin Earthquake Earthquake

Kyaukmyaung Khule

6.8 Mw Bagan Earthquake, Myanmar (24.Aug.2016)

❑Mw – 6.8, (about 10 km focal depth) ❑Nov. 11, 2012 (7:50 am, Local time) ❑26 casualties, 231 injuries ❑various sort of buildings (>500) damaged ❑Source – right- lateral Sagaing Fault

Sept 12, 1946, 15:17:15 (7.3) Sept 12, 1946, 15:20:20 (7.5) 23 Aug 2016 24 Aug 2016 Gutenberg & Richter, 1954 Earthquake Paleoseismic study across the Sagaing Fault near Nay Pyi Taw Earthquake Geology Field Train along the Earthquake Sagaing fault (March, 2016)

➢North of the Yae Khar Supported by Earth Observatory of Lake, between Yae Khar Singapore and Sloan Foundation Village and Yuan Da Yah Village ❖ Paleoiseismology ➢Small valley within the ❖ Geological mapping of active fault fault zone that Wang Yu ❖ GPS survey interpreted as a right ❖ Ground LiDAR topography survey step over along the fault Earthquake Yangon seismic zone map Mandalay seismic zone map

96.985 96.995 97.005 97.015 97.025 97.035 97.045 97.055 97.065 97.075

20.82 20.82 Russia Reservoir

20.81 20.81

96.985 96.995 97.005 97.015 97.025 97.035 97.045 97.055 97.065 97.075 Hospital '

20.8 0 20.8

5 7 3 Sao San Htun Market 20.82 20.82 Russia Reservoir

20.79 20.79 Ayethayar Golf Course Mya Seing Taung Pagoda 20.81 20.81 Nyaungshwe Lake g un ya en AYETHAYAR Myoma Market hw 20.78 S 20.78

Sao San HtunTo Hospital '

20.8 0 20.8 Child Hospital

5

7 3 Sao San Htun Market Jubilee Hall 20.77 Shwe Phone Pwint 20.77 Ayethayar Dam 5612'Pagoda YatTaw Mu Pagoda Wabya Dam 20.79 20.79 Ayethayar Golf Course TAUNGGYI Mya Seing Taung 4920' Pagoda Nyaungshwe Lake 20.76 5755' 20.76 ng au ny Taunggyi Golf Course ' AYETHAYAR 0 e Myoma Market AYETHAYAR '

5

w 0 h 2 0 20.78 S 20.78 5 0 To INDUSTRIAL ZONE 5 20.75 Taunggyi University 20.75 Child Hospital Seismic zone map of Bago-Oakthar Myothit Thayarkone Dam T o Jubilee Hall T o 96°25'E H 96°30'E 96°32'E

Shwe Phone Pwint Mandalay 20.77 20.77 o 5612' p Ayethayar Dam Pagoda K o 17°24'N y n Kyontagan-C F a e YatTaw Mu Pagoda20.74 u 20.74 k Wabya Dam t 96.985 96.995 97.005 97.015 97.025 97.035 97.045 97.055 97.065 97.075 a l o 4920' n e Seismic zone map of Taunggyi Kantawgyi Resevior 20.76 20.76 0.5 20.82 20.82 96.985 96.995 5755' 97.005 97.015 97.025 97.035 97.045 97.055 97.065 97.075 Morlamyine

Russia Reservoir EXPLANATIONS

0.45 0.4

Taunggyi Golf Course ' Kali-C 0 Thebyu-C General AYETHAYAR ' Seismic Probable Range of Equivalent Modified 5 1 mile 2mile 0 0 2

0 and Ayethayar5 Zone Description Ground Acceleration Mercalli Scale Classes 0

INDUSTRIAL ZONE 5 20.81 20.81

20.75 Taunggyi University 20.75 0.25 F F Destructive zone 0.4 - 0.5 g IX EXPLANATION Sao San Htun Hospital 0.3 0.35 Thayarkone Dam T o T LEGEND ' o H 0.3 - 0.4 g 20.8 0 20.8 EQUIVALENT MODIFIED Severe Zone VII - IX 5 PROBABLEo MAXIMUN

