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I .I 1 - -lY l n , U i )95, Registered at the G.P.O as a Newspaper $1.00(inci. sales tax) '4001

IC0331C '', u ia PRICES REDUCED IN ALL OUTLETS! There is something more at every Club Rufaro outlet. The Club Rufaro Hoza Friday Prize Bonanza, where you could win BIG prizes. fow to enter In the final week the spot prizes will be increased to $30.00 When you buy your drinks, beer or spirits, to 7 lucky winners at every Club Rufaro outlet. i .cigarettes, you will get an entry card and Main Prizes competition stickers. The more you buy after The moment you enter this promotion from the date of start S ._this, the more stickers you will get. When you are in the mnning for the main prizes of: V'-z--'have 10 stickers on your card, answer the U , . , . simple question by selecting your two best 1st Prize - a house worth $150 000 Soccer Teams of the 195Soccer Season end 2nd Prize - $20 000 Cash drop it in the Promotion box at your Club 3rd Prize - $10 000 Cash Rufaro outlet. 10 Radios worth $400 each Be there at the outlet where you dropped your cards, on Friday evenings of every week and So now you know, even if you don't win one of the weekly you could be one of the 7 winners of $20.00 draws, don't despair there are bigger prizes to be won on Watch out for this Promotion Card the and many other prizes each, at every outlet the day of the soccer match on the 5th of November 1995 next time you are at Club Ruforo. for the nest 6 weeks. at Rofaro Stadium, where your 2 favourite teams would be So make sure you collect yours ft* te there to win clashing in the $50 000 Winner Takes-All Match. moment you get to the Club. Remember The Hoza Friday Prize Sonanza is on everyday from now to the 3rd of November 195 so be Mere for the Friday draws. See your Entry Cards which are available at .verv Club Rufore Outlet, for further details. ING 1027

Zimbabwe.News Official Organ of ZANU PF Contents Editorial Letters National News Special Reports Regional News Features International News Talldng Point Precious Documents Sport President urges teaching of national languages ...... ZANU PF wins local government elections ...... Reconciliation in danger in ...... Massive backlog at Labour Tribunal ...... Heroes' dependents get state help ...... The functions of the Social Development Fund ...... The gospel of hope ...... Livestock perish in Gokwe ...... Ariston Chambati a hero ...... Unemployed youths cash in on music ...... Population control forgets schools ...... Teachers influence -change ...... Workers denied water ...... Government must demonstrate commitment to indigenisation ...... Regiontal security vital for development ...... World War II and the historical science ...... AIDS and human rights at the workplace ...... An Afrikaner homeland: a start to the debate ...... Governments must commit more funds to health care ...... Uphill struggle for Cameroon ...... Abortion: A question of choice? ...... Transitional government appointed in Liberia ...... WomenofSA havetheirday ...... Rural consumers getting raw deal ...... South African coloureds say freedom struggle just begun ...... Mozambique at 20 ...... SA to lose second anthem ...... SADC protocol on shared waters signed ...... Population and the environment - Zimbabwe's dilemma ...... 50th anniversary of the UN ...... Women's economic role highlighted at Beijing ...... Z$13m boost for plant-based vaccine research ...... The Walt Disney company ...... England/Wales population rising ...... Freedom and democracy ...... SADC Heads of State summit ...... Communique on SA SADC summit ...... ZANU PF Code of Conduct ...... Mankind gain from Olmpics ...... SA bids to host World Cup ...... Zimbabwe News is the official organ of the ZimbabweAfrican (ZANU PF) and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road, Wokitngton, . World Copyright, Central Committee (ZANU PF) Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira. Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende. Cde. C. Ndhlovu, Cde. S. Kachingwe, Cde.A. Sikhosana, Cde. M. Munyati., ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Editorial Reformation of U N overdue ADDRESSING delegates at the 50th anniversary of the United Nations in New York, President Robert G. Mugabe called for the overhauling of the Security Council. The became the first world leader to offer constructive criticism in the search for lasting international peace and security. In the past, several world leaders expressed similar sentiments to President Mugabe's call for the rationalisation of the UN system. But none of these leaders was able to take the bold step of hitting the nail on the head. President Mugabe did not simply call for bringing the UN system up-to-date in line with the clainging world order. He boldly called for the overhauling of the structure of the Security Council and its replacement by a body that reflects regional representativity. Most Third World leaders know from the depth of their hearts that President Mugabe's way of thinking reflects their own view point but fear of the United States and other big powers compel them to keep low profiles. The need to "overhaul" the present UN system is now an urgent necessity if Third World countries are to survive as sovereign regions. The insistence by the West that the present status quo in the UN system should be preserved is based on the ideological need to perpetuate the inequality of the capitalist system. The West would like the present UN Security Council's permanent members to act as a gestapo over Third World countries. Through the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the West has established the group of 7 (G-7) which acts in the same way that the permanent members of the Security Council work at the UN. The substance of this unfair arrangement is the defacto dictatorship of the majority by the few. The world now moves on the dictates of the G-7 in financial and economic affairs. In political, social and diplomatic affairs the same world is forced to allow UN permanent members to determine the methods, extent and manner of settling international conflicts. Any such settlement has to conform with the strategic aims of the five permanent members of the Security Council, otherwise its chances of being implemented are nil. Third World countries constitute 60 percent of the UN membership while the West is under 20 percent; Africa alone constitutes about 35 percent of the UN membership. The five permanent members of the Security Council constitute only about nine percent of the UN membership yet they virtually control the UN system. This is why President Mugabe called for the overhauling of the present UN system. The West will not agree to the reformation of the UN system because doing so would reduce their status from that of dictators to that of democrats. These countries do not want the democratisation of the United Nations. Success in reforming the Security Council will automatically become success in uplifting the development of Third World countries and the end to internal civil wars and regional conflicts. This is so because one or the other of the permanent members of the Security Council is always behind this or the other Third World conflict. 12 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

President Jurges teaching of national languages Dear Editor I wish to express my disappointment on teacher Alex Mabharani's letter (Zimbabwe News Vol 26 No. 4) in which he castigated, Chemist Mafuba's article (Zimbabwe News VoL 26 No. 3). While Mafuba gave dear reasons why Shona and Ndebele should be compulsory in our schools, the teacher rejected the idea as a violation of human rights. My first question is, since no black Zimbabwean can advance any five or more '0' Level passes without English Language, is that not a selective violation of human rights? Obviously this tiacher needs a deeper appreciation of self and the issues raised by Mafuba and Profes-sor Solomon Mutsvairo. President Mugabe (Daily Gazette, 18 April 1994.) says: "I want to propose that our curriculum looks at the possibility of teaching all our main languages throughout the country ... What evil is there in teaching these languages? . . . Let's do it if the teachers are available". Vice President Nkotio has, on countless occasions, exhorted every Zimbabwean to accept our culture and languages; Vice President Muzenda has demonstrated the beauty of African culture and languages at most political gatherings. My second question is, if the leadership which brought about our political in'dependence is unanimously desirous to have our main languages taught in schools, who is holding back the revolutionary wheel for strengthening these languages, if- it is not educationists of Mabharani's attitude? The President says, "Let's do it if the teachers are available" Everyone knows that no army general can win a war if his soldiers are unwilling to fight, worse still if they are so scared that they would rather be under the leadership of their adversary than die. Is Mafuba not correct in observing and warning that the survival of our languages is at stake, unless the majority of our educationists express a willingness to emulate the gallantry of our political freedom fighters, by waging. a relentless war of mentaldecolonisation through enforcement of our languages in schools? is it not the teachers' duty to champion this belated revolution by demonstrating to the government and employers that the majority of our people can and should use the languages in commerce and industry? In my article (People's Voice, January 22- 28) on this subject and its effects on unemployment, I made a researched treatise with examples, pointing to the fact that there was no country in the world which has or could ever hope to achieve economic superiority while depending on a foreign language at the ex-. pense.of that which the majority understand best. We are currently creating a situation where the minority blacks being raised by the society because of simply passing. English language, will in turn become. the slave masters of the majority of their fellow blacks. Any alert person can see this already happening in black Africa and my article gave alarming statistics for Zimbabwe. I also reasoned why the government could not be blamed since, at independence, it had declared that Shona and Ndebele should be .accepted, in higher learning but then, s6me of our timid soldiers, (educationists) like Mabharani, retreated from marching on to the victory of our languages. The new Minister of Higher Education, Dr. Chombo, (People's Voice, 25 June- 1 July 1995) has emphasised the need for breaking our poverty cycle and dependency syndrome, and urged people to focus on self-reliance through appropriate education for every one.As I see it, these ideals can best be realised only through sharpening and using the most important tool for optimum economic development - language of the disadvantaged majority. All the countries which practise this language facility in their curricula for commercial and industrial education, are and will always be more advanced than those which pride themselves in despising their own national languages for such purposes. Admittedly, not all teachers are against teaching African languages, but since nothing positive is moving towards technologising Shona and Ndebele along with English, it may be better for government to take firmer and more effective measures against those who continue to contribute to the demise of our own languages. At the same time, our media, like television, radio and educational videos, should be urged to continuously provide examples of how the more industrialised nations have progressed through use of languages of the majority of their nationals. Funds should be made available for some of the teachers to tour and see for themselves how other countries have progressed economically by using their own national languages. By accepting and using our own languages, we will not be less intelligent. than we already are. On the contrary, more of our people will no longer be handicapped from advancing their favourite subjects, while those more inclined to, English continue as is the present situation. Let's do it, and do it whole heartedly.. Dr. IP. twambiwa, UZ. ZANU PF wins local govem elections ANU PF had won an overwhelming 178 out of 242 wards in 18 urZban centres when nominations closed between the first and second weeks of October, 1995, leaving only 64 wards to be contested in the municipal elections on October 28 and 29. Nine ZANU 'PF candidates for the post of executive mayor were assured of their posts in Kadoma, , , , , Redcliff, , Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

(ZNUPFwins local government elecftions) Continued from previous page and . among the 11 urban centres where mayoral polls would be held. In the Mashonaland Central town of , all the 12 Party contestants were nominated unopposed while seven candidates out of nine were declared duly elected in . Electinns will be held in wards 3 and 8 where Laes. E. Moyo and Moses Ndlovu were representing -the Party. The Party also swept all thq 11 seats in Chegutu where the mayor, Cde. William Muringani was nominated unopposed. Chqia's exe-utve mayor elect, Cde Illiam Muringani The Party was unopposed in seven out of ten wards in Kadoma where the or. Bulawayo Province Name Cde. Nelson Sidanile .Aaraz& RxAave. Cde. Adamson Brown Dutiroe Cde. Silvia Rance Cde. Tavada Paradza & Steven Maluleke Cde. Magwenzr Cde. Marikopo Zingundu Cde. Arthur Samkange Cde. Absolom Paganga Cde. lohn Mtchesop. Maqhonaland Central Province No independent candidate Mashonaland East Province No independent Mashonaland West Province Cde. S. Nwenya ganisation's executive mayoral contestant, Alderman Ernest Shamuyarira was unopposed following the disqualification of Zanu (Ndonga)'s Jonas Munthali. There will be no municipal polls in Karoi and where the Party candidates stood unopposed. In Chinhoyi, three white candidates registered to take part in elections in ward one while seven other ZANU PF candidates are unchallenged. Cde. Faber Chidarikire is the Party's man for the position of executive mayor in Chinhoyi. In Bulawayo, 14 ZANU PF candidates in wards 1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22 and 24 stood unopposed. Elections will he held in the remaining 11 wards with Cde. Nelson Sidanle contesting as an independent in ward 23. He has been expelled from the Party, along with 21 others in different towns, for defying the Party's directive that no cadre should stand against its candidates. Voters in 's seven wards will not go to the polls on October 28 and 29 as all ZANU PF candidates in the town have been nominated unopposed. The Midlands capital of Gweru will have elections only in ward 9, 10 and 13. The Party won all seats in Kwekwe except ward 4 and 5 while six out of nine contestants in Redcliff are duly elected as they have no challengers. Cde. Tony Moyo of Redcliff, Cde. Ernest Shamuyarira of Kadoma, Cde. Luke Mukungatu in Marondera, Cde. Francis Aphiri of Masvinio, Cde. James Bwerazu- ward 2 2 Withdrawn 4 10 17 27 withdrawr 36 37 41 4 Kadoma withdrawnr 'Cd.. George Mfandeva - iudw' Ward 5 va of Gweru have also won their posts of executive mayor along with Cde. Abel Siwela in Bulawayo and Faber Chidariidre in Chinhoyi. Six ZANU PF cadres in wards 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 10 in Masvingo are unopposed. Elections will be held in wards 6, 7, and 9. Marondera swept all wards except 10 while there is no opposition challenging, Party contestants in Chitungwiza Town of . In Harare, 20 Party candidates are unopposed, hence people will go to the polls in the remaining 22 wards. In the Eastern Highlands town of , 13 disgruntled Party members, headed by Central Committee member and former mayor, Lawrence Mudehwe challenged their own Party in 12 wards. Only three wards were uncontested in Mutare. Cde. Mudehwe is standing against ZANU PF's Cde. John Mvundura for the executive myorship. Cde. Mudehwe is among the 22 independents who have been expelled from the Party and received their letters of expulsion from the Secretary for Administration, Cde. Dydimus Mutasa. The full list of the contestants who have been expelled from the Party, and those who withdrew their nominations is as follows:- Cde. 1. Nyatoro Miss C. Pasimupindu Miss E. Mudavanhu Cde. R. Kubaya Cde. E. Tsododo Cde. E. Akin Mr. L. Mudewe Cde. S. Macharaga Cde. Mugara Cde. Dr. N. Dzoro Cde. Antony Kushora'Pedzisa Cde. Naison Tsere Cde. Onias David Chingombe Cde. Mrs L Mushonga 2 9 Rusape 5 Mutare 9 Mutare 13 Mutare 4 Mutare/Mayor 13 Gweru 9 Gweru . 7 Redcliff ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 0 V 01'

ZANU PF wins local government elections Continued from previous page The elections to choose candidates for the Party in local government polls were held in nine provinces during the last week of September amid reports that they proceeded very well despite a few problems. There were no elections in the Matabeleland North town of Victoria Falls whose council's term expires next year. Cde. Sabina Zaira - Bindura Ward 8 In the Midlands province, elections were held under a peaceful atmosphere at 43 centres in Gweru, Shurugwi, Redciff and Kwekwe. In Gweru's Ward 4, elections were postponed after Central Committee members supervising the polls arrived late. The majority of seating councillors won despite competition from newcomers. Ten seating councillors retained their seats in Gweru. Cde. Charles Vicky Westerfall - Bindum Ward 9 Polling in Masvingo was characterised by peacefulness and three aspiring candidates, Cdes Joosbi Omaar, David ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Chimombe and Pascal Mudzikisi were disqualified. Three seating councillors lost their seats. In the Mashonaland West town of Karoi, four seating councillors were defeated in a poll contested by 17 candidates and four others withdrew from the race. While voting was generally peaceful in the province, there were calls for the improvement of the identification process of voters to ensure speedy polling. There were cases where presiding officers failed to arrive on time, thereby delaying polling or forcing the cancellation of the elections. In some areas, voters ended up leaving polling stations and going to churches. The Party was however praised for assigninR Politburo members to conduct election supervision outside their areas. The following are the candidates who won the Party primary elections. BULAWAYO PROVINCE Bulawayo: Ward 1 Mohammed H. Esat, Ward 2 Joram Johnson Ndebele, Ward 3 C. Lamsden, Ward 4 Mrs Tholakele Khumalo, Ward 5 Kingsley Dube, Ward 6 Mrs Margaret Sibanda, Ward 7 Nick Mabodoko, Ward 8 Matson Mpofu Htalo, Ward 9 Leonard Nkala, Ward 10 Wilson Ndiweni, Ward 11 Tamsanqa Magonya, Ward 12 Christopher Mdingwa Dube, Ward 13 Wilson Sibanda, Ward 14 Alexias Sibanda, Ward 15 Israel Gadhlula, Ward 16 Elliot A4. Dube, Ward 17 Dennis Ndlovu, Ward 18 Nelson Siwela, Ward 19 Michael R.B. Mpofu, Ward 20 David Ndlovu, Ward 21 Micah Parira Mpofu, Ward 22 Abednigo Nyathi, Ward 23 Samson Sibanda, Ward 24 Morris Dube, Ward 25 Charles Mpofu. MASHONALAND WEST PROVINCE Chegutu Ward 1 K. Papalexis, P. Rukawo and L. Gasula, Ward 2 S. Dekeya, Ward 3 C. Nyandoro, Ward 4 W. Mativenga, Ward 5 Apton Chamboko, .ward 6 P. Mariyapera, Ward 7 J. Mbangwa Mashona, Ward 10 G. Kutsvara, Ward 11 S. Ndebele. Chinhoyi: Ward 1 M.T. Mawere, K. Chidavaenzi and R. Masango, Ward 2 Albert W. Chishiri, Ward 3 Mrs Chipo Chakweza, Ward 4 Kapfudza Manyika, Ward 5 Foster S. Mahwani, Ward 6 Agrippa Guyo, Ward 7 Bernard Mungororo, Ward 8 Elias M. Marashwa. Kadbma: Ward 1 Luke Phiri, Ward 2 Zachariah Cde. -Faber Chidarikire - ZANU PF's candida for the executive mayorl elections in Chinhoyi Urayai Ziyambe, Ward 3 P. Nyamangara, Ward 4 Fannie Phiri, Ward 5 Remigias Gwata, Ward 6 Elisha Tinarwo, Ward 7 Isiah Mauto, Ward 8 Emmanuel Mutemi, Ward 9 G. Marimo, Ward 10 R. Takavarasha. Kariba: Ward 1 Chipere, Ward 2 Weston Gumpo, Ward 3 Kazondo Kawanza, Ward 4 L.S. Gava, Ward 5 Moses Mupukuta, Ward 6 Esnat Satiya, Ward 7 S.J. Gumpo, Ward 8 Tsungo. Karoi: Ward 1 Mtisi Mukanyani Chamusawana, Ward 2 Andrew Mhondoro, Ward 3 Isiah C. Bizabani, Ward 4 Bornface Tsongora, Ward 5 Davison Mufunga, Ward 6 Dickson Karengesha, Ward 7 Never Gasha, Dought Ndiweni and Forbes Mamire. MANICALAND PROVINCE Mutare: Ward 1 John Mangenje, Ward 2 Godfrey Chikoore, Ward 3 Solomon Zisengwe, Ward 4 Silas Mutare, Ward 5 Patrick L. Chitaka, Ward 6 Elijah Nyandoro, Ward 7 F.P. Kachidza, Ward 8 R. Maeresera, Ward 9 R. Kabaya, Ward 10 C. Pemhenayi, Ward 11 R. Saruchera, Ward 12 EK. Nyatanga, Ward 13 Levi Gwarada, Ward 14 Penel Mukurachaza, Ward Lovemore Zhakata. Rusape Ward 1 Claudius Mataga, Ward 2 ..... Ward 3 E. Gwenzi, Ward 4 A. Chawasarira, Ward 5 C. Nemaire, Ward 6 P. Nyarambi, Ward 7, E.P. Musesengwa, Ward 8 P. Pswarayi, Ward 9 E. Continued on next page

