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Development of Party Systems After a Dictatorship: Voting Patterns and Ideological Shaping in Spain

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Development of Party Systems after a Dictatorship: Voting Patterns and Ideological Shaping in Spain Submitted by Daniel de Juan Martínez to the University of Exeter as a dissertation for the degree of Master by Research in Politics In September 2015 This dissertation is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this dissertation which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. Abstract The Spanish party system after Francoism has been the subject of discussion of several academics and previous research. The purpose of this work is to approach this topic more deeply from a new perspective by paying attention to the shaping of ideology and voting patterns regionally and through time. This research has been structured into three main chapters. Firstly, a historical review of politics and key facts before the dictatorship has been carried out. Secondly, socioeconomic factors and voting patterns during the Second Republic have been analysed in detail. Thirdly, by focusing on insights acquired from previous chapters, several models of voting patterns and ideological shaping have been carried out from 1978 to 1994 at a national and regional level. The final conclusions show that (1) voting patterns and ideological identities after the dictatorship were still strongly influenced by lifelong social cleavages, (2) both voting patterns and ideological identities varied regionally, (3) preferences towards a democratic or authoritarian regimen did not affect voting and ideology after the dictatorship and (4) Francoism as a set of ideals still played an important role in defining voting patterns during the democratic era. 1 List of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 1 List of Contents ............................................................................................................................. 2 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6 Research Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7 Methodology and Structure .......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1. Historical Review ....................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Social and Political Context of the 19th Century................................................................. 8 1.2 Beginning of the 20th Century .......................................................................................... 11 1.3 Second Republic of Spain and Civil War ............................................................................ 19 1.4 The Radicalisation in the Second Republic ........................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 2. Socio-economic factors and voting patterns during the Second Republic ............. 35 2.1 Class cleavage in Spain ...................................................................................................... 35 2.2 Party System and Vote by Region in 1931 ........................................................................ 44 2.3 Party System and Vote by Region in 1933 ........................................................................ 48 2.4 Party System and Vote by Region in 1936 ........................................................................ 50 2.5 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. Spanish Party System and Voting Patterns after the Dictatorship (1978-1994) ..... 55 3.1 Ideological Positions of Spaniards in 1978 ........................................................................ 56 3.2 Ideological Positions of Parties and Voting Patterns in 1978 ........................................... 58 3.3 Voting patterns in Madrid, Andalusia and Castile 1978 .................................................... 62 3.4 Voting Patterns in the Basque Country 1981 .................................................................... 66 3.5 Voting Patterns in Catalonia 1983 ..................................................................................... 71 3.4 Voting Patterns regarding Monarchy, Territory and Sociological Francoism ................... 77 3.4.1 Voting Patterns in 1985 .............................................................................................. 80 3.4.2 Sociological Francoism, monarchy endorsement and voting patterns in 1994 ......... 85 3.5 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 91 Overall Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 93 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 95 Appendix 1. CIS 1157 ................................................................................................................... 95 Appendix 2. CIS 1276 ................................................................................................................... 96 Appendix 3. CIS 1527 ................................................................................................................... 96 Appendix 4. CIS 1441 ................................................................................................................... 97 Appendix 5. CIS 2084 ................................................................................................................... 98 References ................................................................................................................................... 99 2 List of Tables Table 1. CNT Members by Population and Region in 1930 and 1931…………………………………….....38 Table 2. Vote Share (%) by Region and Total Nationally in the General Elections of 1931………....45 Table 3. Vote Share (%) by Region and Total Nationally in the General Elections of 1933..…….….49 Table 4. Vote Share (%) by Region and Total Nationally in the General Elections of 1936………….52 Table 5. Ideological Self-Placement in 1978.……………………………………………………………………...……57 Table 6. Table 6. Ideological Placement of Political Parties (%) in 1978………………………..…………..58 Table 7. Voting Patterns in 1978…………………………………………………….……………..…………………………60 Table 8. Distribution of Vote (%) by Occupational Group in 1978…………………………………………...61 Table 9. Voting Patterns by Region in 1978………………………………………………………..…………………….64 Table 10. Voting Patterns in the Basque Country. Year 1981…………………………………………………….68 Table 11. Voting Patterns in Catalonia. Year 1983…………………………………………………………………….73 Table 12. Ideological Self-Placement in 1985……………………………………………………………..…………...80 Table 13. Voting Patterns in 1985…………………………………………………………………………………………….81 Table 14. % Satisfaction with Francoism and the Democratic Transition in 1994…………………….86 Table 15. Level of Satisfaction with Francoism and the Democratic Transition…………………….….87 Table 16. Voting Patterns in 1994…………………………………………………………………………………………….89 List of Figures Figure 1. Sectors of Economic Activity 1877-1991………………………….…………………………………….….36 Figure 2. CNT Members in 1931 and 1936 by Region………………………………………………………….…...37 Figure 3. Number of Strikes: Timeline 1905-1936…………………………………………………..………………..42 Figure 4. Vote share (%) in the General Elections of 1931 (first round)……………………………….…..44 Figure 5. Vote share (%) in the General Elections of 1936 (first round)……………………………………51 Figure 6. Distribution of Ideology and Income by Region in 1978………………………..……………………65 3 List of Abbreviations AP People's Alliance (Alianza Popular) AR Republican Action (Acción Republicana) CEDA Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas) CIS Sociological Research Centre (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas) CIU Convergence and Union (Convergència i Unió) CNCA National Confederation Catholic-Agrarian (Confederación Nacional Católico Agraria) CNT National Confederation of Labour (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) DLR\PRP Liberal Republican Right (Derecha Liberal Republicana) Progesist Republican Party (Partido Republicano Progresista) DR Galician Right (Dereita Galleguista) EAE-ANV Basque Nationalist Action (Eusko Abertzale Ekintza-Acción Nacionalista Vasca) EE Basque Left (Euskadiko Ezkerra) ELA-STV Basque Workers' Solidarity (Eusko Langileen Alkartasuna-Soliraridad de Obreros Vascos) ERC Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya) FAI Iberian Anarchist Federation
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