7 K p 3 SEISM IC ZONE GENERAL DESCRIPTION o Sao San Htun Market y n MERCALLI SCALE CLASSES a GROUNDe ACCELERATION Railway 20.74 u 20.74 k Mazin t Strong Zone 0.2 - 0.3 g VIII a Dam 0.35 l o 5612' 20.79 20.79 n Peak and elevationMahazadi Bago TAUNGGYI IX 17°20'N Ayethayar Golf Course Mya Seing Taung Destructivee Zone 0.4 - 0.55 g Polabe-C Pagoda 0.45 Market Shwemawdaw Pagoda Pagoda Nyaungshwe Lake Landmark Railway 0.45 g 96.985 96.995 97.005 97.015 97.025 97.035 97.045 97.055 97.065 97.075 Mazin-C Station un Old Palace ya en AYETHAYAR Myoma Market Severe Zone 0.3 - 0.4 g VIII- IX Site Thanatpin hw 20.78 S 20.78 Car road LEGEND To 0 1 mile 2mile

Child Hospital VIII Strong Zone 0.2- 0.3 g Dam and Reservoir Fault Sagaing 0.45 Bago Stream

Jubilee Hall '

Shwe Phone Pwint 0

20.77 20.77 0

Ayethayar Dam 5612'Pagoda 5 Contour with Elevation reservoir, lake, pond

EXPLANATION 3 Oaktha YatTaw Mu Pagoda Myothit Wabya Dam LEGEND Ground Landing Landmark 4920' PROBABLE MAXIMUN EQUIVALENT MODIFIED GENERAL DESCRIPTION SEISM IC ZONE F

MERCALLI SCALE CLASSES Bago River 20.76 5755' GROUND ACCELERATION20.76 Figure (4) .Seismic microzonesRailway of Taunggyi and Ayethayar area shown Railway & car road

Taunggyi Golf Course ' 0.4

0

' AYETHAYAR Tagubyin-C

5

0

2 "g" value contour line 0 5612' 5 0 with peak Peakground and elevation acceleration at firm rock in 'g ' values. INDUSTRIAL ZONE Destructive Zone 5 0.4 - 0.55 g IX 20.75 Taunggyi University 20.75 Landmark Fault

0.25 Thayarkone Dam T o 0.45 T VIII- IX Severe Zone 0.3 - 0.4 g o H 0.3

0.35 o p K o Car road y n a e 20.74 u 20.74 k PGA in “g” value (in upper 30m) t a Bago Degree l VIII Strong Zone o 0.2- 0.3 g Dam and Reservoir n Colleege e

' 17°15'N

0 F 0

96.985 96.995 97.005 97.015 97.025 97.035 97.045 97.055 97.065 97.075 5 Contour with Elevation

3 Yangon "g" contour interval - 0.05 g Scale 1 0.5 0 1 mile 0 1 mile 2mile

EXPLANATIONFigure (4) .Seismic microzones of Taunggyi and Ayethayar area shown LEGEND PROBABLE MAXIMUN EQUIVALENT with MODIFIED peak ground acceleration at firm rock in 'g ' values. SEISM IC ZONE GENERAL DESCRIPTION GROUND ACCELERATION MERCALLI SCALE CLASSES Railway

5612' Peak and elevation Destructive Zone 0.4 - 0.55 g IX Landmark Severe Zone 0.3 - 0.4 g VIII- IX Car road

Strong Zone 0.2- 0.3 g VIII Dam and Reservoir

'

0 0

5 Contour with Elevation 3

Figure (4) .Seismic microzones of Taunggyi and Ayethayar area shown with peak ground acceleration at firm rock in 'g ' values. Earthquake

Earthquake • 16 major eq. (magnitude >7) in last 170 years • Urban centres Mandalay, Bago, Yangon, Taunggyi are along fault lines • Department of Meteorology & Hydrology is the nodal agency for seismic monitoring • Earthquake preparedness is very important