ZANU PF wins local government elections Cde. Stalin Mau Mau - Harare Ward 8 Continued from previous page Chidavanyika, Ward 10 N. Makoni, Ward 11 losephat H.S. Hunidzarira. MASHONALAND EAST PROVINCE Marondera wavaire, War Ward 18 Ma Ayoub Kara, ma, Ward 21 Sylvester Ng Muzondiwa, Demadema, " Ward 1 Enock Munyoro, Ward 2 God- wa, VWrV ,U frey Tawengwa, Ward 3 Godfrey Pasi 27 Matthew Chaisango, Ward 4 Martin Mubaiwa, Ganyire, War Ward 5 Benson Choga, Ward 6 Sarud- Ward 30 Am zai Mudzi, Ward 7 Thomas Nyamareb- Andrew Many vu, Ward 8 Cornelius Amos Mutodza, fa, Ward 33 Ward 9 Never Mutapanduwa, Ward 10a Wurayayi Ch Mason Siddick, Ward lob Ralph Kuretu, Ward Chimanikire. David Munye Chiradza, MATEBELELAND SOUTH Mupaada PROVINCE Mupawaenda Gwanda Ward 41 Millis Ward 1 Dorcas Ganyaupfu, Ward 2 A.B. Bernard Nyar Amratlal, Ward 3 E. Moyo, Ward 4 Jane Chitungwiza Ndlovu, Ward 5 Japhet Dube, Ward 6 Esau Moyo, Ward 7 E. Mathe, Ward 8 Ward 1 Ian Bu Moses Ndlovu, Ward 9 Petros Ngandu, War Mukwena. HARARE PROVINCE Harare Ward 1 Audrey Hativagone, Ward 2 Livia Gumbura, Ward 3 Norbert Tsvaki, Ward 4 Peter Munaku, Ward 5 Eva Chirwa, Ward 6 Winston Dzawo, Ward 7 Nancy Saungweme, Ward 8 Stalin Mau Mau, Ward 9 Richard Madawo, Ward 10 Benny Chisvo, Ward 11 Joseph Kandemiri, Ward 12 Mandizvidza Bganya, Ward 13 Jabulani Thembani, Ward 14 Samuel Chinyowa, Ward 15, L. MapurangA, Ward 16 Simon Chik- d 17 Pauline Zvorwadza, xwell Chadoka, Ward 19 Ward 20 Lawrence MavhiElliot Mahara, Ward 22 'orima, Ward 23 Junior Ward 24 Adolphus Nard 25 Charles TawengJackson Maombera, Ward Zambuko, Ward 28 L.T. d 29 Elias J.S. Mukiwa, brose Bwanya, Ward 31 'ika, Ward 32 David MakuSusan Vera, Ward 34 iheya, Ward 35 Victor 36 Hilda Ruzane, Ward 37 mweri, Ward 38 Canaan Ward 39 Alexander , Ward 40 Noel Chaya, cent Chinyemba, Ward 42 idoro. lawayo, Ward 2 Ellington d 3 Thomson Karigwindi, Cde. P. Nyamangara - Kadoma Ward Ward 4 Takapfuvisa Chimedza, Ward 5 Marjorie Zenda, Ward 6 Freddy Lancelot Chanetsa Matandi, Ward 7 Clarkton Mandizvidza, Ward 8 Rangarirai Mutazu, Ward 9 Stephen K. Chidzere, Ward 10 Cloudius Kamangira, Ward 11 Stephen Marivadzi, Ward 12 Chamunorwa Chipwanya, Ward 13 Lazarus M. Mhurushomana, Ward 14 Andrew Jiri, Ward 15 Elias Chingoka, Ward 16 Tsitsi Jadagu, Ward 17 Lovemore Murape, Ward 18 Alfred Madeyi, Ward 19 Saverino Meso, Ward 20 Derek Muchenje, Ward 21 Fidelis Mbashu, Ward 23 Wesley Nyandoro, Ward 24 Lawson Tekiso. MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE Bindura Ward 1 Pamenas Vambe, Ward 2 Sheba Chiyangwa, Ward 3 Isaac Miti, Ward 4 Kimpton Ruwiza, Ward 5 George Mandeya, Ward 6 Livingstone Mufundisi, Ward 7 Ferris Masumba, Ward 8 Sabi-na K. Zarira, Ward 9 Charles V. Westerfall, Ward 10 Norman G. Nyawo, Ward Cde. P. Mariyapera - Chegutu Ward 6 11 Wilby N. Rusike, Ward 12 Johannes M. -Rusenza. MASV!NGO PROVINCE Masvingo Ward 1 Hosea Matapura, Ward 2 Mrs Monica Chigudu, Ward 3 Hamadziripi Mamutse, Ward 4 Ezekiel Rugumi, Ward 5 Fenias Foroma Joshua Chakabuda, Ward 6 Rafinos Gumbango, Ward 7 Jacob Ngwaru, Ward 8.. ., Ward 9 Francis Timpthy Aphiri, (now executive mayor) Ward 10 Joseph Mushuku. MIDLANDS PROVINCE Gweru Ward 1 Ben Wakatama, Ward 2 J.B. Sibindi, Ward 3 Rodrick Zanga, Ward 4 Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 When Zimbabwe opted tor reconW ciliation \at independence in 1980, the government of national unity which was set up by President Robert Gabriel Mugabe meant well. The measure stalled any witch-hunt among the routed military machine which had been propping up the rebel Rhodesia Front regime of which had unilaterally declared independence from Britain in 1965. The Harare administration won world acclaim for not seeking revenge against the vanquished white minority. Reconciliation has since been taken up by President Sam Nujoma of Namibia and President Nelson Mandela of South Africa. Forgiveness became the two leaders' watchword when both their countries attained majority rule in 1989 and 1994 resnectively. ZAU P wIins local Continued from previous page S.R. Mhlanhlo, Ward 5 Rodgers Bhila, Ward 6 Ruyedzo Mutizwa, Ward 7 Greatman Sibanda, Ward 8 Manikidza M. Nyoni, Ward 9 Daniel T. Guralena, Ward 10 Friend T.M. Nyashanu, Ward 11 R. Masese, Ward 12 K. Mapasure, Ward 13 Joyce S. Mutasa, Ward 14 Benjamin B. Moyo, Ward 15 Daison Misi. Shurugwi Ward 1 B. R. Mupedzisi, Ward 2 Benedict Ngocha, Ward 3 M. Makusha, Ward 4 Isaac M.I. Chibendera, Ward 5 Tsungirayi Mukiwa, Ward 6 Anthony Chin'ombe, Ward 7 A.R. Mugwagwa. Redcliff Ward 1 B. Nyereyegona, Ward 2 E. Matorino, Ward 3 E. Dube, Ward 4 I.E. Furusa, Ward 5 T.S. Mavedzenge, Ward 6 P. Nyashanu, Ward 7 K Gumbe, N.M. Pasi and C. Danha. Kwekwe Ward 1 . Zhavairo, Ward 2 S. Chiwariro, Ward 3 E. Dube, Ward 4 I.E. Furusa, Ward 5 T.S. Mavedzenge, Ward 6 G.F. Phiri, Ward 7 S. Marimbe, Ward 8 C.V. Muchengeti, Ward 9 C.T. Dzuda, Ward 1 Oa S. Bonyongwa, Ward 1ob J. Kahondo, Ward 1 Oc P.X.G. Kutama. E1 Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions secretary general, Cde. Morgan Tsvangirai Also, through the same spirit, relative peace has been achieved between the former warring parties in civil wars which had threatened to tear apart the former Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique. However, the events which were exposed by a national daily newspaper in one week during July, 1995 prove that reconciliation is being tested to the limit in Zimbabwe. Purists with good intentions on race relations in this nation of 10.5 million people will want to forget in a hurry what is taking place in the formal employment sector with 1.2 million workers. A white entrepreneur was exposed as having retaliated for losing a labour dispute by ordering the worker to stand in a small circle in scorching sun for eightand-a-half hours a day. If the employee chanced to have sneaked out of the circle of despair to go and quench his thirst or to relieve himself, he would be penalised by having his hours of "work" deducted from him, resulting in lost earnings. The ordeal of the worker, who has been with the engineering plant for the past 20 years, ended six days later when his comrades raised alarm. Asked for how long he had intended the man to reriain doing that, Patrick Bland said: "Oh, until he goes. I don't want him anymore". This scandal, which was dubbed "The Circle of Despair" bv the press, paled into insigniticance when compared with the case of a white foreman and the baboon. Rob Rowley, to amuse himself, brought two paws of a baboon to a car plant where he had been a supervisor and taunted blacks to compare their hands with them. "Aren't they similar?", he quipped. The blacks who were not amused by this at all raised a stink. Rowley, for bringing the company into disrepute, has since been sacked by a black personnel manager of the international conglomerate. The nation also learnt that Ron Padmore, manager of yet another engineering plant, punished his employee who had won a labour dispute by ordering him to enter his plant at hourly intervals for the sole purpose of clocking in. The employee, who was getting his full pay for performing ,his duty, has since been demoted. The week was capped by the scandal of a document which was circulated by workers at Gestetner, an offshoot of the international company of that name, which said racial discrimination was rife ;r theplant. The authors of the document, which has since been sent to the office of the President, Cde. R.G. Mugabe, wanted the managing director, Dennis Lambert, to be deported. Of significance is the fact that these incidents took place in the capital, Harare, where there is more tolerance on racial issues. The situation is worse on farms, mines and other conservative rural enclaves. "What is coming up now is bringing into sharp focus the racial problems that have been suppressed by reconciliation," observed Cde. Morgan Tsvangirai, secretary- general of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions. Joining the outcry raised by other papers, a privately owned Sunday weekly screamed: "Many white people completely misrepresented the reason for reconciliation - the healing of the wounds". The Zimbabwe Human Rights Association describes the revelation as a betrayContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 INational News

Massive backlog at Labour Relations Tribunall tal of 633 labour cases were awaiting hearing before the Labour Relations Tribunal at the end of July this year and, this f re is set to grow as the institution's hands are tied by legislation which prevents it from increasing its manpower. The present backlog includes the outstanding 11 of the 300 cases the Tribunal inherited from the now defunct Labour Relations Board at the time of its full-time inception in June, 1993. The following is the full interview with the Labour Relations Tribunal. QUESTION ONE: How many labour cases have not been heard before the Tribual to date since the time it went into full operation in June 1993? ANSWER: 1. Brief Historical Background: (a) It should be pointed out at the outset that, before the Tribunal went on full time in June 1993, the institution was in existence but operating on a part-time basis and would hear and determine cases brought before it on appeal against the Labour Relations Board's decisions, that is, an average of one case per calendar month (Section 5 of the Statutory Instrument 369 of 1985 now repealled). (b) It also did not automatically follow that a matter would be concluded during the one month sitring. The nature and the complexity of the case would determine the time it would take to conclude it. (c) The part-time Tribunal was composed of members who were fully employed elsewhere and therefore the sittings would depend on their availability. 2. Statistical Analysis (a) (i) Mashonaland.Region (Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Mashonaland Central and Harm provinces) Matters pending before the part-time Tribunal as at June 1993 ...... 90 Matters transferred from the Labour Relations Board as at June 1993 ...... 84 Total No. of cases pending as at June 1993 ...... 174 M atters dealt w ith ...... 168 Oustanding cases ...... 6 P.S. All the six cases have been set down for hearing proceedings during the months of September and October, 1995 respectively. (ii) Number of cases registered between July 1993 to July 1995 ...... 402 M atters dealt w ith so far ...... 96 Matters still pending...... 306 (b) Matabeleland Region (Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South Provinces) (i) Matters pending before part-time Tribunal as at June 1993 ...... 34 Matters transferred from the Labour Relations Board as at June 1993 ...... : ...... 37 Total no of cases pending as at June 1993 ...... 71 M atters dealt w ith so far ...... 66 Outstanding cases ...... 5 P.S. These 5 cases have been allocated dates for hearing in September and October respectively. ( ii) Number of cases' registered between July 1993 to July 1995 ...... 155 M atters dealt w ith so far ...... 25 Matters still pending ...... 130 (c) Midlands Region (i) Matters pending before the part-time Tribunal as at June 1993 ...... 30 Matters transferred from the Labour Relations Board as at June 1993 ...... 6 Total number of cases pending as at June 1993 ...... 36 M atters dealt w ith so far ...... 36 Outstanding cases ...... 0 (ii) Number of cases registered between July 1993 to July 1995.- ...... 98 M atters dealt with so far ...... 13 Matters still pending ...... 75 (d) Manicaland Region (i) Matters pending before the part-time Tribunal as at June 1993 ...... 10 Matters transferred from the Labour Relations Board as at June 1993...... 1 Total Number of cases pending as at June 1993 ...... 11 Matters dealt with so far ...... ------...... ------. 1 Outstanding cases ...... 0 Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL:,26 NO. 5, 1995

Massive backlog at Labour Relations Tribunal Continued from page 6 (Ii)\ Num ber of cases r e d between July 1993 to'july 1995 ...... 80 M atters. dealtw th o far ...... 16 M atters still pending ...... 64 (e) Masvingo Region (I} M atters pending before the part-tim e Tribunal as June 1993 ...... 7 Matters transferred from the Labour Relations Board as at June 1993 ...... 1 Total Num ber of cases pending as at June 1993 ...... 8 M atters dealt with so far ...... 8 Outstanding cases ...... 0 (i i) Num ber of cases registered between July 1993 to July 1995 ...... 59 M atters dealt with so far ...... : ...... 12 M atters still pending ...... Q ...... 47 3. SUMMARY (a), Outstanding matters (bacldog) as at July 1995 M ashonaland Provinces ...... 6 M atabeleland Provinces ...... 5 M idlands Province ...... 0 M anicaland Province ...... 0 M asvingo Province ...... 0 Total ...... 11 (b) Outstanding matters (current backlog) as at 31 July 1995 M ashonaland Provinces ...... 306 M atabeleland Provinces ...... 130 M idlands Province ...... 75 M anicaland Province ...... : ...... 64...... M asvingo Province ...... 47 Total ...... 622 1c) Grand Total Figure in 3 (a) above ...... Figure in 3 (b) above ...... Total ...... QUESTION TWO Why has there been such a backlog? ANSWER (a) The issue of the backlog has already been dealt with in the brief historical background above and perhaps emphasis should be made on what the Tribunal understands by the term "backlog". (b) What the Tribunal considers as the backlog is the total number of caseswhich were pending at the time it went into full operation in June 1993. Below is the breakdown according to the provinces: M ashonaland Province ...... 174 M atebeleland Province ...... 71 M idlands Province ...... 36 M anicaland Province ...... 11 M asvingo Province ...... 8 Total ...... 300 P.S. These figures have been indicated on the statistical Analysis given above for easy reference. (c) The Tribunal's obligation at the time of its full time inception was to clear the above backlog of 300 cases, first and foremost before it could attempt to hear any matter which came after June 1993. There are however, other factors which significantly influenced the smoothness of the Tribunal's operation. (d) Premises At the time the Tribunal went into full time operation, it had no courtroom facility. It shared the ministry's three boardrooms which were not always available..it was only after four months i.e. in October 1993 when the premises it is currently occupying were acquired. Even though the Tribunal considered hearing cases during this period .t could not operate a permanent and consistent sitting roster system uritl a courtroom was acquired. The Tribunal had therefore approximately one Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Massive backlog at Labour Relations Tribunal Continued from previous page Col and a halt months i.e. November up to the middle of December (i.e. industries normally close down for Christmas holidays) to operate effectively and without having to rely on premises jointly used by other sections. Manpower (e) In terms of the enabling Act, the Tribunal's constitution is made up of 6 (six) members as follows:- Chairman - position is equivalent to a High Court Judge - Deputy chairman - whose status is equivalent to the President of the Administrative Court. - Not more than four members who should be registered legal practitioners or persons experienced in labour relations. The Tribunal's establishment, at the time it went into full operation had only three members, the chairman who was then rT full time and two part-time members. It was only in September 1993 when these were joined bf the deputy chairman and a lawyer member both full time members and since then the position of another lawyer member has not been filled. The Tribunal was also operating with a skeleton support staff as the proposed establishment was yet to be approved and these included court recorders, court interpreters, legal process transcribers and typist stenographers. All, but the two court interpreters were recruited during the second half of the year 1994. QUESTION THREE Is it true that some cases have not been heard for about three years. Why? ANSWER I need not elaborate on the reasons why the Tribunal had a backlog of cases as I have already discussed the issue above but it is a fact that if the Tribunal did not inherit the 300 cases transferred by the Labour Relations Board at the time ira 16 4rr Retrenched Ministy of Public Construction and National Housing Workers demonstrate against the abolition of theirposts. of its dissolution including those matters pending before the Tribunal, it would have started on a clean slate as at July 1993. It therefore had to dispose of these cases before it could entertain those which came later, and by about December 1994, it had cleared almost three quarters of these cases. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Massive backlog at Labour Relations Tribunal Continued from previous page The reasons for the backlog have already been discussed above. QUESTION FOUR: How many cases is the Tribunal capable to hear per month and how often does it meet? ANSWER: The Tribunal has maintained a court roll sitting of hearing three cases a day for three day% a week (that is every Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays respectively). Mondays and Fridays have been set aside for Chamber applications and these include application of late noting of appeals and Interim Determinations). The Tribunal is therefore capable Reconciliation threatened I I in Zimbabwe C-ontinued from previous page al of the government's honest intentions in race relations. "It does not appear as if reconciliation has worked at all," said ZimRights executive director, Ozias Tungwarara. Industrial relations have also been poisoned by the introduction of tough economic reforms which Zimbabwe embraced in 1990 after a decade of upholding socialism. The employers are beginning to feel more confident again in dealing with their workers as some of their powers on hiring and firing, which had been taken away, have been restored. "The programme," noted Cde. Tsvangirai. "has brought increased insecurity which makes workers tolerate abuse even if they know that their rights are being abused." Since independence, racism has dogged blacks in white collar jobs, hairdressing salons, employment agencies, banking, medicine, the church and the hotel industry. These scandals involving strained relations between blacks and whites vindicate what Vice President Joshua Nkomo has been at pains to stress. "If whites and Asians shun reconciliation," he has said, "there could be a civil war here." Black Zimbabweans are already paying a high price for the policy which their country bequeathed on the mainstream politics of Southern Africa. - ZIANA. D] of disposing of about three cases per day x three days per week x four weeks per month = 36 cases per month. Although this system which the Tribunal has adopted is normally applied, it all depends on the nature of the case. There are such matters as may involve a group of employees and each may be required to lead evidence or testify during court proceedings resulting in having to allocate a whole week for such matters. Postponement of matters Matters can be postponed for various reasons and some of these are: At the parties' request especially by legal representatives who normally seek postponement in order to get proper or further instructions from their clients and the party that seeks postponement will bear legal costs to the other side. - request by either parties to lead evidence from credible witnesses who would not have been summoned on the day in question. - production of documents, records and certain information which is considered as relevant evidence on the matter. - any other problems which may be administrative in nature or have arisen through natural causes. QUESTION FIVE: How is the situation regarding its human resources? The issue of the Tribunal establishment is governed by Section 99 of the Labour Continued on next page As long as the Labour Relations'Tribunal is crippW by xmpower problems, workers who bring their cases before the tribunal will continue to wait until the backlog is cleared ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Relations Act 16 of 1985 as amended, and' unless the prevailing legislation is amended with a view to increase its human resources nothing can be done. QUESTION SIX: There is word that plans are afoot to establish Tribunal offices in all major urban centres. How far true is this? ANSWER: " This is news to qs and therefore we cannot comment. QUESTION SEVEN: If true, how soon is this going to be done? ANSWER: The Tribunal's reaction is the same as Question Six above. QUESTION EIGHT: With the backlog increasing, what other steps are you taking to alleviate the problem? ANSWER: The expansion of the Tribunal in terms of its manpower is restricted by the legislation which provides for its establishment. In addition to the above and in view of the enactment of the Public Services Act, whose regulatory functions regarding conditions of employment in the Public Sector which would now be the responsibility of the respective structures provided for under the Labour Relations Act, there is need to increase the Tribunal manpower. QUESTION NINE: Can you see yourself containing the situation considering the increase in the

Heroes dependents get state help ver 200 dependents of zim- pendents are attributed to inadequate babwe's liberation heroes are cur- . personal details of dependents that are rently benefiting from the heroes supplied at the time of the death of dependents assistance fund which was spouses," she said. set up after the amendment of the There were difficulties in tracing depenHeroes Dependents Act Qf 1993. de, 1k -1 A, 1 ;-. In a .written statement responding to questions by Ziana, a spokesman for the Department of Social Welfare said 87 were dependents of national heroes, 127 were dependents of provincial heroes while 30 were those for district heroes. Spouses of national heroes currently receive an allowance of $1 751 while children between the ages of 12 and 16 receive $203,98 each per month. Children of national heroes between the ages of six and 11 receive $152,06 each per month. * The spokesman said the housing allowance of $120 000 paid only once to * dependents of national heroes had been suspended for lack of funds. Spouses of provincial heroes receive $1 235.35 a month while those of district heroes receive $888.40 each month. Children for both categories receive the same amount of money as thosg of national heroes. A housing allowance whose amount was not stated was also at present not being paid to both the dependents of provincial and district heroes due to shortage of finance. The spokesman stated that school fees for dependents of national, provincial and district heroes was paid as per government rates while school uniforms were strictly purchased as per school list. The heroes dependents assistance board had resolved that all heroes dependents needing medical assistance from the fund, attend government hospitals. To facilitate this, dependents were issued with free medical treatment orders from their nearest social welfare offices. The spokesman admitted that some dependents, particularl those of; provincial and district heroes were not benefiting from the fund, citing ignorance. ago, she said, adding that in some instances, places of burial were not known and some did not have legal documents. Designated heroes have to be gazetted and a sociological report submitted on the state of remaining family members to enable decisions concerning their level and type of assistance to be determined. it was noted that other relatives and de. pendents misinformed the authorities about their personal circumstances in order to enhance their chances of receiving higher levels of assistance. Other heroes never had dependents and so people who were distantly related ended up trying to claim for support to which they were not entitled. She pointed out that the housing allowance was a burning issue and was under review. The problem of coordinating information. between various organs of government, she said, was slowly being overcome. ZIANA... 1, Massive backlog at Labour I . Relations Tribunal Continued from previous page ,number otaFour cases resulting from the hard economic situation? ANSWER. The problem can only be solved by considering the answer given under 8 above. QUESTION TEN: When waiting for their cases to be heard suspended workers are not eligible to find alternative employment. How then do they survive as they will not be entitied to any income? ANSWER: The assertion is not true. Nothing prescribed in the existing labour legislation prevents or prohibits an employee to seek alternative employment, depending on the nature of the contractural agreement. - Permanent employment is construed and legally interpreted as having terminated one's original contract of employment. Therefore if t he Tribunal finds in favour of an employee where reinstatement It ordered payment of wages and benefits up to the day of sgin the new contract should be made.. - Temporary employment as the term implies cannot be considered as gainful employment and reihstatement where it is ordered Is automatic. Employment on a fixed contract is interpreted in the same manner as given under permanent employment above, that is if at the time of the conclusion of the matter, the contract had not expired or is still continuing. On the other hand, If the contract had already expired, reinstatement is applicable includ ing payment of wages and berefit during period of suspension but less payment of remuneration during, the period of fixed contract. Evidence has to be led in court to prove the above facts. 0 The functions of the Social Development Fund By our Correspondent e v s-any eople are asking what the for assistance but are not getting It. A "We have seen a* number of them who .5J~ function of the Social Develop- total of 7 000 projects have been apapproached our officers after the speech MVlmentFund really is. There are proved for the Social Dimensions Fund, -by His Excellency the President on the' many many people who are goinR to but there is no money to fund them. Heroes Day on August 12 that some de- compensation House (the Headquarters of I 1..( lays in receiving benefits by other de- the p eartmrnt'of Social Welfiritb took Continued on next page 12 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 No. 5, 1996 m I* .0 . ... . I "- A 9

The functions of the Social Development Fund Coniinued fron previous page nomic Structural Adjustment. Programme. A fund (SDF) was put in Our correspondent went out to find out. place to finance the activities. He got official and public responses, and "The implementation of the initial SDF summarised them as follows:- programme led to the realisation that "In designing the Economic Structural there were certain aspects of poverty Adjustment Programme (ESAP), the, that had been completely neglected by government of Zimbabwe realised that the current programme. It was realised certain segments of its population will that SDF was only addressing ESAP be adversely affected by the changes in related poverty and not general poverty the economic environment. The govern- as caused by various other socioment thus resolved to protect and sup- economic and cultural factors. The port the vulnerable groups so that they Poverty Alleviation Action Plan (PAAP) are better equipped to face the demands was launched to broaden the scope and of a iberalised economy. In this respect, reach out to a wider target with an emthe government designed the Social phasis on community participation in Dimensions of Adjustment Programme community based and initiated projects. (SDAP) as the key component of the Eco- Also special attention had to be placed he Chihoko-Mt. Darwin area in the north-east of Zimbabwe has been badly affected by'the drought. Dry land crops failed almost totally, and yet there is a spirit of optimism in the area, the hope of a brighter future. World Vision Zimbabwe began working in the area in the late 1980's, assisting in a small way with development projects. However, in 1993 the ChihokoMt. Darwin area was selected as part of the Area Development Programme, and World Vision now has a team of development experts based in the area and working with the local communities. .The results of this partnership are now evident throughout the nine wards in the Kandeya communal lands. World Vision has assisted the communities to build a medium-sized dam, construct over 500 blair toilets , build six classroom blocks for community schools, implement grazing schemes, sink boreholes and deep wells, plant trees in a major re-afforestation scheme, establish vegetable gardens, create incomegenerating programmes and assist in the building of a clinic and other facilities which have been of great benefit to the local people. The area co-ordinator, Mr. Cecil Myambo, is quick to point out that the achievements are not the work of World Vision alone. The Christian organisation - has provided funds, technical assi%tance and mateials, but has acted as tacilitators, and the real owners are the community themselves. "The task of World Vision is to augment local community effort in achieving rural development, with the intention that eventually we will be able to withdraw and leave the community to continue the work on their own," says Mr. Myambo. "We also work very closely with various government departments and NGO's who are concerned with rural development". There is no doubt that World Vision has been able to make a difference in the lives of people living in the Chihoko-Mt. Darwin area. There is a spirit of optimisim and hope despite the devastating impact of the drought. The World Vision Area Development Programme has brought the community together, given them an opportunity to develop clear objectives and priorities, and foster a community spirit. In practical terms, the benefits of the project are very evident. The Chawanda Dam, built at a cost of $450 000, has sustained the cattle which used to be walked 15 kilometres to the nearest water point. The dam has also provided water for numerous small vegetable gardens which are providing sustenance during the drought, and alsq am income Continued on next page on improving the participation of women and youths in the development process. Functions of SDF Coordination Unit "In terms of the original document of 1991, the "Social Dimensions of Adjustment (SDA) - a programme of action to mitigate the social cost of adjustment" the functions of the Social Development Fund were elaborated as follows:1. To provide training grants for out placement, implant exposure, selfemployment in both the formal and informal sectors. 2. To provide investment funds to institutions, groups or individuals, which may be of a soft nature or grants to promote employment in specified projects, including public works and rural resettlement. 3. To provide grants for the support of guidance, counselling and extension services to the unemployed, and new entrepreneurs in both the small-scale, formal and informal sectors. 4. To provide grants to develop labour market information and research. 5. To provide targeted subsidies for food to vulnerable groups. 6. To provide grants for school fees and examination fees for children from families identified by the Department of Social Welfare as unable to pay. 7. To provide grants for health fees to individuals identifiedby the Department of Social Welfare asunable to pay. "However, with the adoptionoby Cabinet of the Poverty Alleviation Action Plan (PAAP) on February 15, 1994, the functions of the Social Development Fund were broadened to now include the coordination and financing of programmes aimed at alleviating general poverty proceeding on a targeted basis starting with the most depressed areas. In this regard, the major functions of the Social Development fund will be to:1. Mobilise resources for programme implementation. 2. Coordinate programme implementation through sub-contracting to executing agencies. 3. Monitor and evaluate implementa tion process." El 13 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 15, 1995

The gospel Continued from previous page training and teach bookke as surplus vegetables are sold in near- accurate records of expen by Mount Darwin. The primary school the project is fully accout has new classroom blocks, a library of donors. The committees d reference books, fencing and a borehole needs of each ward, and all supplied as part of the project. The blair et for each development toilets and the clean water from bore- also have to undertake s holes and deep wells, have improved own fund raising, and moti sanitation and hygiene in the area. pIe in the ward to assist tI Skills training has also been an integral ty effort. part of the World Vision sponsored T programme. The community has estab- The provision of water is lished training facilities for garment mak- in the area, and besides ing, carpentry and welding which are Chawanda Dam, two oth have also been identified al imparting skills to school leavers, and River for future developme enabling them, after graduation, to set sion have also sunk boreh up their own small business enterprises' wells throughout the dist within the community. The training is of t o h d direct benefit to the community, as the , two in each ward. trainees in the programme are produc- Agriculture is the baokbon ing school uniforms, classroom fumiture, community, and the World window frames and other items. The sored project is active in major advantage of the skills training scheme is that it is providing employment opportunities for the young people, who no longer have to leave for cities and towns to seek employment opportunities.L i e Income-generating projects being undertaken in the area include maize grind- ing mills, poultry and fish farming 111 projects, and for garment-making. The project workers encourage self-reliance, and insist that the community plays its part in every development. "When we built a new classroom block for the Chihoko Primary School, World Vision provided the funds and some of the materials, but the parents moulded, the bricks, carried water and sand to the site and did the hard physical labour required. Those we have trained as carpenters put up the roof, and the classroom was fitted out with school desks and chairs made in our own workshops in the area. It was real a community ef- A: fort," says Mr. Myambo. "A lot has been done to improve the quality of education for the children of the area. We have put in toilets, builtO .teachers' houses, fenced and gated[ Catle are dv in large school properties, provided books andl by the drought other educational material, and con' T ile will never be the s structed pre-school shelters as well as U55-year-old Custon drilling boreholes in school grounds to *5i[yar .old S ensure a supply of clean water." after th e 's dought after the severe drought Each ward in the district has its own rently gripping the counti . committee running the affairs of the A father of six, Mudala lost community. Each ward has an annual tie out of a herd of 34 di budget Qf funds supplied by World Vi- grazing and the dwindlini sion, who also provide management plies in the district's Chisir of hope epers to keep diture so that ntable to the etermine the ocated budgproject. They ome of their vate the peohe communia major need building the er dam sites ong the Ruya ent. World Violes and deep rict, at least e of any rural I Vision sponthe develop- ment of facilities for farmers, and the provision of training and advice on suitable crops. Grazing schemes have been developed in some areas, with fencing materials supplied by the project. Seeds have also been provided, and advice on the planting of small gardens close to water sources. A nursery of 80 000 trees is being established as part of a major re-afforestation project. The spiritual needs of the people are not forgotten. Most ward committees run an evangelistic outreach once a year, in addition to regular bible study meetings and prayer groups. The Chihoko-Mt. Darwin district is one of the 13 areas in the country where World Vision is active as part of their Area Development Programme. In each area they focus on education, health and agriculture - food security, small enterprise development, water and sanitation are main development targets. El inbers in Gokwe due to a critical water shosm caused ame again for "I have never expenenced this loss beAudala from fore and this year's drought canionly be outh district, likened to the 1952 drought which which is cur- gripped Gokwe the same way as it did ry. now," he said. 20 of his cat-: Mudala's fate is similar to that of thouue to lack of. sands of residents of Gokwe North and g water supia ward two. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 tock perish Gokwe Nitional Ncw,,,

Livestock perish in Gokwe Continued from previous page South who are losing their cattle at the rate of four to five a day due to depleted grazing and the fast receding water supplies in the two districts in the Midlands province. Drought has'also not spared Philemon Zhira of Chisina ward three in Gokwe South who says he is losing three to four cattle a day due to lack of grazing. Zhira says most cattle in Chisina ward were now relying on dry leaves which fall from trees. "Grazing is virtually nil and our livestock now have to travel to small scale Mbembesi which is six to seven kilometres away," he says. Zhira noted that water in the nearby dam is not safe for drinking as it is also used by livestock. He says if no rains are received between now and November, this would spell further disaster not only for cattle, but for people. Tongogara Mapanda, headman for Makore village in Gokwe North, says most of the cattle in his ward are dying at an alarming rate due to the severe drought, lack of grazing and lack of adequate water points. Mapanda says some of the cattle in his area were translocated to areas with' better grazing schemes such as Nyaurungwe, Copper Queen, Gandavaroyi, Mashame and Chireya. Cde. Ariston Maguranyanga Chambati, Zimbabwe's Minister of Finance and member of ZANU PF's Central Committee was laid to rest at the Heroes Acre in Harare on Wednesday, October 11. Cdle. Chambati, a seasoned nationalist, was a Member of Parliament for .Makonde, and Deputy Secretary for .Economic Affairs in the ruling Party's ,supreme administrative body, the Politburo, at the time of his death. , He passed away at his Harare home/ on Saturday, October 7,1995. He had been hospitalised for some weeks at Parirenyatwa Hospital and was recuperating at is residence when death sneaked and robbed the nation of a dear comrade. He adds that the water situation is getting more and more critical as most boreholes are drying up with cattle dying at the rate of two to three per day in Mapanda communal lands. On why communal farmers were not reducing their herds, Mapanda says most were reluctant to sell their cattle as commercial farmers exploited them by paying them far below the market price. For Jeremiah Muzenda of Matavire village in Gokwe North, drought has spared only two of his cattle out of a total herd of 15. He believes he will be unable to raise cash to send his four children to school. Muzenda has not relocated his cattle to better grazing schemes like what other people did because he cannot afford the amount being charged which ranges from Z$100 to Z$150 per month. "The major problem has been the short,age of grazing pastures and the fast dwindling water resources and the only nearby borehole which was functional... broke down and has not be repaired," he complains. Senior animal health inspector for Gokwe North and South, Cde. Lameck Chikwitiri says 534 cattle died in the two districts in July and August. In Gokwe North alone, 245 cattle died with 289 others dying in Gokwe South in July and August. The late Cde. Arison Maguranyanga Chambati The late Cde. Chambati had clearly distinguished himself in diplomatic, business and political affairs. ,"These are only reported cases for there could be many more dying which are not being reported to the Veterinary Services Department," he adds, and points out that the most badly affected areas in Gokwe South are Nemange ward one to five where there are no grazing areas. The hardest hit areas in Gokwe North are Makore, Goredema, Nembudziya, , Simuchembo and Madzivazvido. In Simuchembo and Zhombe wards, he continued, cattle had moved into Chizarira ward and this could be a recipe for foot and mouth disease outbreak if the situation is not contained. Cde. Chikwitiri observes that there is a lot of cattle movement in seaich of greener twastures in the two districts. He says it 's quite difficult for the Veterinary Department to control the movement of cattle because of lack of alternative grazing areas due to the severe drought. Eight feedlots are being constructed, four for each of the two districts, to lessen the hardships faced by livestock in Gokwe. Cde. Chikwitii says three of the feedlots had been completed, two in Gokwe South and one for Gokwe North while the remaining five are at an advanced stage of construction. - ZIANA E] Born in Chinhoyi on 15 November 1934, Cde. Chambati obtainel a B.A. degree in Politics (International Relations) at the New York School for Social Research in 1965-7. He earned himself a Masters degree in Public Administration (Comparative and International Administration) at the New York University in 1967-8, and went on to study for a Bachelor of Literature degree (1968-71) at Lincoln College, Oxford University. Prior to leaving the country for his education overseas, Cde. Chambati had worked as a full-time Shona language lecturer to missionaries at the Baptist Mission of Central Africa in HaContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Cham:,bat-va hero,

Chambati a hero 1B-A td L C. P'idt R.G. Mugabe then Prim Mairtr wi me"m of the Mo wiM Hadi vbard of auaf at th launching of their first fundraisng meeting held at Moleli Secondary School on July 18, 1987. Standing from left to right (back row) Chief Titus Karigamombe Zvuimba, Mr. James Sinclair, the late Cde. Willie Musarunva, the late Cde. Aristom Chambat, Cde. Herbert Munangatire. Front Raw: Reverend Farai Chinsa, Former Chief Justice Enoch Thmobutshena, Cde President Robert Gabriel Mugabe, Dr Silas Mundawarara and Cde J. T. Mugue, the school headmaster. Continuedfjoin-prevaous page -League. He remained politically active ment as Minister of Finance early this rae Hie also -worked as a programme' to the time of his death. Cde. Chain- year. officer (1961 -1963) in the political bali was amongst the delegates from In addition, he was a member of a section of the American Consulate -the liberation movementsthat attend- number of social and developmental General in Harare, then Salisbury. ed the Geneva and Malta conferences, ' organisations such as the While overseas (1966-1972), hE. and also the Lancaster House Confer- Masiyephambili School Trust worked as a part-time independent ence where he functioned as Joint (Bulawayo), the Willie Musarurwa consultant at the Union Carbide Cor- secretary of the Patriotic Front Memorial Trust and HelpAge Zimporation in New York and was a delegation. babwe. He was also a member of the research officer in the Commonwealth ersetariaL He was voted into Parliament in 1980 Upon his return to Rhodesia (1972), he but soon left the chamber to assume worked as a faculty research fellow ini ambassadorial duties for Zimbabwe in the department of Political Science ati . the local university and rose through" On his return home, Cde. Chambati exthe ranks to become a senior lecturer- celled as a business executive during in Political Science in 1978. his term of office as chairman and His political activities started in 1956' chief executive of TA Holdings Limitwhen he joined the ZAPU Youth i. ed - positions he held till his appointUnemployed youths cash in on music By Tambayi Nyika nnovative unemployed township, "it is both a cultural revival and an ecoyouths, finding Zimbabwe's difficult nomic necessity which has emerged in economic environment hard to tame, Zimbabwe in the last few years. We may are increasingly turning to Arican tradi- not believe it but our ancestral spirits tional dance and song with a new fresh- are also coming back in full force," said' ness and drive. David Khabo, organising secretary of .part from dropping the loafer image, , Masibemunye Artistes Association. the youths, mostly school leavers, are [ The Association of 57 groups comprisalso giving a new meaning to the local I ing 800 members specialises in old Afriindustry competing for a slice of the cake on the international music scene. [Continued on next page International Finance Corporation's (World Bank) Business Advisory Council, the Coca-Cola Africa Board of Advisors and committee member of the Zimbabwe Institute of Public Administration. Addressing mourners gathered at the Heroes Acre last Wednesday, the President and First Secretary of ZANU PF, Cde. tobert Mugabe thus noted: "Cde. Chambati has a track record of distinguished performance in all areas of his life - as a scholar, politician,; diplomat and business executive." The President explained: "In recognition of the outstanding role played by Cde. Chambati towards the liberation of the country and his contribution to our economic development, the government has seen it fit to accord Cde. Chambati the status of a national hero." Tle late Cde. Chambat will be mostly remembered f'r his untiring efforts towards unity between ZANU PF and ZAPU by all peace-loving people of this nation. He left behind a wife, Cde. Dinah, two boys, three girls and grandchildren.- ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Unemployed youths cash in on music Continued from previous page can song and dance that include "Tsicathamiya, Isitshikitsha, Mbube,. Nqguzu" - all with a Southern African identity. Like the internationally renowned South African choral group, Lady Smith Black Mambazo, their major attraction to audiences i s the absence of musical instruments compensated for by booming harmonious chorals, a mixture of "gumboot" and modified traditional warrior dances and attire. The most prominent groups which are now a common feature at weddings, state functions, church conferences, col-lege graduation ceremonies, sporting events, international festivals and shows include Black Umfolosi, Sunduza Boys, Black Spear, Abanqobi and Amagagazi, whose reputation and fortunes continue to grow. Analysts say traditional and cultural music, which comes in various forms, has gone beyond the immediate postindependence thrust of eulogising the armed struggle into a multi-million dollar industry. "Gone also was the time when commercialising culture was being viewed as uncultured because the consumers of these performances later marketed the recordings while the artistes themselves lived from hand to mouth," said a local music promoter. The themes of the songs and dance range from traditional politics, love, the environment and topical issues that appeal to the audience. "it is a combination of education and entertainme~t to create social harmony and demonstrate that pursued full-time traditional music can be a viable source of income and a national asset," said Nkululeko Sithole, leader of the eightmember Black Spear formed in 1987. "We are 100 percent self-reliant. We -have assets and money here and overseas where we are a precious commodity," said Tomeki Dube, chairman of Black Umfolosi. Black Umfolosi is one of the most successful choral groups based in Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo, whose performances all over Europe have made them an international house- hold name comparable to Lady Smith Black Mambazo. To date, the group, which initially comprised mostly of ex-combatants, has composed over 300 songs, recorded two compact discs, two cassettes and three highly successful albums. The group now plans to establish a recording studio, a cultural centre, a museum, a gallery and college of music in Bulawayo. Khabo said African music and dance is here to stay and provide stiff competition to the western pop, rock and teggae music genres which use instruments. "It is a unique form of music that had not been explored by artistes and experienced by audiences. Other music will come and go but our's will live forever," he says. The youths are increasingly tuning to traditional music to beat the unemployment blues Black Spear, which was driven into the art by unemployment, has also had a' fair share of the market, performing at such grand occasions as the 1991 Commonwealth conference in the capital, Harare, the 1993 national musicians day, Bulawayo centenary celebrations in 1994 and will soon be touring Britain where they hope to reap enough foreign currency to consolidate their career. "We have realised that local and European audiences like our music in its original raw form. Commercialisation was the only way we could earn a living without diluting its original forms," said Sithole. To ensure that the phenomenon is not just a passing phase, the association constantly consults with traditional leaders and cultural activists in rural Matabeleland. Its members also attend some of the ritual and beer drinking ceremonies for recordings of African dance and song which is later passed on to the groups for modification to modern trends and tastes. "We have also formed an urban-based group of elders knowledgeable about traditional culture which acts as a reservoir for the youths," said Khabo. - ZIANA. El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Nationa Newsr~~sI Population control targets schools he Zimbabwe government, battling T to maintain a balance between fast-dwindling natural resources and a soaring population growth rate. will introduce population education in schools next year to secure a future for its young generation. -4 The programme will be initially started as a pilot project in 45 schools, while a fully fledged programme would be inaugerated in all schools from beginners to up ...Atper high school if the test results are impressive. Statistics available give impetus to calls .N for the long-overdue population education programme to be launched in schools. While the economic growth rate is projected at below two percent this year, the average annual urban population growth rate stands at 5.5 percent, one of the highest in the world. Zimbabwe's population, currently at 10.5 million, is expected to double in the next 15 years if the growth rate is not checked. -UK The launching of population education in schools comes after an elaborate Aercise which started 12 years ago when the government requested for a full assessment of the population trend and its long-term impact on the economy. The project is being funded by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), executed by another UN agency, United Nations Educational and Scientific Organisation (UNESCO) and implemented by the Ministry of Education. The national coordinator of the schools project, Cde. Timothy Tsvakirai, said 30 books on population education for Grade One classes up to Upper Sixth Form had been developed and were now ready for use in the pilot project. Materials developed so far for the project include a curriculum of population education, the syllabi for each subject, and teachers as well as pupils materials. Zimbabwe's youths make up almost half of the country's population. "The ages of five to 19 are critical formative years for the development of behaviour patterns and life skills. The school is considered to be one of the most important agents for teaching population education because it has a Marilene de Freitas (top left) from Brazil, has broken with traMditien in a radical way. Not only has she chosen to have two children - she is also determined to bring them up by herself. Euphenia Okonkwo (top right) from Nigeria comes from a culture which expects her to have 10 or 12 children and (below) belongs to a religion which forbids contraception. But she too has gone her own way - deciding that three children is enough. mandated responsibility of developing ning and human sexuality, among social and moral values in students, others," added Cde. Tsvakirai. regardless of their religious affiliation, The Ministry of Education is trying to and of transmitting the society's cul- steer clear of offending this largely conture," said Cde. Tsvakirai. I Teachers also spend more time with students than parents and are therefore in a better position to impart the desired skills and knowledge. "A significant number of parents tend not to talk about population issues like human sexuality and reproduction with their children. Thus, the school must provide the desired knowledge and information to the youth on health, family plan- tion education with sex education which has triggered controversy as people debate whether it should or should not le taught in schools. "Population education is not the same as sex education or even family planning," assertsCde. Tererai Chagonda, a deputy secretary in the Ministry of Education. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 PP P0 0

Teachers influence change he ability of the teaching protession T worldwide to influence social and . political change in areas which affect the profession has been strengthened by the success of the first world congress of Education International, the largest representative world body of employees in the teaching profession, held recently in Harare. In a report on the congress published ,by El, the organisation's general secretary, Mr, Fred van Leeuwen said, "This consolidation of unity in the education sector is vital if it is to face today's from wishing to is-ourage any attempt al Confederation o- Free-Trade Unions, at reform, El believes that its affiliated ICFrU, and the international Labour Orunions, who represent more than half ganisation, ILO, are also on the agenda the world's teachers, should take the in- and El has begun work on human rights itiative in proposing reforms aimed at issues in conjunction with the ICFTU." strengthening the quality and accessi- -Continued on next page bility of education. Partnerships between ...- - unions and governments have already been signed in Australia and the United States and El is trying to win acceptance of the idea in the OECD states," Mr. van Leeuwen said. Congress delegates also examined the effects of structural adjustment on the Teachs are a vad social force which inflences change as thdy inieract wh the" move receptive children frim a very early age in their lives. challenges ... privatisation, profitability and market forces are regularly mentioned by governments in relation to the education sector. "The United States and certainly the countries of central and eastern Europe are opting increasingly for market solutions to solve the chronic problems of the education system," Mr. van Leeuwen said. Many nations have cut back on education budgets and a World Bank - report studied by El at its first world congress said there would be an increase in the number of six to 11 year olds who do not attend school by the year 2015 if there is not a change in policy. it was agreed at the congress that nations have a responsibility to ensure ac,cesg to all for public education. "Far education sector through a report: produced by the World Bank with EI's assistance. "This collaboration hasi proved to be productive. Although El isl not entirely satisfied with the conclusioni of the report, it is the first time that an NGO has been consulted on the elabo-i ration of a document of this importance! Also, some of the El's comments, notably on the public funding of primary and * secondary education, have been accepted," said Mr. van Leeuwen. "El will continue to provide training on the problems of structural adjustments for its members and will encourage its affiliates to contact the international institutions such as the World Bank and UNESCO to put across EI's views. Information campaigns with the Internation- Population control targets schools Continued from page 16 There is need to introduce population education in schools because the country's economic development is not able to support the present population. "The economic growth rate is lower than the population growth rate. We are finding it very difficult to provide education, health, housing, food and other things to our people. We have to reduce our population growth rate," stated Cde. Chagonda. Environmental indicators also point to a bleak future for Zimbabwe in relation to the growth of its population. Some 49 percent of Zimbabwe's land is covered in forest while arable land, which many in this .griculture-based country depend on, for their livelihood, takes only seven percent. If population continues to increase at the current rate without control, the quality of education and health services and the quality of life will be adversely affected," says a paper prepared by UNESCO. "A sustainable balance is needed between population size, population growth, socio-economic capacity and resources. Such desired long-term changes can successfully be effected by targeting national efforts at the youth population, who, in most cases, have a significant impact on fertility," the paper adds. Cde. Tsvakirai noted that the rationale is to develop a coherent and consistent population education programme within the formal system. "The programme aims at raising awareness and understanding of population ,issues and problems, developing among :learners, positive changes towards the environment, strengthening family values and responsible sexual behaviour and parenthood," he concluded by saying. - ZIANA. El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 I

Teachers ififluence change Continued from previous page El is one of the largest international trade secretariats associated with ICFTU and comprises 258 national organisations representing some 23 million teachers and workers in education from .140 countries or territories. Its head office is in Brussels, Belgium and six regional offices worldwide include one for Africa, situated in Togo. El has a regional staff of four in Africa. The three teacher trade unions in Zimbabwe, which hosted the.Congress are all members of El. They are the Zimbabwe Teachers' Association (ZIMTA) the Zimbabwe Educational Scientific and Cultural Workers Union (ZESSCWU) and the Zimbabwe Teachers' Union (ZITU)' "It was not a foregone conclusion that this first congress since the merger of the two major international teaching organisations two years ago would be a success. However, the theme Educators United, Ready- for Change was reinforced* by the fact that it was impossible to distinguish the origin of the 258 national organisations meeting at the Congress," said Mr. van Leeuwen. El was estabWorkers denied water for refusing to work on holiday URUNGWE - Nearly i UO families at Laughing Hills Farm in Hunungwe are said to have spent three days without water as punishment for having refused to work during the Heroes and Defence Forces holiday. Workers at the farm recently told the Zimbabwe Information Service that they were not allowed to get water for domestic use at the farm and they had to walk to a nearby dam to get water. The owner of the farm, Mi. Grand Pilcher dismissed the allegations as false saying he had asked his employees to work during the holidays as he was to be away the next Saturday. He said water had been made available., Mr. Pilcher said that he was going to have their day's earnings deducted from' their salaries. El lished in January 1993 by the merger of the International Federation of Free Teachers' Unions and the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession. More than 800 delegates and observers from 132 cquntries participated in the five-day congress, which was officially opened by President Robert 'Mugabe. Regional directors of UNESCO, the ILO and ICFrU also participated and a seminar initiated by El and lasting two and a half days was held in conjunction with the congress to look at how trade unions could take part in -educational cam- he government has been challenged to demonstrate its sincerity, genuiness and commitment to black economic empowerment by coming up with a machiney where at least 50 percent of funds allocated to each government ministry for services should be spent on procUrring goods from black indigenous companies. This call was made by Affirmative Action Group (AAG) first vice-president, Cde. Peter Pamire in-his keynote address during a recent breakfast briefing -with Members of Parliament. Noting that the Zimbabwean situation was unique in that the blacks, who hold the political reins are the disadvantaged group, Cde. Pamire charged that time had now come for ideology to be married to the cry for action. "What is disturbing is the fact that although hues and cries have been made time immemorial, this has been on the ideological front. What obtains at present are grammatically wellnatured speeches which provide for advancement through positive action, and these are void of action. paigns on health issues and the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The Women's Caucus of Education International held meetings the day prior to the congress starting to discuss the development of resource material for the training of women and violence against women and girls. These studies have been continued and findings presented at the Beijing World Conference on Women which ended on September 15. From itl research the El will produce a practical training guidebook aimed at women teachers in unions. Women represent 70 percent of El's members. ] posed to a talking workshop," the business tycoon remarked. He told the.Parliamentarians that they had the mandate, will .and machinery to effect legal changes and urged them to repeal some laws which were retrogressive and inhibitive, lest they stood to be accused by the future generation of perpetuating white economic dominance over the blacks. Cde. Pamire said it was not true that the affirmative action was aimed at taking from the whites to give to the blacks,. clarifying that it was all about'levelling the playfield to have a fair match. "Our emphasis is not in receiving money as handouts. it is about levelling the rugged economic terrain so that we can participate as equals. Give us or help us acquire rods, we know what to fish, how and when to fish. We are not ... necessarily lobbying the government to give us the fish." I He said the AAG scientific approach was to legally untangle the old position through legislation as the economic imbalance was well-consolidated in the jurisprudence of the country. "For the past 15 years, you have been "In this regard, we hold keys to our own observers and orators of a creature you 'economic liberation. It is up to us to, intend establishing. The time has now choose when and how to use them to come for you to come up with an affir- unlock ourselves from the cells of the mative action policy to r9dress the. economic disadvantaged position," he anomally. Parliament should not con- said and added that the nation was now centrate on cosmetic bills and-laws. It is time it becomes a working, as op- Continued on next page. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Government must demonstrate commitment to indiaenisation ...... I il v