Future tasks and activities ❖Continuation, extension, and expansion of the active fault studies along the Sagaing, Kyaukkyan and Kabaw faults. ❖ Preparation of the PSHA map of Myanmar. ❖ Regular precise GPS measurements along the Sagaing Fault, especially between Bago and Mandalay. ❖ Training of some seismologists and earthquake engineers. ❖ Upgrading of the existing seismological stations, and then installation of some more modern-type seismological stations in some suitable locations, such as Hpa-an, Pathein, Bago, Pyinmana, Magway, Kalemyo, and Muse. Landslide LANDSLIDE EVENTS IN MYANMAR

• The landslides of various scales occur in mountainous regions especially in the Western Ranges and some localities in the Eastern Highland of Myanmar. • These provinces are inherently unstable nature of areas of the country. • The steep slopes, unstable geologic conditions and heavy monsoon rains combine to make the mountainous areas one of the most hazard-prone areas in Myanmar. • Even in central lowland between the two mountainous provinces, landslide features occur along the banks of lower Ayeyarwady river and its distributaries. • Due to the sparse population, landslides in this region damage infrastructure rather than human settlements. Landslide Hazard Zone Map of Myanmar Landslide

• The main factors that influence landslides in Myanmar are mainly classified as follow: a) The gradient of the slope

b) Hydrologic characteristic of the slope

c) The presence of trouble some earth materials

d) The process of erosion

e) Man-made causes

f) Geological conditions

g) The occurrence of a triggering event Landslide Lists of Some Historical Landslide in Myanmar Yeara Location Name and Type Triggering Impact butm Process ent 1912 North of Taunggyi Maymyo landslide Earthquake Serious landslide and ground cracks 1946 Tagaung landslide Earthquake 380 acres of crop damaged 1991 Tagaung landslide Earthquake Some buildings destroyed 1999 Tanintheryi Ranges landslide Torrential rain Buried some villages 2001 Nansang Subsidence Heavy rain Two circular graven about 50 feet diameter appeared 2003 Taungdwingyi landslide Earthquake Some slope and rain road along the western abutment of Pegu Yoma failure Landslide Recent Landslide in Myanmar (2012-2017) 2. Zalai & Laizo 3.1.7. VicinityHpakant5. 4.Thit Mawchi VicinitySeint Jadeof(Tin Hakha Gonof Mine - 6. PopalandslideLandslide KyaikhtiyoeTungsten)MineLandslideLandslidePagoda After prolongedLandslide rain, 1 monasteryIn 2015, about and some 300 housesTheManyHeavyThis landslides areawere crack rains is aredestroyed mainly signsoccurredhave housescausedInitial were bylarge increasing destroyed crack triggeredeveryappearedand yearmore inlandslides andthisthan Jadethe 2000 minecar on signsdueporearea. to -appearwater landslide.Many pressurepeople in the Large are soilin 2 7 peoplethisroad two werewas villages upliftedevacuated in 3 crackstheinjured soil appear byduring this case. prolongboth The on frombecause their ofhomes over -by landslideowingheavytheFalam car to rain.are roadcreep township,especially At andleast the theoccur 28soil 6 loadingatthe the effect heavy infrastructures extractionof heavy in causedafterpeoplebuilding the wereto continuous be killed wall.deserted by andjadethisrains high bearinglandslideheavy inangle conglomerate Hakharains in slopes. 2015.. . 5 and displaced.

Sr.No Name Location Year Triggering Process

4 1 Hpakant Waste Dump Landslide Hpakant, Kachin 2015,2016, Torrential Rain & 2017 Human Activities 2 Zalai & Laizo Falam, Chin 2013 Heavy Rain

3 Vicinity of Hakha Hakha, Chin 2013/2015 Heavy Rain

4 Vicinity of Kyaikhtiyoe Pagoda Kyaikhto, Mon 2016 Heavy Rain

5 Mawchi Mine Landslide Hapsaung, Kayah 2015 Heavy Rain

6 Popa Landslide Kyaukpadaung, 2017 Heavy Rain Mandalay 7 Thit Seint Gone Mogok, Mandalay 2017 Heavy Rain Landslide Prone Areas in Myanmar Source from DGSE & Internet Landslide

Culprits of Landslide

1. The mountain is 1320 m (above 55º sea level) in height and the Landslide Hazard Area gradient of Slope >50º

Thit Seint Gon Village 2. Lack of Vegetation

CLIMOGRAPH MOGOK (2017)

3. The Torrential rainfall [The annual rainfall Heavy rain in is 2000mm to 4000mm (Humid Climate)]. August Culprits of Landslide

Weathered Leuco-granite

4. Earth material on the slope is mainly 5. Poor Drainage System (Increasing Pore Water composed of weathered leuco-granite (Sandy Pressure) soil).