Regional security vital for development By Richard Chidowore T a colourful ceremony in the Angolan capital Luanda recently, Angola children joined various cultural groups and began singing about their hope for peace and never again to have war. The children's lyrics, part of African women's efforts for peace; sent a message, not only to Angola, but to the rest of Southern Africa, that there is need to work for the prevention of conflict in the region. The current peace process in Angola provides the most opportune moment for total peace in Southern Africa. Regional analysts are unanimous that economic development in Southern Africa is central to the region's future. But they also agree that security issues will underpin development prospects. "This, of course, is not to suggest that security questions alone will promote economic prosperity, but without considering security there cannot be development," said Dr. Abillah Omari, Government must demonstrate commitment to indigenisation Continued from page 18 gripped by an affirmative action fever that has to be cured by affirmative action policy. ' He made recommendations which included: making deliberate, positive discrimination in economic powers in favour of black advancement; introduction of incentive measures to blacks to venture into production and manufacturing of goods and services; preferential treatment of blacks in awarding contracts as has been done in the construction industry; introduction of laws, and the development of institutions that protect black entrepreneurs; introduction of incentives to financial institutions which clearly demonstrate genuine resuscitory programmes on submerging ventures beyond the control of the entrepreneurs due to adverse market forces. The breakfast briefing marked the beginning of cordial relations and effective networking between the Affirmative Action Group and the legislators. [] The President, Cde Robert Mugabe Director of Mozambique/Tanzania Centre for Foreign Relations in Dar es Salaam. It is because the leaders of southern Afica realise that regional peace is a prerequisite for meaningful economic development, that they have maintained peacekeeping mechanisms. And one of these efforts over the years has been through the Frontline States (FLS). There is enough documented evidence to support that the Southern African region has always attempted to work together as a region to resolve conflicts through the FLS forum. Because of these endeavours, Zimbabwe became independent in 1980 and Namibia in 1990. The conflict in Mozambique was successfully negotiated between 1992 and 1994, culminating in multiparty elections of October 1994. South Africa had its first multiracial election in 1994 in which the African National Congress (ANC) won and formed a government of national unity. The conflict in Angola is as good as resolved after the government and rebel movement - the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) - agreed to work for peace and natioal reconciliation. It will, however, take continued outside assistance to ensure lasting peace. Furthermore, the FLS continue to uphold the virtues of democracy. The organisa- tion threatened to send a regional force into Lesotho in January 1994 at the. height of the military destabilisation of the mountainous kingdom. It then issued an ultimatum in August of the same year for King Letsie III to restore the dismissed democratically elected government of Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle. Zimbabwean President and FLS chairman, Cde. Robert Mugabe, said at the time that the FLS would be setting a very danaierous precedent if it allowed the reversal or democracy in any Southern ican country. "If a country that has some democratic order is experiencing a situation where the order is being threatened by forces beyond its control, and that country appeals to is nei.hbours to assistthat is not a reversal ot democracy," said Cde. Mugabe. And just before the Mozambican elections in October 1994 - when Renamo leader Afonso Dhlakama had threatened to pull out of the process - the FLS sent representatives to peresuade him to participate and to accept the results of the elections. Despite its impressive record, and especially the signing of SADC Treaty that signalled the importance of regional cooperation and economic integration, the leaders of southern Africa have found it Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

R l3s v Regional security vital for development enam leader, MrAf uo *Continued from previous page useful not to disband the FLS which is now drawn into wider regional securitq :concerns. Earlier this year, regional leaders announced that they were ready to .transfom the grouping into an informal regional peacekeeping and dispute settling body, known as the Association of Southern African States (ASAS). Although the major focus of debate at this year's OAU summit was on Burundi, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Somalia and Rwanda, and not on Mozambique, South Africa or Angola - which had dominated debate in recent years - this should not be seen as complacency on the part of the OAU. In fact, the continential body madeprogress at the summit on the idea of creating an African standby force to intervene where conditions allow for mii tary intervention. Despite strong opposition in the past to the idea of creating an African military force, a majority favouring the establishment of a standby force - a quick reaction force of soldiers based in their own countries - ap. pears to be emerging Zimbabwe has been mentioned as a possible location for such a force. "0(nless we make decisive progress in this exercisb, our efforts in making the lives of our people better and efforts at making our continent morg relevant in international affairs, will be severely undermined," OAU secretary-general Salim Ahmed Salim said. After 30 years of concentrating on decolonisation of Africa, the OAU decided five years ago to focus on Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management Dr Iona Savinb4 tu kider of UN!- OA U ewaary-generd, Salim Ahmed TA in Angla Salin and Resolution as a principal instrument for peackeeping. But its success depends on the cooperation and solidarity of African states to achieve peace, stability and development. Cde. Salim, who described this year's sum mit as the most 'rofound" in trying to, address conflicts in Africa - Which have seen over seven million people escaping to neighbouring countries as refugees said the OAU should have the capacity to intervene where the UN is either unable or unwilling to get involved. Again, Burundi, Liberia, Somalia-and southern Sudan were cited as cases where the OAU could intervene. According to the OAU eminent person for Liberia, Professor- Canaan Banana, African leaders should not wait for con-: flicts to occur before responding but should take preventative measures. He said conflicts could arise where there was poverty, underdevelopment and lack of democracy in some countries. External forces such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund could also fan conflict by prescribing economic reform programmes which makes life unbearable for the majority of the people. / The problem of refugees continues to -test regional security. The region has had political and economic refugees, internally displaced persons, and now en'vironmental refugees. To the host country for example, refugees come at an unknown time and unprepared but there is hardly anything the, host country can do since international conventions and humanitaian considerations force the country to ac- cept refugees, regardless of the numbers. More important, however, is the social tension between the host country and refugee populations and the problem normally affects and determines the nature of relations between the country of origin and the host. The recent case of refugees from Bururoi and Rwanda to Tanzania is but one example. It is widely accepted that insecurity and lack of socio-economic development are the main causes of refugees and inte-nallv dis laced-persons. Another historically entrenched problem is the high population growth rate. Southern Africa's average growth rate has been steady at three percent, above the average economic growth rate of two percent. This phenomenon has proved to be a constraint to development and has created social problems of uncontrollable proportions. Among these are urban housing, social services and amenities, environmental degiadation and high crime rates as a result of increasing unemployment. Despite the prevailing peace in soutiern Africa, there are still areas that require soecial attentinn in Angola ana iviozambique, for example, people may now be enjoying a peaceful life after almost two decades of war, but their freedom of movement is-limited by landmines which litter the respective countries' rval areas. It is estimated that there are more than 10 million landmines in Angola while about two million mines still have to be removed from the Mozambican soil. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

In the thousand-year-old history of wars and of waging wars, the 20th century has a special place, due to the fact that two wars, duly characterised as the world ones took place in it. The first one, from 1914 to 1918, is a world war in a narrower meaning of the word, while the second one, from 1939 to 1945, is a world war in a wider, J.e. true meaning of the word. Regional security vital for development Continued fromn previous page._The situation is worse tor the returning refugees who are not familiar with the no-go areas. In some areas, the former refugees and displaced persons only know of the areas after someone has, been maimed or killed by a mine. "While the ultimate responsibility for the success of the peace process lies with the Angolan people and their leaders," said US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Prudence Bushnell, "the United States and the international community can take steps to significantly increase the chances for success by continuing humanitarian aid, development assitance, and aid for the peace process. "The US is committed to supporting Angolans as they consolidate the peace process and address the legacies of three decades of civil war," said iBushnell. Angola has been largely peaceful since the meeting of Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos Santos and Unita leader Jonas Savimbi in May. The first units of a 7 600-strong UN peacekeeping force have arrived in Angola to ensure the ac*cords do not collapse. Zimbabwe's Major-General Philip Sibanda has been tasked to command the UN troops drawn from Brazil, Uruguay, Pakistan, 'India, Romania, Argentina and Zimbabwe. It is timely, therefore, that this year's SADC summit was held in South Africa which only last year emerged from one of the most intractable conflicts in the world. This serves as a testimony that if the region works for peace and security, anything is attainable.(SADC) El The Second World War, which is of immediate interest to us on this occasion is, according to its essential characteristics, an exceptional war. It is exceptional because of its progressive and liberating character, and because of the fact that it was waged not only against the aggressive states, but also against Fascism as the most malignant ideology of our time. Had the fascist ideologists and aggressors, Hitler and Mussolini, succeeded in creating their new intemational order, it would have understood not only the world domination of their espective nations, but also a negation of the civilisational and democratic heritage of human history of a later date. In this context, the victory of the, anti-Hitler coalition over Fascism is the most significant event in the modem history. The Second World War is also exceptional considering its scope. From this point of view, it was almost a planetary war. It is also exceptional by the number of its participants - 61 countries; by the number of the people affected by it 96 percent of the world population as well as by the number of its victims 100 million wounded and crippled people, and 55 million dead. The Second World War is also unique judging by the use of the up-to-date and most harmful military technology - the first use of the atomic bomb. The above mentioned circumstances make the Second World War a highly complex one. The complexity of the Second World War also results out of its ideology contex. As a matter of fact, this war is not only ideologically founded and initiated by the Nazi-Fascist statesmen, but it also includes the three dominant ideologies of our times - Fascism, liberalism and Bolshevism. Although liberalism and Bolshevism were allies in the struggle against Fascism, they also had their specific interests, which were always on their mind and which they were trying, to realise in their own ways. ideology was not only an everyday part of the war, but it also inspired and influenced upon certain decisions and events. ideologies were also a factor which has determined and articulated the post-war, world. The fascist concept of the new world order was confronted by the con- Fandy pvri: Akssusdra Musseliui Benito Mussolini's granddaughter wants to be a fascist cept of liberalism, expressedin the Atlantic Charter and other documents, resulting out of the meetings held by the Anglo-American statesmen. Without any 'exaggeration, we can say that the concept of the new world order originates from the Second World War, and that it is now being realised by means of another kind of war - the Cold War, and by a combination of the Cold War ,and integral war, etc. The complexity of the Second World War also originates from the phenomenon of collaboration and quisling cooperations, which had reached not only European, but world-wide proportions, as well as from theintarnal conflicts caused by these phenomena. As an objective reality, the !econd World War is not only complex, manysided and multi-layered, but also - ac' cordingly controversial. .Yugoslavia's own national liberation war, and our participation in it, have a whole lot of extraordinary characteristics. As a matter of fact, we had our March 25th, which was the first national resistance to the oncoming Fascism, * that disavowed the pact and changed the political course of the country. We also had the short-term April war and, finally, the anti-fascist movement of armed resistance after the capitulation. The unique character of our anti-fascist movement was that it was ideologicallyContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 World War II and the historical science Prof. Dr. Dragutin LEKOCIC of Yugoslavia)

World War II and the historical science Continued from page 21 politically opposed to Fascism. Another unique characteristic was that the Chetnik movement, by the end of October 1941, changed its strategic orientation - the struggle against partisans was given priority to the struggle against the occupier. Accordingly, for the purpose of elimination of the partisans, it joined the occupying power and established cooperation with it. The complexity of our war is even greater considering the fact that we had the most orthodox and the widest quisling movement in Europe. The period of five decades is not enough for a scientific, i.e. integral and objective clarification of such complex historical phenomena. Within this period it is, at best, possible just to establish the truth of a highest order, as well as certain truths of a higher order. However, this is not enough to clarify the phenomena of the Second World War in an integral and trustworthy way. Beside the fact that the period of five decades is not enough for a thorough study of the Second World War corpus, the historiography itself has also not done everything possible to use the time efficiently, and to clarify this corpus in a satisfactory way. These Soviet tank guns will never shoot again The lagging uehind of historiography in this domain is, primarily, explained by the political factor, and by the involvement of politics in the field of science. Interested only in glorification of war victories and post-war successes, the political factor has not only favoured but also directed the historical science, which has been limiting its grasps and AOotf i-ltter reaches. The subjective factor was overestimated on the account of the objective historical circumstances, while the political history has been favoured on the account of the economic and social ones. The fact that the purely political history is too narrow for clarification of social phenomena, and that the, subjective factor has to be accompanied by a series of objective circumstances have been often disregarded. However, in spite of these limiting cir:umstances, our own historical science has, indisputably, achieved significant results, both in the field of research of historical sources, as well as in clarification of the basic events in the course of our national liberation war, as well as the Second World War. At the same time, the historiography of the national liberation war has gradually advanced towards a multi-disciplinary research of the past. However, judging on the whole, it is still lagging behind the requirements of our time. The lagging of the historical science has resulted out of the methodology it has been predominantly using. The basic methodological weakness of the historical science is that it has been much more analytical than synthetic, more apologetic than critical, more turned towards the past than up-and-coming and future- oriented. The analytical narrowness of our historical science is best examplified in the fact that we still do not have a thorough and satisfactory history of our National Liberation War. Today, one has to understand that we are not only entering a new phase of the social development, but that the historical science itself has to enter a new phase of its development. That new phase is, primarily, to mean a Idedogmatisation of the historical science and its emancipation from a negative heritage. It should also mean a change in the evaluation and scientific judgements. Instead of having a situation in which the evaluation judgements determine the scientific ones, the scientific judgements should be primary, while the evaluation judgements are to be a consequence of the scientific ones. A new phase is to mean a turn from the ideological historiograpy towards a scientific one, from the objectivistic to a critical one, from the positivistic to a' theorising and theoratical one, from the individualising and partialising to a globalising and totalising one, from the independent and self-satisfying to an integrating historiography. The new phase should mean an advance of the historical science to a synthetic level, to a level of theoretical syntheses and achievement of higher level truths. It should understand an advancement of the methodology of historical research and an expansion of contacts and of the cooperation with related ,scientific disciplines. As a matter of fact, the synthetic phase requires not only a unification of the individualisinB and globalising methods, but also the application of interdisciplinary criteria in the process of scientific research. The synthetic level of science means that the principle of coordination in the research and presentation of events is to be replaced by the principle of subordination. This means that instead of placing the events and facts next to each other, i.e. in the foreground, only the most essential fact is to be placed in the foreground, while the others are to be derived out of it, and then ranked accordingly. More particularly, it would mean that the attitude towards the occupier is to be taken as the primary standpoint and the highest criterion, so that the military and political movements and protagonists can be characterised from that point of view, i.e. ac cording to the fact whether and to what an extent have they practically contributed to the military defeat of the enemy In order to be raised to a synthetic level, the historical science must be, to a certain extent and in a certain way, a philosophy of history. This phylosophiContinued on ne.xl page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

World War II and the historical science Conthittedfi-on pi evions page _____ cal dimension oi The historical science would enable it not only to overcome the positivism and the limits of empiricism and facticism, but also to justify the events, and better to understand the internal connections, as well as to help it advance to the level of totality. Beside these global tasks, the historical science also has some specific tasks to4ay, which are to be pointed out. There are four such essential tasks to be achieved by the historical science of today. The first task is to study and objectively to evaluate all over again the things which have not been given due attention so far. The second task is to revise, and even to abandon the standpoints and judgements which have not withstood the test of time, or which are denied, or even refuted by the new documents or knowledge. The third task is more precisely to determine and supplement the things which have not been sufficiently founded or duly explained. The fourth task is to put more emphasis. on the significance o f the outstand-. ing events, which have not been given' due attention so far. F1 Soviet troops at Mandok transhipment station near the Hungarian-Soviet border before the end of the Cold War. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 P.O. Box 5988, Union Avenue, Harare Tel: 790148/9, 668431, 664749, 66895-3 THE People's Voice ADVERTISING RATES N.B. CHANGES REFER TO A CENTIMETRE COLUMN Display advert $17.00 Entertainment $19.00 Vacancy $17.00 G.V.T. Notice $17.00 Sports Clubs and Charity Organisations $13.00 Far Space Front Page $195.00 Ear Space Back Page $130.00 COLOUR RATES (Please note these rates are additional to normal rates) 1. Spot Colour $350.00 2. Spot Colour $700.00 3. Spot Colour $975.00 Full Colour $1 365.00 I

Aids and human rights at the workplace By Vg Kapembeza S people in Southern Africa become more open regarding the *ihuman immunodeficiency virus (H1V), there has been a gradual shift towird understanding the rights of those who are infected and some employers are takingintiatives to protect HIV-positive employees from victimisation. The initiatives include workshops to dis-. cuss the issue of HIV at workplaces from which some codes of employment shaped along the International Labour Organization (ILO) code of Employment have been prepared. in Zimbbwe, tfe Minir-of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare in conjuction with employer and employee organisations for example, recently came up with a draft employmeii' &owith-specoabcus on HIV. in a forthcoming booldet, AIDS in the'Workplace and Community in Zimbabwe, to be produced by SARDC, diferrent social issues pertaining to the epidemic and society's response to it will be analysed. The ILO code states that HIV-infected people have the same rights as everyone else and, similarly, the abuse of their rights is universally proibited. Previously, the reactions of people tended to be judgemental, with some suggestions 'that HIV-positive persons be quarantined. countries with a narrow skills base and high rates of infection, exclusion is likely to be self-defeating." In some countries in the region, there arb debates on whether to test foreigners for HIV but the consensus is that this constitutes an infringement of rights, as is the case with testing for insurance. Helen Jackson, a prominent Zimbabwean author on HIV, says screening to block infected people from employment will result in thousands of fit men and women becoming unemployed. Thus, valuable skills, training and experience would be wasted. Some industries have begun to realise this and are taking measures to prevent the spread of AIDS among employees and to utilise existing personnel to its fullest extent. Employers' organisations have learnt. that in employee need not tell an employer of their HIV status unless they wish to do so. Employees who are HIV2psitive or are susoected tg_be, hu snould be protected from stigmatisation. They should also have access to appropriate counselling and refferral to other courses of assistance and treatment. Being HIV-positive does not justify discrimination in the provision of benefits such as statutory social security schemes and other schemes that may be available at the workplace, says the: 'those suffering from other diseases as long as a person is still able to work, says the South African charter. In South Africa, a national charter for HIV/AIDS Employment Code of conduct was drawn up to, guard 'against widespread abuses of the rights of peo-pie with HIV. The document reiterates' 'that HIV and AIDS should be treated in all relevant respects like other comparable life threatening conditions. In November 1994, the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) reported that many AIDS sufferers were losing. their jobs after their HIV status became known. "There is no privacy on AIDS information. One's diagnosis is forcibly obtained" said Miriro Pswarayi, the ZCTU coordinator for women's projects, adding that many workers were -being retrenched by management who are against paying mounting medical and funeral bills. The ILO recommends that "consistent HIV/AIDS policies and procedures. should be developed at national and enterprise levels through consultation between workers, employers and their or-. ganisations, and where appropriate, governmental agencies and other organisations." Some pressure groups are calling for more political will to effect labour laws which relate to the AIDS Edwin Cameron, a human rights lawyer ILOp. pandeic. ;in South Africa, says "A patient has to' The ILO also contends that if an em- . give specific, informed consent for an ployee's fitness to do certain jobs hasIn Zambia, John Luombe, a selffo sfitnss d cetainjobshasconfessed HIV-infected Kitwe resident HIV test, which means the patient must diminished as a result of HIV, reasona- says, "People with the virus should be know what the test is about and what' ble alternatives and mutually beneficial allowed to lead a positive life and that 'it means... The test results are confiden- arrangements should be made. Cam- there should be no hindrances for them tiaL Only those with an absolute need paigns against discrimination are aimed to attain their ambitions in life. Society to know a patient's HIV status-such as' at encouraging employers, employees must accept them as people who can health-care workers - should be told, and respective organisations to aci and by the patient himself, not the pa-.' knowledge that continued employment adds Lutbe, who has declared his intient's doctor." 'for an employee with a life-threatening tention to contest the 1996 elections in Among the major issues covered by the' cntionn may be therapeuticaly impor- Nkana district. codes concerning HIV at workplaces is' tant in prolonging the employee's life. the removal of clauses such as compul- Under the ILO clauses, an employee's The UN says the fight against liV is a sory testing for employment ortesting HIV status shall not be a criterion for fight against fear, against prejudice and imposed by employers on people al- refusing to train, or for promotion. An against irrational action born of ignorready employed, employee with. HIV should also have ance and the world should'make wag. Screening of prospective or employed recourse to grievance and disciplinary against AIDS, not against oeoplie with.. workers for HIV does not usually take' action which includes agreed mechan- AIDS. into actount the incubation period of. isms for redress. Legislation is necessary in all countries HIV, which means that those infected 'HIV infection should not proide a ba-' in southern Africa not only to comple-. could actually have many more produc-' sis for firing an employee. There should ment changing attitudes but to 'guard tive years ahead of them. Panos Brief-' be no distinction between the treatment, against further abuse of the rights of ,ing, a UK-based publication, says, "In of employees suffering from HIV and 'people infected with l9V. - sARDcI1. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