70º

6. Local fault and direction of crack signs. 7. Human Activities (Old pit of Gemstone (Generally = 70º) Mining activities) Landslide

Landslide at Western Range Landslide at Western Range (Falam Area)

Landslide along Ayeyarwady and Hlaing Landslide at Pegu Yoma (2011) River Tsunami

Tsunami in Myanmar

• Myanmar coastline : 2200 kilometers long.

• Three main segments-Rakhine Coast in the northwest, the Ayeyarwady (formerly Irrawaddy) Delta in the middle, and the Tanintharyi Coast in the south.

• Myanmar coastal areas are vulnerable to Tsunami

• In 2004 Tsunami, Ayeyarwady was affected

• Out of 61 deaths, 31 took place in delta Tsunami The past earthquake and tsunami events in and around the Sunda Trench

1750 Cheduba Island Myanmar 1762 April 12 Bay of Bengal 1797Feb 10 Sumatra 1833 Jan 29 Sumatra 1861 Feb 16 Sumatra (Mw 8.5) 1881 Dec 31 Bay of Bengal (Mw 7.9) 1883 Aug 27 Sunda Strait 1941 June 26 Andaman Island (Mw 8.1) 2004 Dec 26 Sumatra (Mw 9.1)

Chhibber 1934, Heck 1947, Berninghausen 1966, La Dean 1984

R Bilham, M Ortiz, K. Sieh, D. Natawidjaja Tsunami

Location Map of Tsunami Disaster in Myanmar Mud Volcano

Mud Volcano In Myanmar

In Myanmar, active mud volcanoes are as follow; ❖ Minbu mud volcano ( Western Ranges) ❖ Ranbye – Kyaukpyu Island ( Rakhine Coastal Belt) ❖ Manaung Island ( Rakhine Coastal Belt) . Mud Volcano

➢Minbu mud volcano is situated on the western Range, near the oil-field of Yenangyaung (Upper Burma) ➢are small hillocks of grey mud or clay ➢The hills begin as holes, from which mud oozes and forms continually growing cones ➢Inflammable gases are also exuded with the mud ➢there is no heating involved, the mud is cool to touch Mud Volcano

➢Kyaukphyu and Manaung mud volcano is situated in the Rakhine Coastal Belt, near Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone ➢are small hillocks of grey mud or clay ➢gases are also exuded with the mud ➢mud volcano eruption in Kyaukphyu Township, Arakan State at 2014 August 31 ➢damaged more than 200 acres of farmland in Kyaukphyu Township Mud Volcano Mud Volcano Mud Volcano near the Kyaukphyu Deep Sea Port Project

✓ volcano erupts to the south of Saichon village, Kyaukphyu Township ✓ mud volcano erupted less than two miles from Saichon village in Kyaukphyu Township on October 4, destroying farmland. ✓molten mud lava flew about 70 feet high ✓mud volcano in 1987 destroyed about 40 acres of farmland ✓last volcano eruption in 1987, flames and lava came out ✓current volcano eruption isn’t strong and the damage is far smaller ✓An earthquake hit the township and two mud volcanoes erupted on August 24 ✓There are around 14 volcanoes near Saichon village Conclusion ▪ Recently, Myanmar is facing more Disaster Risk and affecting more Geohazard. ▪ Every year since 2000, Myanmar has affected by flood and landslide in the raining season. ▪ Myanmar Earthquake Committee, Universities of Myanmar are also study and trying to get more complete geohazard map of Myanmar. ▪ Ministry of social welfare, Relief and Resettlement is already have DRR and DRM. ▪ This Ministry trying disaster and hazard map for the flood. ▪ D.G.S.E also carry out for the geohazard. ▪ Conclusively, I hope that I will be get many knowledge, know-how and technology for geohazard from SiDDER Conference. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!