An Afrikaner homeland: A start to the debate By Dr. Denis Worrall n April 1994, General Constand Vil- ,la and Viljoen is also givingDe Kierk and joen, a former head of the SA Army, his National Party grey hairs, as the led his newly-formed Freedom Front Freedom Front cuts deep into their supinto South Africa's first all-inclusive elec- porter base. A minority of Afrikaners action. in doing so he broke with other tually support the concept of an Afrikaner nationalist political organisa- Afrikaner homeland. But the majority, tions - and most notably the well- worried by what they see happening to established Conservative Party - which their language and their schools, and the decided to boycott the election. general down-grading of Afrikaans in Aside from demonstrating that public commerce and government, shares FreeOffice is critical in politics - the CP has dor Front sentiment. In fact, there is evall but folded - General Vljoen and his ery reason to expect a strong resurgence party have achieved something few of Afrikaner nationalism in the changed commentators would have predicted at the time, namely a genuine rapproch-, ment with the ANC. . The Freedom Front wants an Afrikaner. homeland and has never wavered in pursuing this goal - although it has been careful not to commit itself to boundaries. Central to its strategy has *been the recognition that it can only. achieve its goal with ANC support. Con* sequently, the Freedom Front has been l=jmost constructive opposition Party in Parliament, giving its fullest support to 'the RDP and the ANC's other social and !economic upliftment development .programme. Last month, the Volkstaat Council, a research and advisory body set up in ,terms of an agreement with Viloen days before the election, tabled for public de:bate a "first interim report' proposing that an area around Pretoria should be,come an Afrikaner homeland. Significantly, the report does not seek autonomy from South Africa. President Mandela welcomkd the report; and on his return from a state visit to Tanzania announced that he was "sending" Vlljoen to Tanzania to help them with their agricultural problems as he was already doing in other neighbouring states, with the support of organised agriculture. He also referred to Viljoen as "one of the men who has saved South Africa" as there has not been one incident of rightwing political violence in the past year. Now Cde. Mandela and Vlljoen are using their mutual confidence and abilities, in spite of political differences, to help 'boost food production, cross-border .trade and inter-African goodwill. , The political love affair (as it is referred to by commehtators) between Cde. Mande- circumstances of the "new" South Africa - of which the Freedom Front with its consciously sectional appeal, must be the main beneficiary. Given its commitment to a broad South Africanism there is very little that FW de Klerk's National Party can do to counter this. Hence there has been talk in the Afrikaans. newspapers of a deal between the NP and the Freedom Front in the face of the forthcoming local government elections. But it clearly is the NP that is doing the wooing. o must ommi mor funsS T he chairman of the World Health Organisation's (WHO) technical discussions on health are financing in the African region, Dr. Rufaro Chatora has called on governments to commit. at least five percent of total government expenditure to health. cial, emnployer, community-based and private health insurance can play in raising more resources for health and supporting government health policy. Dr. Chatora expressed doubts that aoequate health care financing and good quality health service could be serup Addre!n.g the 45th session of the WHO m Amca oy the year uuu. "ne way regional committee for Africa in Libreville, forward lies in urgent, serious and con" recently, Dr. Chatora noted that tinuous attention to health financing opseveral options were open to govern- Itions that have the potential to achieve menits for raising resources for health. sustainability if health for all is not to -He named government taxes, user continue as a mere illusion," he charges, health insurance, community re.terated. financing and donor support among the He called on African governments to be options, resolved now to turn the tide and- to Dr. Chatora, *ho is also Zimbabwe's quicken the march towards health for Secretary for Health and Child Welfare, all which, in turn, leads to sustainable lamented the fact that African ountries, economic development. 'in addition to reforming health systems The session was also addressed by Dr. in response to some technological ad- Manuel Patarroyo of C olombia, who is vancements which have resulted in the inventor of the first spirallingth icvento of pr viin heathcar. che mlicaly-baied' spiralling costs of providing health care. malaria vaccine and claims 30 to 60 permust also find ways of absorbing eco cent protection of up to two yeah for nomic, political and *pidemiologic those tested. He explained that tests carshocks which, in many ways, have com- ried'out in two African countries and in promised their health financing South America were continuing with ,Capac~itins 'He that under present circum- 'plans to vaccinate one million people by the end of 1995 in the west coast of stances, it was necessary that gokern- i Colombia which has a large black popuments improve on both the allocative lation. He said the lowest results of 3 to and technical efficiency in allocating and 6 percent had been obtained among managing these public health resources. children 6 to 11 months old and that The chairman said that health service it was possible to conclude that the vacuser structures should be set up not cine fended to boost the protection of only for raising more resources but also those with a certain level of immunity. for improving efficiency, promotingpr Other speakers who addressed the vision of high quality service, equity, de- meeting include the WHO regional direccentralisation and support to sustaina- tor for Africa, Dr. Ebrahim Malick Samble health services. ba, and the prime minister of Gabon, Dr. He stressed the important role which so- Abame Nguema. E ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Uphill struggle for Cameroon By Tendayi Ndemera ameroon's chances of being admitted into the Commonwealth were very bleak following a recent factfinding mission to that country by a seven-member delegation from the body's London office. The delegation, which was to assess the state of Cameroon's preparedness for eventual admission into the Commonwealth, had its movement limited to Yaounde only. The Zimbabwe News learnt that the government had done this to avoid what happened in the towns of Buea and Bamenda in June 1993 when the Commonwealth Secretary-General Chief Emeka Anyauko was in Cameroon on one such' fact-finding mission. On that occasion, the locals said, placards castigating the injustices and marginalisation of which Anglophones are victims in Cameroon, were displayed all over the areas, despite the tight security arrangements. The desperation of the government to give a false picture of events in Cameroon was evident in the reply the Zimbabwe News got from one of the Commonwealth officials booked in the Yaounde Hilton Hotel. "We are aware of the fact that some newspapers represent particular interests and we will be very careful about the kind of declaration we make," he said presumably referring to comments by Cameroon Radio and Television (CRTV) that the Commonwealth delegation had come to finalise Cameroon's admission into that body when in fact the thrust of the delegation's visit was to assess the progress made towards improving that country's human rights record and the democratisation process. The delegate added that the combination of circumstances that the delegation had met would gravely compromise Cameroon's chances of being admitted. Some of the requirements Cameroon has to fulfil, like the democratisation process and the upliftment of its human rights records, have received little or no attention from government, the delegate noted. He maintained that municipal elections had been postponed twice on reasons which were flimsy and hazy, adding that the process of constitutional review which is the most important aspect of the democratisation process was yet to be attended to. months to the November summit in Auckland, New Zealand, where Cameroon's fate is expected to be decided. At the last Commonwealth heads of state and government meeting (CHOGM) in Zimbabwe in 1991, the Cameroon delegation led by the Minister Delegate in the Ministry of External Affairs, Francis Nkwaim, met with an insurmountable wall as all they could achieve was observer status. The Commonwealth delegation which visited Cameroon from Sunday, July 23 to Saturday, July 29 included Zimbabwe's former Minister of Imformation, Posts and Telecommunications Cde. Victoria Chitepo, who was also a member of the Commonwealth Observer Mission to South Africa in 1993 and was in the Cde Victoria Chitepo was among emi- election monitoring group to South Afrinent persons who visited Cameroon on a ca. Other members were Gildas Malgat, fact finding mission for the the Speaker of the Canadian Senate; Commonwealth Amitaw Baneri, Assistant Director PoThe press, he said, has continued to be litical Division; former British Minister muzzled with censorship still rearing its and chairman of the commonwealth ugly head. Seizure of newspapers is still election group to Lesotho in 1993, Rt. customary just like the detention of jour- Hon. Lord Carlsele of Bucklaw; Mr. nalists as exemplified in the case of Chuks lhekaibeya, special assistant of Ndzana Seme of the Nouvel Chief Emeka Anyauko; Mrs Francoise Independent. Chapman, project officer (technical servThe delegate said all these factors put ices) and the chairman of the Commontogether will greatly compromise Came- wealth Human Rights Initiative, Kemal roon's chances of being admitted into Hossain, who was also a member of the the Commonwealth. Commonwealth Observer Group to South Africa in 1994 and former Foreign The delegation's visit came barely four Minister of Bangladesh. El Abortion a question of choice? By Tamar Zere------A South Africa paves the way for change, there is widespread belief that it is impossible to have a comprehensive family planning. programme without legalising abortion. If the new constitution is aimed at enshrining human rights and gender equality, then the current situation under the Abortion and Sterilisation Act of 1975 cannot be allowed to continue, say medical experts. The head of the Parliamentary Ad-hoc Committee in his report proposes that women have the freedom to choose abortion in the first 14 weeks of pregnancy and under certain circumstances the first 24 weeks must be considered. The report also recommends that a range of health workers be trained to perform abortions and resources be improved to make abprtions more accessible to women. Janet Williams, secretary of Abortion Reform Action Group, argues that, "One of the most important problems and need being expressed by women at all levels, is that of control over one's own body in terms of reproduction." The committee accepts the argument that education on contraception, aborContintued on vage 27 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Abortion a question, of choice? Continued from previous page tion and related issues are intertwined with legalisation. The committee plans to draft a proposalfor parliament to vote on in September before the Beijing conference. Yet the ANC fears that con. servative and religious Members of Parliament want a vote of conscience on .the abortion issue instead of voting according to the official pro-choice party line. :The major political reforms occuring in South Africa have critically called into question the importance of health, welfare and. the freedom of women. The regional implications of the possible legalisation of abortion in South Africa are immense. The current act prohibits in abortion e). cept on limited grounds. An abortion may be procured on medical grounds where the continued pregnancy endangers, the life of the woman or constitutes a serious threat to her physical or mental health. it also applies where. there is a risk that the child will suffer from a physical or mental defect of such a nature that she or he will be irreparably and seriously handicapped. Secondly, an abortion may be procured where conception is alleged to be a consequence of rape or incest and thirdly where the pregnancy is conceived by a woman who is mentally handicapped or unable to understand the consequential Transitional gover in Lil A transitional government has been appointed in Liberia, the new state council Liberia has said. The nominations took effect immediately on Saturday, September 3, according to a statement broadcast on state radio from the council, a collective presidency which includes three powerful warlords and was established to end a six-year civil war. Of the 16 members of the government, six come from the National Patriotic Front (NPLF) of Charles Taylor, five from the Mandingo wing of the United Liberation Movement (ULIMO-K) led by Alhaji Kromah and four from a coalition made up of five factions and represented on the council by George Boley of the Liber.ia Peace Council (LPC). The only body not represented is the Krahn branch of the United Liberation Movement (ULIMO-D, but observers not- implications or bear parental responsibility, At present in South Africa, a woman who wants an abortion is required under the strict conditions of the Abortion and Sterilisation Act of 1975 to fill an application form, find a doctor willing to take the case, get corroboration and certification by two other physicians' and a written authority of the physician in charge of the hospital. Such bureaucratic methods. render most disadvantaged' black women helpless and proves opposite to a system that should provide women with equal access. In the case of an unwanted pregnancy, the act created a chasm between medical care for the rich and medical care for the poor. For while the poor had no option but the backstreets, the rich were travelling out of the country in increasing numbers intent on obtaining skilled medical care. According to statistics in the , 800 South African women had abortions in England and Wales in 1984. Many would say that abortion on demand exists for those with money and .contacts. The results of this legislation is that very few women manage to get legal abortions. in most instances, only 40 percent of applications for abortion are successful. Influence and money appear to be key factors, statistics show that in 1990 from. 868 legal abortions, nment appointed Jeria ed that several ministries, among them transport, planning and rural development, were still to'be filled at the time of writing. Leading ministers include Momolu Sirleaf (NPLF) at foreign affairs, Hezekiah Bowen, former chief of staff of the -Liberian Armed Forces (AFL), who has the defence portfolio,'Lansana Kromah (UUMO-K) at the finance ministry, Francis Garlawolo (NPLF) in charge of justice and Victoria Reffell(NPLF) responsible for information. The new interior minister is Nanjohn Suah and the education minister is Moses Bah. No details of the two's political allegiance were disclosed. The radio statement said several senior officials had also been appointed, -among them Mohamed Doumuyah Continued on nexi page 69 percent were for white women. A number of studies reveal that many women who are refused legal abortions resort to illegal abortions, with disastrous consequences. There are approximately 300 000 South -African women resorting to illegal abortions every year. In 1992 Drs Shweni, Margolis and Monokoane published a study on 126 patients admitted to the King Edward VIII Hospital suffering from severe'septic abortion; of these, 34 were admitted to intensive care where 47 percent. said that they had interfered with the pregnancy. The health effects of illegal abortions are damaging. Besides death due to haemorrhage, shock and kidney failure, many women-become infertile as a result and suffer trauma. Inquiry into the origins of the 1975 Act points to the secret society of Broederbond and the Dutch Reformed Church in which the final legislation was determined by the aim of the Afrikaner minority. The 1975 Act is in direct corrolation with the belief that the Afrikaner nation's growth was tied to the birthrate and racial dominance needed to selectively raise the numbers of the white population. The abortion debate must be seen in light of human rights and equality in South Africa. The ANC's constitutional, pAlicy document, Biiilding A United Notion, states: "the Bill of rights shall pro: tect the right to life and dignity of all. Such a right shall not preclude the legislation from providing for and regulating the right to abortion by legislation." Women's groups and advocates argue. that abortion laws should be supported under the Freedom Charter and women are ultimately the final determinants. The liberalisation and legalisatiop of abortion law is aimed at giving women the right to make their own choices about their lives. But the ANC is trapped in a difficult position as it remains sensitive to power of women lobbying groups and may find it impossible to strike an amicable accord with the more conservative members of its constituencies. The ideological warfare between prochoice and pro-life invariably share a common ground: concern for human life. Hence,. for women, full and equal parenting combined with participation in the public sphere, according to the personal gifts of each, must become the presumed standard of social life (SARDC) El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26-NO. 5, 1995

Rural consumers getting raw deal, he multi-party dispensation that - Fund (IMF) prescribed structural adjustT has been gripping Africa since ment programmes were impoverishing 1990 has ushered in an enabling the vast majority of the people on the environment for the establishment of continent most of whom were being' consumer movements on the continent, driven from urban to rural areas. From five consumer movements in 1990, Africa's registered consumer movements rose to 40 in 26 countries by 1995, making consumerism, at present, the fastest growing social movement on the continent. But the movements are facing serious challenges to protect consumers, espedally in rural areas, from the possible violation of their rights as a result of the opening up of markets to competition as part of efforts to -structurally adjust ailing economies. A week-long workshop for leaders of consumer movements in Africa held recently in the Malawian capital, Blantyre, delegates agreed that consumer movements were now facing the biggest challenges of making themselves relevant to the developmental needs of poor people, especially those living in rural. ,areas. Thi-dynoted that the introduction of World Bankand International Monetary Transitiona[government appointed -in Liberia Continued from previous page (UIJMO-K) as the new chief of staff of the AFL forces, now expected to resume their role as the nation's army, Joe Tate (NPLF) named as head of the national police, and Faffini Kamara (ULIMO-K), director of the national security agency. The list of ministers is as follows:F;o i A ...... Momo S e L Fbian ...... n...... L sana I mah U0 O-I9 ustice ...... -...... F...... F cis Gadalw 1o (NW ) brbnubon ...... Vticoa Reflel JFM Yod and Spot n cas asoo I0FA) dene F=rsl Pub Work ...... W.s...... Vare Meta )UM , co mec ...... Kamara I M040Q A ica ...... Bah ...... *. .m...... Ro1lan assanuo WN I Posts and Telecommunions ...... AIfre Kole Pq Mm n m gy ...... s n (NPLF) Law ...... Tmn Woe*y PnIW Rtevoluioar COunc Healhand fae W .m...... Vba areh IJMO-) Wiflaru p lol ...... Shen {IJO M ) -RAN.AF 0 The director of Consumers International's regional office for Africa (CI-ROAF), Cde. Joshua 'Gwitira called on African consumber movements to crawl out of the comforts of their offices in the cities and .'go rural' where the vast majority of the people had their consumer-rights trampled over. He noted that with the exception of South Africa, Egypt and to a degree Zambia, most of Africa was primarily rural. The current structures of consumer movements in Africa were largely irrelevant to the bulk of the population as the movements were largely urbanised themselves. Conditions faced by some rural people and workers in Africa's rural areas were appalling while consumer movements on the contipent continue to bask in the sunshine of European and American urban-based type of consumerism. This has left millions of African rural workers and others grappling with their own consumer-related problems with no hope of succeeding. A recent study on Zimbabwe's farm workers carried out the C-ROAF revealed that there are over 250 000 farm workers in Zimbabwe each supporting an average of 10 people per household constituting about 2,5 million of the country's nearly 11 million people. The study found 90 percent of these farm workers live in such horrible con-: ditions that dysentry and diarrhoea Women. of SA irm principles upholding women's rights should be included in the country's final constitution currently being written, President Nelson Mandela has said. "As a tribute to the legions of women who navigated the path of fighting for justice before us, we ought to imprint in the supreme law of the land firm principles upholding the rights of women". Deputy President Thabo Mbeki said at a Women's Day rally at Odi Stadium, north of Pretoria, that the 1956 march on the Union Buildings 'by more than 20 000 women had started a struggle which had ultimately led were their daily worry. In most farm compounds in Zimbabwe, workers share an average of. one pit' latrine per 15 households. These latrines, the study found, get filled in no time and farm owners usually say they do not have money to build new ones, thus forcing workers to resort to the bush. Farm workers were literally hostages to the whims of farm owners and managers as most were so illiterate to be able to voice concern on their living and working conditions. Most of the workers do not have enough income to buy 'protein foods such as beans and meat which are unaffordable. The study found that Zimbabwe farm workers rarely ate meat as their diet was primarily sadza and vegetables. However, the pattern of consumerrelated problems in Zimbabwe's rural areas was the same throughout the continent and consumer movements must find 'ways of sharing ideas on how to tackle them. Besides rural problems, African consumer movements face: another challenge in stopping the dump ing of goods of inferior quality, harmful drugs and even toxic wastes on the continent's market places. When some goods are not bought in urban areas'because of their~questionable origin or quality, they usually end up in rural areas, making the rural areas vulnerable to exploitation. The over 50 delegates from 17 Anglo. phone countries agreed that there was need for strong consumber protective legislation by African states to deal with the problem of dumping and to protect Continued on next page have their way to glorious victories. Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, Mrs Brigitte Mabandla said at the Union Buildings that women should be at the forefront of a better life for all South Africans. Deputy President F.W. de Klerk told a meeting in Uchtenburg, North West, that women should reject proposals for abortion on demand. He urged them to play a leading and constructive role in the abortion debate. In Cape Town Justice MinisterMr. oullah Omar said rising crime and violence against women was alarming and need. ed to be frmly stamped out. (0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

South African coloureds say freedom struggle just began President Nelson Mandela of South Africa n the past, they were not white enough. Now many of South Africa's 3.5 million coloured, or mixed-race people believe they are not black enough. Since the elections that brought President Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first black president, to power last year, there has been a proliferation of coloured groups fighting for anything from the emancipation of coloureds, resistance to affirmative action in favour of the majority blacks, to a homeland for mixed-race people. One of the new groups is the Cape Townbased Kleurling Weersiandbeweoing (KWB) (Coloured Resistance Movement), an organisation associated with beliefs and actions of the white neo-Nazi Afrikaner Resistance Movement. "We want brown people classified as an ethnic group, part of the native population. Black Africans are as much colonisers as whites. Now the brown people have to defend their own against intruders," KWB leader Mervin Ross told a television talk show. "The brown people need a place of their own, their homeland ... The brown people's struggle did not end when Nelson 'Mandela became president," Ross said. Many coloureds, who are outnumbered 'by South Africa's 31 million blacks and five million whites, share Ross' views. Rabil Douglas, leader of the South Western Joint Civics Organisation, said he had formed the movement to fight for real equal rights. He and his supporters lament inadequate services and high rents for decaying homes in coloured townships such as Eldorado Park, Noorogesig and Eden Park near Johannesburg, Eesterus in Pretoria and many others across the country. They say sewage still overflows in the streets, litter is strewn everywhere and y Rich Mkhondo roads are potholed months after the government tackles similar conditions in black townships. President Mandela has acknowledged that coloured movements are hostile towards his ruling African National Congress (ANC) and the coalition government and that their concerns must be addressed. But he said the actions of the anti-government coloured groups will eventually isolate them. "It hurts me very much that having acquired freedom for all South Africans where for the first time Africans (blacks), coloureds, Indians and whites can be the masters of their own future - the actions of certain groups in the coloured community are causing their own marginalisation," he said. Research by the independent Community Agency for Social Equity (CASE) said coloureds were pessimistic about the future. Most feel insecure and scared about the future, CASE said. In the Western Cape province where coloureds form the majority, and propelled the former ruling National Party (NP) to provincial power in last year's all race elections, the ANC said coloureds felt ignored by the national government. They suspect they will be left out in the implementation of post-apartheid reconstruction and developent programmes, the ANC said in a discussion document circulated in the province. Douglas, Ross and other disenchbinted coloureds believe the government has 2iven too much attention to blacks Continued on next page Rural consumers getting raw deal Continued from page 28 consumers against unfair practices on market nlaces. "Yes, as we go back to our countries we want to go on a massive legislation campaign for our governments to enact laws in favour of consumers. "On the part of Consumer International, it will produce a model consumer law which willing countries can adopt with amendments to suit their own situations," Amadou Kanoute, the Cl programmes coordinator for Central and Western Africa told delegates at the end of the workshop. The executive director of Kenya Consumer Organisation (KCO), Francis Orago said legislation alone was not the answer to Africa's consumer problems. "We need to educate our people not to accept poor quality goods and harmful drugs. This means reaching rural areas where most of our people fall victim to these problems as they are unaware of their fundamental consumer rights," Orago said. i ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

Regional News ozambique, at 20, can at last begin to plan a post independence future that will enable it to become a contributing partner in regional development. With peace in the countryside and the opposition in parliament instead of in the bush, the government established after last year's multi-party elections wants to strengthen democratic institutions, develop human resources and infrastructure, and create a climate for financial investment and economic growth. Already the effects of peace are being felt in the towns but it takes longer for this to trickle down to the rural areas. Armando Marais is also 20. He was born in April 1975, two months before Mozambique became independent, in a village 70 kilometres south-west of the Manica Province capital of Chimoio. He remembers little of those heady days of 20 years ago when ideals dictated realities and Mozambique set out to create a new man (women were rarely mentioned) building around him a socialist society devoid of traditional institutions. For Marais, life was about survival. War, initiated by Southern Rhodesia and finetuned with savage ferocity by South Afri Continued from previous page when implementing affirmative action. Affirmative action has led to affirmative discrimination, Douglas said. "I am not saying give special attention to the coloured community. Everyone who is poor and oppressed . . . must benefit from the new dispensation. We are being ignored. Put a spotlight on our plight too,". he stated. However, President Mandela said affirmative action benefits coloureds too. "I want to make it clear that it is the policy of the ANC and the government of national unity that affirmative action includes all who have been denied opportunities under apartheid. This means coloureds, Africans, Indians, women and handicapped people," he told a meeting President Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique ca, ebbed and flowed across his homeland. Both Marais' parents were killed in the war. His brother, then only 11. disappeared and he has no idea whether he is alive or dead. Soon after his parents' deaths and his brother's disappearance, Marais fled to Zimbabwe. There he became a refugee, one of the two million Mozambicans who esr-ined to the neighbouring countries. in a coloured township outside Cape Tnwn But soon after the presiclent uttered these words, letters appeared in newspapers saying he had been less than truthful. "Yes, President Mandela was quite right when he said that affirmative action includes coloureds in the written policy," wrote Joey Marks, a coloured. "But when we open newspapers, affirmative action is linked to the ability to speak a minority language, including Xhosa (Mandela's home language), thereby denying us our rights to equality. "We demand to be treated equally in all spheres of South African life, economically and politically," Marks said. ZIANA-REUTER. El Today, Marais has been repatriated to his village - a returnado, as they are kwown in Mozambique. And for him, today, life is much as it was when he was horn. There is still no school or health post for community of 150 people. Both were built after his birth, largely through selfhelp, and destroyed during the war. There is no clean drinking water, electricity, telephone or paved road. The village store, one of the few permanent structures in the community, is a blackened and bullet- pocked skeleton, another legacy of the war. Yet, amidst this scene of devastation totally devoid of what is called development, there is a ray of hope. As a refugee in Zimbabwe, Marais was taught technical skills as a carpenter. Others learned brick-making and building, metal-working, weaving, and were given very basic education. In Marais's community, and indeed along much of Mozambique's 800 kilometre eastern border with Zimbabwe, the embryonic signs of a slow, people- driven revolution are emerging. New homes are taking shape, more permanent and less crude than those they fled. Fields are being tilled, despite the estimated two million lethal landmines seeding Mozambique's landscape. There will soon be a school and a clinic and, they hope, a teacher and a health worker. There may soon be a shop. There is also the question of the rains, the dictator of all things in rural Africa. A drought is in prospect this year following on the devastating one in 1992/3. And will the rains next year be better? Will the peace hold after 30 years of war? In Maputo, the government and donors are still taking stock of the real cost of the war, initially for independence from Portuguese colonialism and then against the Mozambique National Resistance (MNR or Renamo). Mozambique, says the United Nations, is the world's poorestcountry. The country's infrastructure is destroyed. Maps still show roads which no longei quail fy for that description. Railways, bridges, factories and state enterprises lie in Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26-NO. 5, 1995 South African coloureds say freedom struggle just begun

Mozambique at twenty A Renamo soldier waits in a United Nations cantonment to be demobilised under the UN peace plan for Mozambioue Continuedfront previous page Continued from page 30 After two years of protracted negotiations in Rome, peace was finally secured and Mozambique's first multi-party elections followed. President Joaquim Chissano won the presidency fairly easily although it was a much closer call for his Mozambique Liberation Front (FREUMO) party, which won just over half of -the seats in parliament. The late Cde. Sauora Machel The president confronted his new mandate with astonishing decisiveness. Most of the old-guard Frelimo politicians were dropped from government and replaced by younger technocrats. The new 'prime minister is the former foreign minister, Dr. Pascoal Mocumbi, a medical doctor and long-time associate of Chissano. Most of the refugees like Marais have returned to their country and those who were internally displaced can, generally, now go home. With international assistance, new blue-washed schools are springing up in places like the Tete Corridor connecting Zimbabwe and Malawi. Houses, some draped with UNHCR tarpaulins, are evident as communities begin the long task of rebuilding their lives. New health posts are being built and destroyed ones reconstructed. Roads are being repaired, bridges rebuilt, railways re-laid and industries resurrected. The mood of the international devetopment agencies is also changing. A year ago, they were conspicuously suffering from fatigue, wearied by the years of construction and destruction which was the hallmark of the war. In part this has been brought about by the changing of the old guard among the diplomats also. Yesteryear's tired bique's enormous potential. Mozambique is one of the best-watered countries on the African continent, with vast untapped mineral resources. Its railways and ports provide the gateway to the sea for the landlocked hinterland, and its people are proud and passionate. Marais remains stoic about his suffering. His eyes are set firmly forward, not backwards. For him, it is a new country after the past two decades of war. SARDC El Drlduard M,,ndln - the 9- -a-,. critics are gradually giving way to a new- dent of FRELIMO fresher generation cognisant of Mozam- ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 It pays dividends to advertise in The Zimbabwe News magazine and The People's Voice newspaper 33,

SADC protocol on shared watercourse signed Sfter very lengthy and difficult negotiations by SADC member LiStates on the protocol on shared watercourse systems, which started in December, 1991 in Lusaka - Zambia even before SADC ratified its treaty, the protocol was signed by heads of state and government in Johannesburg Republic of South Africa on 29/08/1995. This is a very important political development since ratifying the SADC treaty as a step to under pin the economic integration philosophy with SADC member States have opted for. This commitment is expected to create a conducive environment for investment by SADC cooperating partners in the shared watercourse systems in the sub-region. The protocol takes cognisance of all previous international agreements like the Helsinki rules and calls for recognition and desires of UN strategies like the provisions of Rio Summit especially .agenda 21, it is in tandum with the let- ter and spirit of SADC Treaty especially liftment of the peoples of the SADC article 22 of the Tireaty. region, : 'The general principles of the Protocol hinge on fundamental pillars of the whole Southern African Development Community organisation which is 'deeper economic cooperation and integration, on the basis of balance, equity and mutual benefit, providing for cross border investment and .trade, and freer movement of factors of production, goods and services across national borders;" There will be a Monitoring Unit established at SADC-ELMS headquarters in Maseru-Lesotho whose functions will depend on the River Basin Commissions in different member states, e.g. Kunene River Commission, Lesotho Highlands Project Planning Commission, Komati Permanent Commission, etc. The objectives of the Protocol are dearly to assist member States in developing sustainable water resources strategies so as to ewihance the socio-economic ul- As stipulated in article 5, the functions. of the river basin authorities will be to lay down the sustainable modus operandi for all member States and assist In the monitoring of the adherence to the protocol. Research. will be critical and will be done by the basic management institutions who in turn will report to the monioring unit and to SADC Council ofMinisters through SADC-ELMS. This legal instrument will go a long way to assist member States in avoiding any possible conflict in the use of the shared watercourse. SADC member States regarding this instrument as a basic tool for any coordinated water resources development for upgrading the standard of living of their people. Its signing once again shows the seriousness with which SADC views the issues of economic integration as a doorway to brighter South Africa egion. 0 [SA set to lose secon~d anthem] outh Africa's ruling African National Congress (ANC) has proposed that there be only one national anthem in the country, but with versions in four different languages, an ANC statement has said. The proposal will form part of the ANC's recommendations to the Constitutional Assembly, the 490-member body tasked with drafting a new and permanent basic law to replace the interim constitution, which expires at the end of its five-year life in 1999. The statement said the proposal was, thrashed at one weekend meeting in Cape Town of the ANCs decision-making National ExecutiVe Committee (NEC). When Cde.' Nelson Mandela became president in May last yqar, he ordered that the anthem of the former white minority government, Die Stem (The Voice), be jbint official anthem with the ANC's own anthem, Nkosi sikelela 'Africa (God Bless Afic Both anthems are currently played at official functions and Cde. Mandela has ,urged all South Africans to learn the words of both songs to enhance racial the statement said, are that provincesi reconciliation in the country. 'have direct representation on the Th e , h. senate, parliament's 90-member upper The ANC statement sai, however that house; that a national attorney-general the NEC had resolved that under the be appointed above provincial: new constitution, there should be only 1 attoreys-general; that the president o.e.anthem, Nkosi skelela I'Afca, wi hold office for no more than two fiveNguni, Sotho, Afrikaans and English tr; and that tradional leaders be versions. 'given national decision-making powers Other proposals approved by the NEC, over customary law. - ZIANA-AFP 0 Newspaper Vendors wanted urgently Required are energeticpersons to sell on commission basis in and outside Harare Contact: J. Mavhudzi & Kazvidzwa (Mr.) 144 Union Avenue Telephone: 790148/9 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5. 1995

Population and the environment - Zimbabwe's dilemma By Msekiiwa Ben Mungate Intensive deforestation- has-een caused by squatter families moving on to land where they cut timber for homes. It is tese areas which should be replanted to save the environment mai Nyaradzo from Chinyanga In Seke alone, the destruction of natur- Zimbabwe has surface area of about A village in Seke communal lands al resources reached an alarming 88 per- 390 000 square kilometres, of which 33 in Mashonaland East province is cent between 1968 and 1992, accord- million hectares is agricultural land. in a dilemma. She has to search for fire- ing to statistics from the Department of About 4 000 large scale commercial wood to prepare her family's early Natural Resources. Although the rate farmers own 11.2 million hectares of the morning breakfast, but the land in the may not be representative of all the land, with more than one million comvicinity is now barren. It has not even other communal areas in Zimbabwe, the munal households occupying 16.3 mila small shrub for her to pluck a few trend is a reflection of the current situa- lion hectares. The remaining 1.2 million twigs to light up a fire. tion, where peonle have failed to utilise hectares are occupied by more than This forces her to look up to the nearby natural resources for sustainable 1 000 small scale commercial farmers. . . C_ 11 * f A -.I- development. ...,L ... - lagers are now stealing firewood. But for Amai Nyaradzo, the journey to the farms does not pay and dividents as she is arrested by the farm security guard, accusing her of stealing firewood. Amai Nyaradzo is brought before a Chitungwiza magistrates' court, being charged with one count of contravening, the Forestry Act. She pleads guilty to the charge and is fined $100 or one month in prison. The magistrate feels sorry for the unfortunate woman, and gives her up to two months to raise the fine. This is a true reflection of what is happening in Seke communal lands, where land now lies barren and desolate, as a result of an environmental catastrophe resulting from the uncontrolled and unsustainable use of natural resources, due to a very high population density on the land. With an average population density of 26 people per square kilometre, the pressure on Zimbabwe's rural areas seems to be tilting against the available natural resources which are being stressed, with minimal efforts being made to correct the imbalances. In commercial rarming areas, where there is a population density of about eight people per square kilometre, the Department of Natural Resources has recorded an average destruction of about 19 percent over the same period, registered in Seke, representing a mean annual depletion of 1.2 percent compared to Seke's four percent. The 1992 State of the Environment Report has reflected that there is a nexus between environmental degradation and population in Zimbabwe, with areas of higher population densities being the worst affected, and are characterised by soil erosion and siltation. i hi s1enaUrlioU, Mhw as ad resull~lt of theII colonial Land Apportionment Act of 1931, created localised areas of population pressure which resulted in the highest magnitude of environmental deterioration in areas which were allocated to the indigenous people. Although the government has ena-cted new land laws which are expected to cerrect the land distribution imbalances, the qu estion of population and its impact or.the environment still has to be addressed. According to the 1992 census, Zimbabwe's population growth rate is currently estimated at 3.14 per cent, which means that the population would double in 22 years. This already has adverse environmental consequences for communal areas which are already densely populated. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5; 1995

Satish Nambia, UNPROFOR conmander for Yugoslavia t is fifty years since the workl awakened from a nightmare. Firstly, this was the nightmare of a conflict which, starting from Europe, finished by engulfing the whole globe and causing tens of millions of victims. It was first and foremost a nightmare of the will to exterminate a people and other minorities, in a systematic and "industrial" manner for the simple fact of their existence. A failure of the democracies, it was stated. A failure of civilisation. And also a failure of the Red Cross which had been thought to possess a power it did not have and which was not capable and I regret to say this - of breaking with the weaknesses and pervading compromises, despite the courage and heroic dedication of some, of its delegates. "This never again!" was the watchword in the immediate past-war period. Some lofty ideals, some of which have made their way in the world, were born of the traumatism caused by the holocaust and the terrible destruction engendered by the conflict. The states thereafter cooperated within the United Nations Organisation in order to prevent other great catalysms: during that moment of euphoria, war was even outlawed. "This never again!" It was also thanks to the willingness to put an end to the old quarrels that Europeans were to respond to Jean Monnet's appeal and finally to lay the comer-stone of a future union which in view of the close ties of Population and the environment Zimbabwe's dilemma Continued from page 33 The movement of people from densely populated areas to acquired land might be a temporary relief for communal areas, as the problem would later emerge as the population continues to grow. Lack of alternative energy resources for rural people will still haunt the environment as people will continue to resort to tree cutting for energy provision. The introduction of a population policy which is sensitive to the environment and the strengthening of current population control measures would be the only way out for Zimbabwe, if ever a meaningful balance between the population and the environment is to be realised. This, according to an ecologist with the Department of Natural Resources, Cde Amon Murwira, is the only solution for a nation which has a high population ratio of dependents. He urges that birth control must bea-priority for Zimbabwe if a balance between resources and population is to be kept at optimal levels. The empowerment of women through formal and informal education on population issues would play a major role as women would then make informed decisions on birth control and other issues related to the environment and' population. "The current population distribution in Zimbabwe is a precedent to environmental disaster as it is compound by a high population growth rate which exacerbates the already stressed environment of communal lands," says Cde Murwira, adding that high population growth rates have to be checked with particular attention to carrying capacities of different ecological zones, which have to be determined through research. The need for research on areas like the farrow and fertile Zambezi Valley, in terms of population carrying capacity, given the fact that Zimbabwe's tourism and electricity generation emanates from that area, is of paramount importance, before any programmes to open up the valley for habitation is done. "The relationship between population and the environment in urbA' areas seems to have taken a back seat, with more attention being given to rural areas," noted Cde. Murwira. Focus on urban environment had been on cultivation, which tended to focus on the maintenance of the aesthetic value of the city environment than on the sound environment concern. The link between population dynamics and the environment, in relation to its impact on the quality and quantity of both surface and underground water, air pollution and other environmental elements in urban areas need to be looked into. It is now a known fact that Harare City Council is being forced to use a lot of financial resources to purify its water, which is said to be heavily polluted. The question of population and the environment therefore does not necessarily mean that people have to stop utilising nature for their own sustainance, but the sustainable use ofnatural resources, coupled with a manageable population size would result in a positive balance between the environment and human beings. n ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 50TH ANNIVERSARY, OF THE UN its economies, endeavoured above all to prevent a resurgence of past demons. The first European Community was the coal and steel organisation which symbolically could also easily instigate fire and arms as well as reconstruction and properity. More modestly but not lacking realism, the intemationa| Committee of the Red Cross was to work for the adoption of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 by the international community. These Conventions - partly revised texts dating back to 1864 - started from the principle that wars were not simply going to be banished from the history of mankind, and were aimed at ensuringContinued on next page

50th anniversary of the UN Continued from previous page that cetain elementary human prinapies were to be respected even in the fiercest conflicts. This in particular meant that the wounded, the prisoners and civilian populations that fell into enemy hands were to be treated in conformity with international humanitarian law. These legal measures were to be completed in 1977 with the additional protocols that took into account the evolution of the world and especially the decolonisation wars. At this time of assessment - and anniversaries are always a balance sheet - what are we to make of all these efforts? I shall not venture to judge whether the world is globally better or worse than it was half a century ago. I am among those - and by this I'm expressing a personal conviction - who thinks that if the United Nations Organisation has not existed, the world would have been in an even more wretched condition. But there is no room for jubilation. From 1945 to the present, there have been more than 120 conflicts which claimed 22 million casualties on the five continents. "This never again!" we said in 1945. Yet there was Cambodia where a people were decimated before the very eyes of the world. Nearer to us, there was the genocide in Rwanda, exactly one year ago, the episodes of which we were able to follow on our small screens. At that time, the international Committee of the Red Cross was on the spot, with only a handful of virtually paralysed blue helmets, endeavouring to save several thousand human lives but unable to curb the tragedy being played out before its eyes. The international community was stunned and ended by taking action but, admittedly, too late and without much conviction. With the end of the Cold War and the balance of terror, a great threat was removed. But in its place there have appeared many more numerous risks with the emergence of a new type of conflict which is daily confronting us. 'These new post-Cold War conflicts have special characteristics as they are no longer structured by global confrontation of the kind that opposed the two big blocs. No longer fomented from the outside, either military or financially, these conflicts compel the belligerents to find locally the resources they need in order to pursue hostilities. This leads ERh- Skmu _6 ral Dr. lioaros to predatory and criminal-behaviour in which war and banditry are often inextricably linked. Up to now we have often come across situations in which a government grapples with a guerrilla or rebel movement, both possessing wellstructured and organised forces motivated by identifiable ideologies and goals and pursuing more or less coherent military objectives. Today we are facing markedly different situations. In wars defined as being of low intensity, the belligerents are often very young and poorly organised. It is generally difficult to define their ideologies and objectives: there are no longer any front lines, the traditional distinction between combatants and noncombatants (upon which a large section of humanitarian law resides) has lost its relevance. In such conflicts local factors predominate, chains of command are disrupted and respect for elementary human norms is often absent. Foreign influence aimed at putting a step influence aimed at putting a step to such conflicts and to finding political solutions for them, is also greatly lessened. For humanitarian organisations to operate in this kind of context, it has became very dangerous as well as very frustrating. Does this imply, as some would have it, that one should seek solutions to such problems in the reformulation of a law that h s become obsolete? I do not think so. We might of course dream about codifying a new law which would be better adapted to a reality that has certainly evolved since 1949. But to my mind, the norms that have been adopted by all the states would, if respected, essentially make it possible to avoid the worst. We do not need more laws but rather better observance of the existing law. Are there some conflicts today than in the past? Are they more cruel than formerly? I am not sure of the answers to these questions, but I do think that we can admit that the world is-globally more dangerous than it was only a few years ago. well, then, what should be done? First of all, I think we should avoid confusing the genres, avoid the confusion between what is political and what is humanitarian, between justice and compassion, between the treatment of a problem and its symptoms. Allow me here to have recourse to an analogy which, like all analogies, is reducible. When you are faced with a patient suffering from a grave illness, you can approach his problem from at least three different angles: * you can reconstruct his illness within a broader context andttry to identify its causes: you may perhaps not help the patient but you will better understand the origin of his problem and you might perhaps help others not to develop the same affliction. We call this the preventive approach; S you can then apply yourself to the problem itself, decide on the ap,propriate therapy to cure the malady that gnaws at your patient. This we call the curative approach; * finally, you can occupy yourself with the suffering of your patient, help him overcome pain by means of analgesies and assist him in controlling his moral suffering; in doing so you are only treating symptoms but this procedure that complements the preceeding one is, nevertheless, essential. This we call the palliative approach. As we come to the "bedside" of the planet and its multiple conflicts, we can also act on different levels. Humanitarians, as you know, do not pretend to be able to prevent wars or even to stop Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

50th anniversary of the UN Continuedfrom' previous page the politisation of humanitarianism, if them: they are satisfied with the ap- not actually its militarisation. preciated financial assistance from governments nd the European Union to alleviate hardships. They focus their efforts on the symptoms of the illness, leaving to the politicians the effort to deal with the causes of the malady and to treat the malady itself. Humanitarianism therefore is an indispensible answer but it is also insufficient. When the humanitarians find it necessary to abandon their neutrality and to enter the field of politics as well as to identify the hangman, they divest themselves of their possiblilty to act on behalf of all the victims, without any discrimination. When the politicians act on an essentially humanitarian level they are actually moving in an inverse direction and perhaps discovering 'the virtues of neutrality and sending the belligerents back-to-back without refusing to distinguish between the hangman and the victim. Is this the vocation of States? Is it not dangerous to exert the main effort on palliative aetion with the risk of neglecting curative and preventive action? For humanitarians, when their independent humanitarian space is threatened, the risks are 'great, as this entails The state-of the world as we apprehend It in the lnternational'Committee of the Red Cross, requires other remedies than those offered by the humanitarian. And this brings me to the politicians, to the European Union, to the Organisation for Security and Co-operation, to the Organisation of the United Nations. Some people tell us that with the fall of the Wall, we have returned to the conflicts from before 1914. it is as if history has been halted . . , Admittedly, but there are nevertheless big differences: although in 1900 there were one billion six hundred million inhabitants on earth, we shall have reached the figure of 6 billion at the return of the century, that is, in just five years; * the degradation of the environment in many countries has assumed frightening proportions; * rural exodus and urban destination are continuing at a rapid pace; * recently we l ave begun witnessing the turn of widespread pandemics; * the trade in weapons is flourishing and civilians today have access to them as easily as the military; 0 tens of millions of people in the poorest countries have no hopes for the future, no access to education or health services, and no prospects for improvement for themselves or their children. At this time when a part of the world is firmly stepping into an era of real images, of immaterial economies and of information highways, it behooves us to remember how great a gap is forming between us and an increasing number of our contemporaries. These tremendous imbalances will feed future conflicts if we disregard them. ' The UN and with it the European Union will have to confront unprecendented challenges. I shall make a point of expressing my preoccupations as I have done today, in the hope that all together and each one of us at his own level, we may work towards solving the problems that I have outlined here and that we should not forget the motto of the international Red Cross. Per humanitatem ad pacem. 0 , ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 N&. 5, 1995 Zimbabwe News Subscription Form (Please Tick a box to select your term) Zimbabwe 0 12 issues (1 year) $22.50 0 6 issues (6 months) $11.25 Regional 012 issues (1 year) US$30.00 0 6 issues (6 months US$15.00 Overseas (Europe) 012 issues US$40.00 0 6 issues (6 months) US$20.00 N am e :...... I ...... A ddress: ...... , I...... S ig natu re : ...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLING I enclose my cheque 0 Postal Order 0- for the amount indicated above he Beijing Fourth World Conference T on Women seeks to lobby for soohdecal and institutional changes to ensure that the role of women in the economy is not only recognised but supported. Another objective is to ensure that action prevails over rhetoric in extending more choices to working men and women including work schedules. Aster Zauode, the regional adviser for the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) notes that women play a positive role in African economies looking after children and other household chores 7such as fetching water and firewood, growing and preparing food and being . care-givers. The issue of the economic contribution of women which in most cases goes unrecognized is also highlighted in the Human Development Report 1995 which says globally women work longer hours than men but remain unpaid and undervalued. "There is an unwitting conspiracy on a global scale to undervalue women's work and contributions to society," says Mahbub ul Haq, principal author of the report. The report states that if national statistics were accurately reflected, the myth that men are the main breadwinners would be shattered. The Beijing conference will highlight women's access to employment; the improvement of women's production capacities in the informal sector; enterpreneurship development; access to training, skills, technology and the means and benefits to production and markets. Participation in the cash economy is still largely male-dominated. women only make up an average of 30 percent of formal sector employees in South Africa. Most women in the region live in the rural areas and work on the land yet most are restricted in access to ;.resources such as lind, lobour, capital, predominantly in low-paid domestic and service jobs where they do not enjoy equal benefits of promotion, pension and pay with men. Consequently, the majority of women resort to the informal sector to supplement family incomes. Even in the informal sector women still face competition from men. Income generated from this sector, can not easily be quantified and tends to be underestimated. The undervaluation of women's work perpetuates their low status in many countries and infringes on their right to, own property and acquire credit from financial institutions. The Human Development Report uses two measures of human development, the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) which highlights inequalities in access to basic health, education and income, and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). The latter focuses on national progress on the basis of the political and economic power of women. It refers to women's political representation, access to managerial or professional opportunities, participation in the active labour force and share of national income. Clearly women remain economically unempowered, particularly in Southern. Africa. In some countries, South Africa, for example, employment remains skewed on a racial and gender basis although the new government has improved access for women to formal employment. In Angola, women comprise 20 percent of the total labour force. Although there is no desegregated data on agriculture it is estimated there are more women farmers than men. In the informal market, sixty percent are women. Even in Botswana, where the economy has remained relatively stable, women: are conspicuously absent from executive positions and incomes are skewed in favour of men. , * agricultural services and technology, and a share in, the benefits of their Lesotho is the only country in the region .where women's participation in the * labour labour force is much more visible than in,. urban areasi women are that of men. Although there is also a higher level of literacy and more employ: ment opportunities, women are still outnumbered in decision-making positions. Some countries in southern Africa are implementing economic structural adjustment programmes. Women are affected differently by the reforms as responsibilities are increasingly left to them when men migrate in search of scarce employment. Their lower social and legal status is another reason as it restricts their access to educaition and The Human Development Report, notes that: there is still no country that offers the same opportunities to both men and women; removing gender inequality is not dependent on national income; and women the world over still have less likelihood of receiving credit from banking institutions than men. The European Union delegation to Beijing says it seeks to remove the unequal sharing of responsibilities through partnership with goverments. "A partnership which intergrates the full and equal participation of women in civil, political, economic, social and cultural life, inorder to secure equality, development and peace worldwide," says Pandraig Flynn, an EU commissioner. This view is echoed by the Human Development Report which points out the fact that denying women full participation in economic and social development robs future generations of the opportunity to reach their full potential. James Gustave Speth, the director general of UN Development Programme (UNDP) says "investing in women and' empowering them will contribute to economic growth and development." there has been some progress in Southern Africa to improve the situation of women but much remains to be done. The report emphasizes that upholding equal rights should not be seen as an act of benevolence by those in power but should be done in the interest of progress. Fully recognising women's economic contribution will change the retrenched socio-economic premises on which gender relations have been founded. SARDC El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 lInternational News .',d : Women's economic role * highlighted at Beijing By Virginia Kapembedza $bac Z$13 million boost for plant"-basedvaccine research; wo major finance companies have pledged more than £1 million (Z$13 million) to expand-pionering work ,on the world's first plant-based vaccines. The Axis Genetics company from Cambridge in eastern England has harnessed the power plants to produce therapeutic pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Chief executive Dr. lain Cubitt explained: "We can rapidly produce particles which present proteins to the immune system of animals or man in a stable immunologically active form, and the pharmaceutical industry had been quick to grasp the potential of our novel technolo.v." Axis has patented its chimaeric virus (CVP) technology and the new funding will enable the company to fast-track several important projects. An early goal is to develop and licence the world's first; range of plant-based vaccines. An Axis spokesman commented: "We are already producing active immunogenic ingredients for clinical trials and our new generation of cost-effective peptide- based pharmaceuticals potentially represent a quantum leap for the pharmaceutical industry, which has traditionally used conventional industrial production methods." L os Angeles - The following is a chronology of important events in the evolution of the Walt Disney Company, which on Monday, July 31, announced plans to acquire the ABC television network in a blockbuster US$19 billion deal:- October 16, 1923 November 18, 1928 December 16, 1929 December 21, 1937 October 27, 1954 July 17, 1955 December 15, 1966 FJune 17, 1971 October 1, 1971 December 20, 1971 - Walter (Wait) Disney and brother April 18,1983 lFoy Disney found the Disney Brothers Studio as a partinership. Sign first contract to June 8, 1984 produce a series of animated short subject features called Al-lice Comedies. September 23 --Mickey and Minnie Mouse debut in Steamboat Willy. It is Disney's first animated fild with sound effects and dialogue. - The Disney Brothers Studio splits into four operating companies. One of these, Walt Disney February 6, 1 Productions, forms the basis forthe modern day Disney. March 25, 19, -Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first feature-length March.24, 19= animated movie, premieres. It is accompanied by the first comprehensive merchandising cam- November 22, paign tied into a film. - Disneyland, a weekly television show, premieres on ABC. It will run for 29 seasons under six different names. April 12, 1992 -Disneyland Theme Park first December 9, 1 open in Anaheim, California. By 1960, Walt Disney Productions will have acquired 100 percent of the Theme Park for just over April 3, 1994 US$8.7 million. - Walt Disney dies. - Disneyland welcomes 100' fill- 'A it a Honth guest. Continued 0 , 1984 986 86 87 1991 992 The company was acquired by its management team ealler this year and Dr. Cubitt and two other team members, development director Dr. Paul Rodgers and research director Dr. Bill Hamilton, have all invested in it. The latest investments totalling over £1 million (Z$13 million) were made by the venture capitalist companies, 3i of London and Credit Suisse. Axis Genetics, based at Babraham in Cambridge, has established1t indepe. dent research complex within, the grounds of the Babraham Institute. LPS 0 The Magic Kingdom Theme Park opens at Walt Disney World in Florida. - Roy Disney dies. - Tokyo Disneyland opens. - The Disney Channel broadcasts its first cable television programming. - MM Acquisition Corp launches an unsuccessful hostile takeover for Walt Disney Production. - Michael Eisner joins company as chairman and chief executive officer and Frank Wells joins as president and chief operating officer with the mandate to turn around the now sluggish company. - Walt Disney Production renames. itself the Walt Disney Company. -Theme Parks welcomes their 500 millionth guest. - Disney signs an agreement to develop Euro Disney resort out-side Paris. -Beauty And The Beast is released. It becomes the first animated movie ever to be nominated for the academy award for best pictures. - Disney Paris (Euro Disney) opens. - Disney moves into professional sports with a national hockey league team The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. - Frank Wells dies in a helicopter crash, leading to a string of upper management changes in- 'n next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 v

England/Wales population ONDON-The resident population of England and Wales has grown to 51.62 million, an increase of 181 000 or 0.4 percent over the 1993 figure. Over half of the growth was due to an excess of births over deaths and the remainder was largely net in-migration. The 1994 population estimates for En- rising gland and Wales,'just published, are based on 1991 census results, with allowance for subsequent births, deaths, migration, and ageing of the population. They include population numbers by sex and single year of age, and estimates of the total resident population of each local government and health authority area in 1991, 1993 and 1994. Th e Walt D Isney Continued fro June 24, 1994 September 6, 1 July 26, 1995 luly 31, 1995 Comay m previous page cluding the resignation ot Jeffrey Katzenberg as head of the company's studio division. Disney released the The Lion King which becomes Disney's most successful film ever. - One billion guests visit Theme Parks. - Euro Disney posts first quarterly profit in its three years of existance. - The Walt Disney Company 'announces plans to aquire the ABC television network in a US$19 billion deal. - ZIANA-REUTERI- changes in tie England and Wales popu lation between 1991 and 1994 include -an increase of 315 000 in the number of children aged under 16, and an increase of 180 000 in the population 'of working age. A rise of 918000 in the number of people aged between 30 and pensionable age more than offset a decrease of 739 000 in the population aged 16-29. The population of people of pensionable age rose by 27 000. The number of pensioners aged up to 74 increased by 88 000, the number aged 75 - 84 fell by 169 000 and the number aged 85 and over increased by 108 000. Changes in local populations between 1991 and 1994 include some population increase in all of the regions of England and in Wales. Growth has fastest4n the East Midlands and the Xoah west, and slowest in the nortir west and north. There was a slower population growth in greater London and in-the metropoll. tan counties than in the nonmetropolitan counties. Population increases were recorded in 290 of the 403 individual county districts and London boroughs, with decreases 'in the remain. ing 113 districts. - LPS 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 6, 1995 Zimbabwe News Subscription Form (Please Tick a box to, select your term) Zimbabwe 0 12 issues (1 year) $22.50 0 6 issues (6 months) $11.25 Regional 012 issues (1 year) US$30.00 0 6 issues (6 months) US$15.00 Overseas (Europe) 012 issues US$40.00 0 6 issues (6 months) US$20.00 N am e: ...... , ...... Address: ...... S ignature: ...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLING I enclose my cheque [ Postal Order 0 for the amount indicated above

FREEDOMAND.D !EM OCACY The following is a paper presented by Mr. Martin Stobart to Bulawayo's Gifford High School Sixth Form sa4 dents on the importance of expressing your views in a democracy. r. chaiman, Deputy Head and Gentleman, I feel honoured to stand before you in this hall of your esteemed school in response to your unsolicited invitation to address you on the crucial subject of democracy. I must admit the fact that you are the first school ever to invite me to share with you ideas on the importance of free expression. I say your school is esteemed because I am aware that it was once a technical college/school. I would like to think that it was the only one of its kind in the entire Matabeleland region. That must pass as a distinction in its favour. My two older sons attended this school, so I am a former parent of Gifford High School. Free expression Turning tothe subject under discussion let me state from the outset, that freedom of expression demands courage, not physical courage, but mental and moral courage; it demands a high degree of integrity and conviction founded on sound principles so you have torecognise the importance of objectivity and refuse to be swayed by any overtures directed at you by those who may want to deflect you from your charted Mr. Martin Stobart path. You ought to be steadfast and cherish what you are doing or saying. No doubt you will face fierce opposition, more often than not destructive and sometimes damaging. Also, freedom of expression must conform with the rule of law, if it doesn't it ceases to be what it ought to be. It becomes radicalism. Radicalism, as we all should know, has - never been compatible with any sort of definable freedoms and liberties. Those who fight for true freedom of expression and at the same time resort to radical- ism are not true democrats. Mahatma Gandhi was a resolute, unequivocating and dedicated fighter for human rights, democracy and freedom, and yet he shunned violence throughout his long crusade for the emancipation of his people. He is my role model, as is Martin Luther King. Armed struggles have been waged in some parts of Africa in order to bring about independence and majority rule. And yet in many of these countries the realisation of freedom and democracy still remains a mental view far into the future; it remains a pipe dream, to use the now time-worn phrase. Freedom of expression is a correlative of democracy. By this I mean that the one is reciprocally connected with or related to the other. Definitely the two are integral components of the totality of DEMOCRACY when viewed in its broad perspective. There is one thing which I have observed over the years since we attained independence: Those individuals, political and quasi-political organisations and a myriad other organisations and associations which vociferously clamour for Continued on next page Riot police giving a group of picketers a hot chase during an eight-hour anti- government general strike called by BRnadesh's main opposition Awami League. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Tingii ......

Freedom and democracy Continued from previous page freedom of expression and certain "rights", some of which are merely perceived rights and therefore difficult to define, do not themselves have the faintest idea of what true freedom is. It is my contention that for the rulers to recognise the importance of freedom, it is incumbent on the ruled themselves to know exactly what freedom is and what it means. It is incumbent on the ruled themselves to know exactly what freedom is and what it means. It is incumbent on us, whether we support the ruling party or indeed any other political organisation, to play a positive and facilitative role in the dispensation of freedom, justice and democracy in our country. It would be a futile exercise on the part of government if we, the populace, because of our misconceptions of freedom, abused that freedom. in my view, this is what is happening now in Zimbabwe. Freedom is misconstrued to mean different things to different people; and I mean the educated people of our society. For it is the elite, the affluent and the intelligentsia who, by and large, give me the impression that freedom can never mean anything unless one is a leader of some association, forum, organisation or political party. These "Leaders", because of the diversity of their personal interests, both socio-economic and cultural, present the generality of Zimbabweans with a distorted picture of freedom and their contribution to the nurturing of the existing democratic structures, which constitute the matrix in which freedom is conceived, is fragmented, and even fhe press and its freedom At this point let us look at press freedom in a democracy. The freedom which abounds in this country includes press freedom. This is why we have in Zimbabwe today a media market which has a plethora of privately-owned newspapers, magazines and other publications. In fact, the media market is so saturated with printed matter, both foreign and local, to a point where the viability of small entrepreneurs is threatened, hitherto the country's Censorship Board has discharged its duties, if at all it has ever done so, in a manner of laissez faire, which in reality amounts to a gross dereliction of duty. The Censor Board's laxity and lack of conventionality in policing and safeguarding national morality has allowed immorality and recent proscrip- A woman holding a portrai of fonier %id Prdsi&u Mikhail CGWINIh takes part in a demonstration outside the Kremlin Walls on Mamazah square on December 10, 1991. Pro-Boris Yeltsin supporters and democrats held rallies at the same time on Mamazah Square tion of certain foreign publications is too little a dosage of medicine, and has come too late. In fact I view the ban as a face-saving ruse designed to stave off the criticism which was beginning to mount against the Board. I believe that Zimbabwe has been administered. with an overdose of freedom and democracy which has resulted in the death of national culture to comprehend the definition of freedom, let alone how it ought to be employed in our everyday lives. Our intelligentsia are too inaividualistic and too proud to work together for the betterment of the country both economically, socially and culturally. I am not impressed by their incessant and at times unjustified criticism of government. They have absolutely nothing to show fr theincriticisn ofgpYemmenL The media affords them the opportunity to be seen and heard, but all that these intellectuals do is berate each other thereby presenting the nation with a fragmented and incohesive approach to national issues. The Press can, and must, play a pivotal and guiding role in the process of conscientising both the intelligentsia and the commonalty of Zimbabwe on the need to narrow the socio-economic dichotomy. Class structures will always be with us. However, I wish to sibmit that it is a grave crime to humanity if artificial class barriers were brought into play in order to create disparities and inequity in the dispensation of justice, resources, the acquisition of wealth and the avail- ability of facilities and opportunities which make it possible for all citizens to avail themselves of whatever means there are in the realisation of selfreliance. This would be the ideal situation in any society. And yet in truth this does not happen on the ground. Let us briefly examine the so-called "independent" press in juxtaposition to the national press (the print media). But first let me disabuse you of the fallacious argument that there is an independent sector of the media. That is a myth, to say the least. We have in this country a sizeable number of newspaper and magazine publishers. These are business entities whose survival in a cutthroat media market depends entirely on profitability. We have the Thompson Publications, Modus Publications, Munn Publishing etc, etc. journalists working for these enterprises dance to their masters' tunes. Business viability comes first and professional considerations are relegated to the back seat, in forlornness These publications are free to operate without fear of government interference. They are so free, that they have earned themselves a nomenclature "the Opposition Press", because of their unremitting criticism of the status quo. They want that chunk of the market which they view as being on the fringe of the national newspaper' market. To capture that loose market sector the privatelyContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Freedom and Pakistan women try to break a police cordon during their demonst the presidential palace in Islamabad. Some 500 people took part in t tion over a sexual attack on a friend of Ms Benazir Bhutto in Ka Continued from previous page well. That newspaper has owned newspapers and magazinesbes- chance of surviving. I am mirch and assassinate the character of by and large, there is no the very same government which af- this country which could fords them the freedom to exist. I have is operating under survaill yet to hear of a government minister its freedom is under who has threatened to ban any curtailment. privately-owned publication inspite of Official national newspape the fact that the and cabi- owned and party-sponso net ministers are the target of some- tions all enjoy the same me times grossly unwarranted and damag- dom and if any one of th ing misrepresentations which, in reali- override the structures of th ty, demean their individual worth in the land then it is dealt with ii eyes of the nation. vith the provisions of th Zimbabwe is streets ahead of all Africa in the observance of all freedoms as en- One example which readl shrined in the constitution. In fact I can mind is that of a par safely say that journalism, in global "Weekly" which was sue terms, has become a profession senior and stalwart membe manifestly lacking in ethics. A classic ex- owning that newspaper. ample is how it's practised in Britain and been other cases where la America (USA). Journalism has become been instituted again cheap and debased to an extent where newspapers and/or editor it is no longer the esteemed profession dividual capacities. This is that it once was. There is too much sen- which freedom of expressi sationalism. Publications which adhere understood in Zimbabwe. to ethics and professionalism are consi- rather disturbing that thos dered being square. Sensationalism can stand what democracy m have very negative repercussions if it and far between. There are fails to design a market-oriented strate- ganisations and individua gy to lure advertisers to its side. Not so that there is no democracy long ago a privately-owned publication in this country. met its demise due to the fact that it embarked on a destructive crusade against And yet it is by virtue of ti the Status quo. You see, the business of freedom and democra Sector has to be even more descerning organisations and individi and circumspect with regard to whom are able to articulate their it does business with. If a newspaper in- even looking over their s suits the majority, then naturally it is kill they are being spied on ing the goose that lays the golden egg clamour for more democr and thus chasing away advertisers as dom seem to ignore the fi democracy titn can only enjoy a certain amoutodemocracy and freedom and that too much of either is a recipe for anarchy. Democracy and freedom exercised in ex-' cessive quantities can easly plunge a nation into chaos. First of all we as a nation ought to know how democracy and freedom we aspire to. Then, and only then, will we be in a position to determine how much of these two fundamen* 'tal human rights we are being denied hythose in power 4 Without exception, if those who cry for a democratic and free society succeed in effecting change of government, they are unlikely to fare better than their predecessors in the sphere of the dispen- sation of freedom, democracy and justice. They soon find out that democraraton Outsie cy and freedom cannot be frivolously the demonstra- and in ordinately dished out to all and rachi. sundry like confetti at a wedding party. If we know the meaning of democracy the slimest and freedom, therefore it ought to be wisatisfied that thin our intellectual capability and caiewspaper in pacity to exercise our rights with due )rouse that it restraint, and the whole thing, really, ance nor that hinges very much on the political matuthreat of rity of the populace. There is no such thing as total freedom and democracy rs, privately- in any nation in the world. A diet of too red publica- much freedom and democracy can have easure of free- the effect of constipating those who parem elects to take of it. I contend, therefore, that few he laws of the Zimbabweans understand the definition n accordance of freedom and democracy, and even e extent law. fewer understand how much of these they. should have. .y springs to Vthout exception, if those who cry for ty-sponsored a democratic and free society succeed d by a very in effecting change of government, they r of the party are unlikely to fare better than their There have predecessors in the sphere of the dispenw suits have sation of freedom, democracy and st national justice. They soon find out that democrars in their in- cy and freedom cannot be frivolously the extent of and in ordinately dished out to all and on should be' sundry like confetti at a wedding party. However, it is If we know the meaning of democracy e who under- and freedom, therefore it ought to be wieans are few thin our intellectual capability and canumerous or- pacity to exercise our rights with due Is who claim restraint, and the whole thing, really, and freedom hinges very much on the political maturity of the populace. There is no such thing as total freedom and democracy e abundance in any nation in the world. A diet of too cy that these much freedom and democracy can have uals exist and the effect of constipating those who parviews without take of it. I contend, therefore, that few houlders lest Zimbabweans understand the definition Those who of freedom and democracy, and-even acy and free- fewer understand how much of these act that a na- they should have. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 L Akin- Point

1. Summary 1.1 The annual summit of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) met in Johannesburg from 22 to 28 August 1995. Mauritius attended the summit for the first time as the 12th member of the Community. The Protocol on "Shared Watercourse Systems" in the SADC Region was signed by the member countries to enhance cooperation in the optimal utilization and conservation of the scarce water resources in the region. The summit also approved the creation of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) and directed the SADC Energy Ministers to sign an Inter-Governmental Memorandum of Understanding (IGMOU) to this effect. The Heads of State reviewed their previous decision to establish the sector on Political Cooperation, Democracy, Peace and Security, and it was decided that the allocation of the sector to any Member State be deferred and the Foreign Ministers be given more time for consultations on the structures, terms of reference, and operational procedures, for the sector. The previous decision was reaffirmed that the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) should be split into the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) North and the PTA South; the latter comprising the current SADC member States. The summit also agreed to the proposal of the COMESA Authority for a Joint SADC/COMESA Summit Meeting on the future of the two Organisations. 2. Content 2.1 The 1995 SADC heads of stite summit met at the World Trade Centre in Johannesburg on 28 August 1995, under the Chairmanship of President Ketumile Masire of Botswana. The summit was preceded by the meetings of the Standing Committee of Officials from 22 to 23 August and the Council of Ministers from 25 to 26 August. The South African delegation of Ministers was led by Minister Alfred Nzo and the delegation of officals by the Director-General, Mr LH Evans. ,2.2 All SADC member States, Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Sir Ketumile Masire of Botmsa Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, were represented at the summit by their Heads of State or government or their representatives. Mauritius attended the summit for the first time, although they did not participate in the Council of Ministers and Standing Committee of Officials meetings. The OAU, the African Development Bank (AFDB) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) attended the summit as observers. 2.3 In his welcoming remarks, President Mandela noted that peace and stability was now prevailing in the region, pointing out that time had come to concentrate on economic growth and development issues. In his statement President Masire provided a review of the activities of SADC, as well as developments in the region and the world. Mr. Ntsu Mokhehle, Prime Minister of Lesotho, thanked leaders of the region for their contribution to the resolution of the Lesotho crisis. He informed the summit that relative stability had returned to the country. Broad consultations on the further enhancement of stability were continuing at the national level, as well as the region level. 2.4 The summit commemorated the 15th Anniversary of SADC and noted with satisfaction progress made to-date since the establishment of the organisation in 1980. 2.4.1 To commemorate the anniversary the summit received messages from youth representatives of the SADC member States. In particular, the summit noted the need to involve the youth in the development process of the region as future leaders. The summit appreciated the concerns of the youth with regard to child abuse, teenage pregnancies, drug trafficking, disease, hunger, youth unemployment, et cetera. 2.4.2The summit also received a special message from the SADC women. The women called upon the leaders of the region to seriously address the upliftment of the position of the women of the region, and to eradicate hunger, poverty, illiteracy, crime, women and child abuse. SADC women will be represented at the Conference on Women held in Beijing, China, from 4 to 15 September 1995. 2.5 The heads of state reviewed and noted the draft Annual Report for the period covering July 1994 to June 1995. The summit also noted the Status of the economies of member States and especially, the growth in output and inflation. 2.5.1 The countries in Southern Africa have experience erratic and generally poor rainfall during 1994/95 growing season. An appeal conference was launched in Geneva on 20th June 1995, which was well received by cooperating partners. The summit thanked cooperating partners and other donors for the assistance rendered to SADC countries to overcome the drought. Please note that South African did not participate in the appeal for drought assistance. 2.5.2 The Heads of State were briefed on the current situation in Angola. The Government of Angola continued to have consultations with UNITA in order to have a long-lasting solution to that country's problems. Efforts were being made to ensure the demilitarisation of UNITA and its integration into the new national army. The reconstruction and rehabilitation of economy was also being addressed. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Report on the 1995 SADC heads of state summit, * Johannesburg, 21 to 28 August 1995

Report on 1995 SADC summit * .+, it Continued fron pi-evious page 2.5.3 The newiy created SADC Sector of4 Finance and Investment has been established and allocated to South Africa. The mandate of the Sector covers economic policy coordination and analysis and development of the financial sector. The sector has now the responsibility of undertaking further work on the Draft Protocol on Finance and Investment, in close collaboration with the Industry and Trade Sector, given that the development of the Industry and Trade Sector is predicated on the support services to be provided by the new sector. 2.6 With regard to the relationship between SADC and COMESA, the Heads of State reaffirmed their decision of Gaborone in August 1994 that the region covered by the geographical area of COMESA should be splilt into PTA North and PTA South; the latter comprising the current SADC member States. 2.6.1 The summit agreed to the proposal of the COMESA Authority for a Joint SADC/COMESA Summit Meeting on the future of the two organisations. 2.6.2 In this regard it was agreed to appoint a joint Committee of Ministers, five each from SADC and COMESA, assisted by an equal number of senior officals from each side, to draw up and recommend appropriate terms of reference for approval by the two Chairmen. 2.7 The Heads of State noted progress on Community Building and in partivular, that draft protocols for the sectors of Energy, Free Movement of SADC Persons and Trade are well under preparation. 2.8 During the Summit the Protocol on "Shared Watercourse Systems" in the SADC Region was signed. Angola and Zambia indicated that they would sign the Protocol on "Shared Water Course Systems" at a later date after making internal consultations. The objective of the Protocol is to enhance cooperation in the optimal utilization and conservation of shared Watercourse Systems in the SADC region. 2.9 The Heads of State noted that the Council of Ministers, at their meet. ing held in Johannesburg, South Africa,on 25 - 26 August 1995, approved the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Inter-Govemmental Memorandum of Understanding (IGMOU) and directed the SADC Energy Ministers to sign the IGMOU. The objective of the SAPP is to create a common pool for electricity in the SADC region. South Africa considers that, in the interim, the SAPP can fuction without Zaire, but the inclusion of Zaire is cardinal importance in the long run. President Ali Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania 2.10 With regard to the establishment of the Association of Southern African States (ASAS) the Summit reviewed its decision of Gaborone in August 1994, to- establish the sector on Political Cooperation, Democracy, Peace and Security. 2.10. The Heads of State considered and granted the request of the Foreign Ministers of SADC, that the allocation of the sector, to any Member State be deferred and that they be given more time for consultations among themselves and with Ministers responsible for Defence and Security and SADC Matters, on the structures, terms of reference, and operational producers, for the sector. 2.10.or your background, please not that the 1994 Summit in Gaborone approved the establishmen of a sector on Political Cooperation, Democracy, Peace and Security. rone during the 1994 Summit, the Heads of State met in their Frontline States (FLS) capacity, and instructed the Foreign Ministers to reactivate ASAS to replace the FLS. b. As this decision had the effect that two separate instructions were given, the 1994 Summit directed that: "... the recommendation of the Foreign Ministers of the Frontline States that an Association of Southern African States be established, should be merged with the recommendation of the Workshop on the establishment of a Sector or Politics, Diplomacy, and International Relations, Defence and Security, Peace, Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution, which had been approved by council. This would avoid overlap and duplication which could arise if two parallel structures were established." c. It is important to note that the Council of Ministers comprise Ministers concerned with financial, economic, trade and industry and developmental issues. All other line fuction departments, when meeting in their sector, report to the Council of Ministers. Procedurally the Foreign Ministers should also report to the Council of Ministers. The abovementioned directive created confusion due to the fact that Heads of State, in their FLS guise, instructed Foreign Ministers to report directly to them as SADC Heads of State at the 1995 Summit. d. It was therefore decided by the 1995 Summit that the allocation of the sector, to any Member State be deterred and that they be 'given more time for Lonsultations among themselves and with Ministers responsible for Defence and Security and SADC Matters, on the establishment of the sector. 2.1 0.3t the SADC Council of Ministers meeting in Lilongwe in January 1995, the draft terms of reference for the new sector was noted, and the allocation of this sector was deferred to a member state in order to give the SADC Secretariat and the Foreign Ministers an opportunity to consult on the operational a. During a separate meeting in Gabo- Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 111,e pae Moo pielem Mite Sme ws if

Report on 1995 SADC summit Continued fron previous page mechanisms of the new sector on political cooperation, democracy, peace and security. 2.10.4lowever, when the SADC Foreign Ministers met in Harare in March 1995, they were of the opinion that a traditional SADC Sector was not appropriate for the coordination of cooperation in the area of politicas, peace, security, conflict prevention, management and resolution. a. Hence they recommended the creation of the ASAS as the institutional mechanism for coordinating cooperation in this area. b. It was decided that ASAS, like' its predecessor, the Frontline States, will operate primarily at the Heads of State and Government level. It will have a rotating chairmanship. The Foreign Ministry of the country chairing ASAS will provide secretarial services to the Organisation. c. Three main reasons were advanced for rejecting a "Sector", namely, the need for flexibility, the need for confidentiality and the reporting lines to the Summit. The terms of reference of ASAS as recommended by the SADC Foreign Ministers was adopted by the South African Cabinet on 28 June 1995. 2.10.iuring the 1995 Summit the impression was created by the media that different opinions were maintained by, on the one side Zimbabwe and the BLS- states, supported by the SADC Secretariat, and on the other side the rest of the SADC member countries. a. Whereas the first group supported the establishment of a formal SADC sector allocated to Zimbabwe, the latter felt that, due to the confusion mentioned in paragraph 2.10.1.c above, the allocation of the sector to any Member State should be deferred and the Foreign Ministers be given more time for consultations on the structures, terms of reference, and operational procedures for the sector. b. The difference of opinion mentioned by the media was mainly as a result of procedural matters, as explained in paragraph 2.10.1. Cde. Simon K. Moyo, Zimbabwe's Minister of Transiport and Energy 2.11 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth of Mauritius signed an instrument of accession to SADC, and made a statement marking the occasion of Mauritius becoming the twelve member State of the SADC. 2.11 .South Africa indicated its support for the inclusion of Mauritius during the 1994 SADC Summit in Gaborone. Economically the inclusion of Mauritius in SADC can be beneficial, however, it also opens the door to other Indian Ocean Island countries. 2.11 3outh Africa also fully endorsed 1. The summit of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) met in Johannesburg, South Africa, on 28th August, 1995, under the Chairmanship of His Exellency, Sir Kitumile Masire, Presidnet of the Republic of Botswana. 2. All SADC member States were represented at the summit, by Heads of State or Government or their representatives. The Republic of Mauritius attended the summit for the first time. 3. The organisation of African Unity (OAU), The African Development Bank (ADB) and the United Nations the criteria and procedures developed and recommended by the Council of Ministers. In the Council of Ministers meeting on 25 August 1995, a number of delegations expressed concern over the enlargement of SADC membership, and the view was expressed to first develop and accept protocols on trade related matters before the admission of further members should be permitted. 2.12 The Sir Seretse Khama SADC Medal was awarded posthumously to the late , Dr Antonio Augustinho Neto, for his outstanding contribution to the liberation struggle in Southern Africa and to the process leading to the establishment of SADC. 2.13 In conclusion, the Heads of State accepted the invitation of Prime Minister Mokhehle to host its next meeting in Lesotho in August 1996. President Masire delivered a closing statement, during which a vote of thanks was passed by President All Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania to President Mandela, the government and people of South Africa for the cordial and brotherly welcome and hospitality accorded to Heads of state or Governments and their delegations. E3 Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) were especially invited to the summit as observers. 4. His Excellency, President Nelson mandela, delivered a Statement, welcoming fellow Heads of State and Governments and other delegates to the summit. He noted that peace and stability was now prevailing in the region, pointing out that time had come to concentrate on economic growth and development issues. 5. His Excellency Sir Ketumile Masire, Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Communique on SA SADC summit

Communique on SA SADC summit Continued front pr1erious page President of the Republic ot Botswana, and chairman of SADC delivered a statement, reviewing the activities of the Organisation, as well as developments in the region and the world. 6. A response statement was made by the RT. Hon. Ntsu Mokhehle, Prime Minister of Lesotho. He 'thanked leaders of the region for their contribution to the resolution of the Lesotho crisis. He informed the summit that relative stability had returned to the country. Broad consultations on the further enhancement of stability were continuing at the national level, as well as the regional level. 7. The summit commemorated the 15th Anniversary of SADC and noted with satisfaction progress made to-date since the establishment of the organisation in 1980. 8. The summit received messages from youth representatives of the SADC member States. In particular, the summit rioted the need to involve the youth in the development process of the region as future leaders. The summit appreciated the concerns of the youth with regard to child abuse, teenage pregnancies, drug truficking, disease, hunger, youth unemployment, et cetera. 9. The summit also received a special message from the SADC women. The women called upon the leaders of the region to seriously address the upliftment of the position of the women of the regioni and to eradicate hunger, poverty,- illiteracy, crime, women and child abuse' The summit noted that the SADC women will be represented at the forthcoming conference on Women to be held in Beijing. China, from 4 to 15 September 1995. 10. The summit was briefed on the current situation in Angola. The summit noted that the Government of Angola continued to have consultations with UNITA in order t6 have a long-lasting solution to that country's problems. The summit noted that efforts were being made to ensure the demilitarisation of UNITA and its integration'into the new national army. The reconstruction and rehabilitation of the economy was also being addressed. 11. The summit considered the Report on SADCfCOMESA Relations, and, reaffirmed its decision of GABORONE in August 1994, that the region covered by the geographical area of COMESA should be split into PTA North and PTA South;the latter coprising the current SADC member States. 12. The summit agreed to the proposal of th&COMESA Authority for a joint SADC/COMESA summit meeting on the future of the two organisations. The summit agreed to appoint a joint committee of ministers, five each side, to draw up and recommend appropriate terms of reference for aaproval by the two chairmen. 13. The summit noted progress on Community Building and in particular, that draft protocols for the sectors Energy, Free Movement of SADC Persons and Trade are well under preparation.' -14. The summit signed the Protocol on "Shared Water Course Systems" in the SADC Region. Angola, Tanzania. and Zambia indicated that they would sign the Protocol on "Shared Water Course Systems" at a later date after making internal consultations. The objective of the Protocol is to enhance co-operation in the optimal utilisation and conser- / vation of shared Watercourse Systems in the SADC region. 15. The summit noted that the Council of Ministers, at their meeting held in Johannesburg, South Africa, on 25-26 August 1995, approved the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Inter- Governmental Memorandum of Understanding (IGMOU) and directed the SADC Energy Ministers to sign the tGMOU. The summit noted that the objective of the SAPP is to create a common poll for elecricity in the SADC region.' 16. The summit reviewed its decision of Gaborone in August 1994, to establish the sector on Political Cooperation, Democracy, Peace and Security. The summit considered and granted the request of the foreign Ministers of SADC, that the allocation of the sector, to any Member State be deffered and that they be given more time for consultations among themselves and with Ministers responsible for Defence and Security and SADC Matte, on i the structures, terms of ref ence, and operational procedures, for the \ sector. , 17. The summit awarded posthumously the Sir Seretse Khamma SADC Medal, to the late President of Angola, Dr Antonio Augustinho Neto, for his outstanding contribution to the liberation struggle in Southern Africa and to the process leading to the establishment of of SADC. 18. The summit reviewed and noted the draft Annual Report for the period covering July 1994 to June 1995. The summit also noted the status of the economies of member States and especially, the growth in output and inflation. 19. The summit noted, with concern, that most of the countries in Southern Africa have experienced erratic and generally poor rainfall during 1994/95 growing season. The summit, further noted that an appeal conference was launched in Geneva on 20th June 1995, which was well received by co-operating partners. The summit thanked cooperating partners and other.. donors for the assistance rendered to SADC countries to overcome the drought. 20. The summit accepted the invitation of The RT. Hon. Ntsu Mokhehle to host its next meeting in Lesotho. 21. The RT. Hon. Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius signed an instrument of accession to SADC, and made a statement marking the occasion of Mauritius becoming the twelve member state of the SADC. 22. The chairman and President of the Republic of Botswana, His Excellency Sir-Ketumile Masire delivered a closing statement. A Vote of thanks was passed by His Excellency Al Hassan Mwinyi, President of the Republic of Tanzania. 23. The summit thanked His Excellen-, cy President Nelson Mandela, the government and people of South ,Africa for the cordial and brotherly welcome and hospitality accorded to Heads of state or Governments and their delegations El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995

ZANU PF code of conduct WHEREA& 1. it is recognised that the Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) is a mass based Party accommodating all progressive forces within the country under a unified leadership. 2. ZANU PF ideological philosophy is 'socialism which is firmly based on our historical and cultural experience which emphasises 'democratic principles, methods and procedures which promote mass participation. 3. Our socialism accepts the existence of a system of economic organisation and management in which elements of a free enterprise market economy, planned economy and public' ownership are combined that is; a pragmatic socialist philosophy which accepts the role of 4 private sector. 4. It is necessary, desirable and expedient to impose certain limitations to all members in respect of ownership of land to provide certain guidelines in the acquisition ot property by leaders. 5. The Party should establish a set of rules of behaviour which affirms - and upholds the virtues of fairness, honesty, discipline uprightness and moral integrity for its members which is realistic and implementable with emphasis on objective rather than subjective methods of assessments. 6. The Party desires to grant unto itself a Code of Conduct (the Code) applicable to all members of the Party, each according to his rank and responsibilities in the Party and society as a whole. NOWTHEREFORE: We the Central Committee of ZANU PF, here assembled in the name of Congress do hereby adopt and grant unto ourselves this Code of 1. CITATION 1.1 The document shall be called the Code of Conduct for Members of ZANU PF (the rndel. 1.2 The code shall apply equally to all members.of the Party, according to their rank and positions of trust or generally. 2. DEFINITIONS 2.1 In this Code. 2.2 " ember" means any person who qualifies as such under Articles 3 of the Constitution; j! 2.3 "Constitution", means the Constitution of :ZANU PF adopted at the First Congress ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 of ZANU PF as united in the year 1989. 2.4 "Central Commitee" means 3 the Central Committee of ZANU PF. 2.5 "Leader" means any person 3 holding a position contained in Schedule "A" hereto, 2.6 'Rules and Regulations" means rules and regulations made by the Central Commitee or b)& ariy organ of the 3 Party expressly delegated by Congress or the Central Committee to make regulations. DUTIES OF LEADERS 3. The Party regards the posi- I tion of leadership in the Party 4 and Government as a position of trust which requires examplary conduct on the part of leaders, worthy, of emulation by the rank and file members and society as a whole. 3.1 Every leader is forbidden from being engaged or in any way associated with corrupt, practices. 3.2 Every leader oppointed or elected to an elevated position in Party or government, so as to be in a position of trust shaU: 3.2.1 make full disclosure of their property and such property to be recorded in a Register of Interests maintained by the Secretary for Administration at the headquarters of the Party. 3.2.2 make full disclosure of all property acquired by the leader on behalf of another person, while such leader is in office, and the source of funds for payment, if any. 3.2.3not to be engaged or involved directly in the management or) otherwise running of thier own business or undertakings whilst holding office. Provided that leaders other than leaders listed in Schedule "A" and appointed to high salaried public offices, shall be exempted from the operation of this clause. 3.2.4avoid all situations which would give rise to conflict of interests. 3.2.5 not accept or obtain from any person for themselves or for any other persona gift or consideration as inducement or reward for doing or omitting to do or for having done or forebome to do any act in relation to Party or government business or for the purpose of showing or forebearing to show favour or disfavour to any person in rela- tion to the affairs or Party or government. .2.6 not give or offer any gift to any person as a reward for a favour obtained or to be obtained. .2.7 not make collusive arrangements with anyone or secretly obtain consideration for themsleves or for another person or fail to disclose the full nature of the transaction to the Party or government. .2.8 not decline to disclose their personal financial affairs or other assets to a properly constiuted Party or government body investigating alleged corruption. )uties of members: 4. Every member of the Party shall have the duty: 4.1 to abide by the Party Constitution, and to observe and respect the policies, rules and regulations of the Party. 4.2 to strive continuously to raise the level of his political and social consciousness and understanding of Party policies and programmes. 1.3 to strengthen, popularise and defend the Party and its policies at all times and to preserve personal dignity and that of the Party. 1.4 to -conduct himself humbly and with discipline in his dealings with the Party and the public. t.5 to preserve the confidentiality of Party and Government communications and to refrain from any acts likely to bring the Party and government into disrepute. t.6 to refrain from and oppose resolutely, tribalism, regionalism, nepotism, racism, bigotry, corruption, discrimination on the grounds of sex or religion and all forms of exploitation of man by man. 1.7 to make regular payment of his dues and subscriptions to the Party. Limitation of ownership of land and/or other property: 5. Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing. no leader shall: 5.1 Own or lease more than one rarm of reasonable size in accordance with the law. 5.2 Except for or in his own business or enterprise not to, serve as a director of a private firm or business organised for profit. 6. Any member or leader in breach of any provision of the Code or any other rule or regulation of the Party shall be subject to disciplinary action in accordance with the provi- , sions of the Party Constitution and rules and regulations made thereunder.

Mankind gain from Olympics hs is an abridged version of Billy Payiew's sech on the C in Budapest he Atalanta Games organising obtainable, and no star is too high to teach us all that there is more to be committee (ACOG) president Billy touch. It is a priceless gift that few ever gained from celebrating that which we Payne believes only an. idea as receive and we will constantly spend the share in common than emphasising and powerful as the Olympic Movement can rest of our lives in your considerable imposing on others our differences." teach mankind that there is more to be debt. And now for thousands of others Payne added; "So as we in Atainta acgained from celebrating what mankind now at ACOG, led by A.D. Frazier, your knowledge and say thank you for this share in common than emphasising and award, of the Games has given them transforming power of the .Olympic imposing their differences. their life's work as it introduced and ex- Movement, that is yours alone to give, Giving a moving speech at the Interna- posed them all to the wonderful differ- with the award of the Olympic Games, Session ences and distinctiveness of all of the we also acknowledge our responsibility inBaps O lympic Committe aid h world's culture. to ensure that these centenial Games in Budapest recently Payne said histo- . ry has proved over and over again that "It has made us view the world as I be- not only proudly mark the 1 00-year hisdifferences resolved by conflict achieve lieve it it intended to be seen. Not from tory of the modern Olympic Games, but nothing more than short-term solutions the simple and traditional nationalistic maybe, just maybe, make the world to long-term diviseveness. perspective, but from a platform which take proper notice of the power and of "It has occured to all of us today that takes into account and is sensitive and the potential of the Olympic Movement this will be the last opportunity we have respectiful to people who look, talk and to shape history for the next one t9 oddress the full membership of the act differently, but who share the com- hundred years. IOC until we welcome you to Atlanta for mon goal of world friendship and world "in conlrusion, all of your friends in Atthe celebration of the centennial Games. peace through sport. lanta who are the beneficiaries of your "And for our city, and our state, and, greatest gift say to you now, with heart"When we come together for that occa- yes even our country, the transforming felt sincerity, the two words that sion, I have no doubt but that the an- power of the Olympic spirit is alive and describe our feelings most completely: ticipation and nervouseness of the mo- well And it is reshanina en the way Thank you!" ment will cause to remain unsaid some things that your friends in Atlanta really want to say to you. And so with your permission, and in the certain nostalgia of this last address to you before the Games, I would like to reflect briefly on these past years and upon what I have come to describe and call the inceiedible transforming power of the Olympic Movement." The 26th Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, will run for 17 days from July 19 to August 4, 1996. "Many years ago, all of you met a small and, yes, very inexperienced group of %volunteers from Atlanta, whose major asset was that we passionately believed that the combination of our city and the centennial Games would be ideal at this most important time in sports history. But unlike so many other of our critics and disbelievers, /ou did not laugh at us. To the contrary, you encouraged us - to work harder, and you gave us your greatest gift when you shared with us the incredible transforming power of the Olympic spirit. we think about ourselves. No longer, no longer, is the Olympic Movement an abstract ideal for those many millions of us that have now been touched so personnaly by it. It has become a way of life, full of people the world over who have become our friends and who have expanded our world and touched our hearts and our minds for ever. "There is no doubt that organising Olym,pic Games is extremely, extremely, difficult and complex. There are certainly times which try one's patience and underatanding. And, just as you told us would be the case, we never seem to have enough of anything to satisfy all of those folks who claim some type of entitlement. But this difficulty, and this complexity is the business of organising the Olympic Games and should not be confused, nor should it never overpower, the purose of organising the Olympic Games. "You see, I think, and you taught me, that history has proven to us all over and over again that differences resolved by conflict achieve nothing more than "That spirit, and your willingness to short-term solutions to long-term share it with us, has changed our lives diviseness. for- ever. "AndsoI believe, as you have taught You have taught us'to believe that is OK me, that it is only an idea as powerful to believe in miracles, that no goal is un- as the Olympic Movement which can Meanwhile, Swatch, the official timekeeper and partner of the Games of the 26th Olympaid in Atlanta, launched part of its centennial Olympic Games collection. The collection of nine quartz watches decorated with motifs inspired by ancient Greece: heroes crowned with laurel and the Olympic flame and medals symbols of a spirit unchanged through the centuries, was named "For honour and glory"- by the Swiss watchmaker. The first box set, which will take its place in the Museum, was presented to the IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, and the 400th set of this numbered, limited edition went to ACOG president Billy Payne, as a humorous reminder that the great moment was just a few months away. in the same spirit, ambassador Andrew Young, co-chairman of ACOG, received number 1996. Another high point of this reception on the banks of the Danube in Budapest was the presentation by Swatch president Nicolas Hayek of a cheque for more than a million dollars in royalities from the sales of the Swatch chronograph luanched last year to mark the IOC centenary. All the funds will be used to finance sports promotion activities for young people around the world. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 28 NO. 5, 1995 outh Africa seems increasingly likely to launch Africa's most serious bid yet to host the World Cup. South Airica Football Association (SAFAj secretary-general Solomon "Stix" Morewa confirmed recently his country's intention to bid for the World Cup. "We have to be considered a very serious candidate because of the infrastructure and expertise at our disposal." Having been invited to stage an enlarged 16-nation version of the Aican Cup of Nations next year, Morewa believes this would be the launch pad for a concerted effort to hold the first World Cup in Africa in the year 2006. The main casuality as the South Africar. juggernaut began to roll was Kenya, whose successful bid to host the 1996 continental championship - in its 12-nation format - was brushed aside in the interest of the South African campaign. Kenya had won the right to host. the 1996 Nations Cup at the Confederation of African Football (CAF) General Assembly in Senegal four years ago. 1eilya, Tiowever, succumbed to a barrege of organisational ultimatums from CAF head quaters and became the victim of a campaign to move the 1996 tournament elsewhere. The decision to increase the number of participants again (until 1992 there were only eight finalists) proved to be the final straw as the East African country kissed goodbye its bid. Sources close to Fifa say opinion within the world football governingbody appears favourable toward an African World Cup early next century. The year 2006 is the most likely date, considering that is the venue in 1998, while has the 2002 edition vertually in the bag. After the bitterness surrounding Moroccos's two failed bids for 1994 and 1998, few argue that the continent should try again to host world soccer's premie, showcase. In a related development, Japan has said that its bid to host the 2002 World Cup will be unaffected by the country's nar- row ranure to quaniy tor tne 1 '9Y4 WorlW Cup finals in the USA. Japan's talented young squad, toughened by five months of competition in the newly launched professional ILeague, came within a minute of securing a World Cup place in their final qualifying match against Iraq. Television commentators were counting down: "In four minutes we'll be through to America ... in three minutes .. ." when a shock goal from Iraqi substitute laffar Omran put and end to the Japanese dream. Failure is a blow, but probably not a mortal one, to the Japan 2002 World Cup campaign. World football governing body FIFA has been saying increasingly openly that the 2002 World Cup tournament will be held in Asia. A^. the current Asian champions, Japan are likely to get the nod from FIFA and sources close to the soccer body say their bid has already attracted open support in senior FIFA circles. El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 NO. 5, 1995 Zimbabwe News Subscription Form (Please Tick a box to select your term) Zimbabwe 0 12 issues (1 year) $22.50 0 6 issues (6 months) $11.25 Regional 012 issues (1 year) US$30.00 0 6 issues (6 months) USS15.00 Overseas (Europe) 012 issues US$40.00 0 6 issues (6 months) US$20.00 N a m e : ...... I ...... Address: ...... I...... ,...... o...... o...... ,,...... S ig natu re : ...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLING I enclose my cheque 0 Postal Order 0 for the amount indicated above

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