Overview

● Entertainment: Films/movies are more successful than video games, or have games eclipsed the movie industri? A Brief History of Video Games » What are successful games right now? » What are /were successful movies? Some PPT content from the Book Introduction to Game Development (not Required) ● Today: Reflect on the history of video games: » We will do a Time Line Approach (Chronologically). Robert Bakie (Chapter Author) ● Homework posted, and preview of first project has Editor Steve Rabin been posted – r ecreate a classic Arcade (Jon A Preston) in HTML5). ● Resources:

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Here single movie & game Movies vs. Games successes!

● Recent (2013) - GTA V - $800 million in its first 24 hours. » Biggest Launch ever of anything in entertainment. ● Call of Duty Black Ops2 1 billion in 15 days (650m first 5 days) » (Movie) top grossing movie of all time (not adjusting for inflation), 2 days longer to earn the same amount ● World Entertainment Industry is in the Trillions ($2T in 2016). » Gaming is currently not the biggest sector. » Biggest growth is streaming services (6.5 billions 2013) » Video Games 6.5% Annual Growth, below magazine sale – World Wide Game 81.5B in 2014 (Wikipedia) – Film Industry 88.3B in 2014 (Stastica) http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1565728/study-global-entertainment-industry-poised-to-top-2-trillion-in http://www.statista.com/topics/964/film/

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Game Ranking Sites What About Bad Games?

● Aggregated Sites: ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ » : % representing weighted averages. List_of_video_games_notable_for_negative_r – Weights are unknown http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic eception – Colors: Green to red. – Current Rankings: Legend of Zelda, SoulCalibur, GTA » Game Rankings: % representing averages – At least 20 reviews http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings – Current Rankings: Super Galaxy, Zelda, Super Galaxy 2

● Review Score Sites: ● … lets review the history … we rewind to – 1UP (IGN Owner), Edge, , GameSpot before the 1950s!

Maria Hybinette, UGA 5 Maria Hybinette, UGA 6 Roots: TV - First Patent & TV History Early History

● First / 1947 – Thomas Godsmith, Jr. & ● 1949-1950 First Bouncing Ball program, not Estle Ray Mann filed a patent described as interactive. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EeBZES6s1U » MIT's Whirlwind Computer » “Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device” Patent (not marketed) – the world's first computer to have real-time video – Interactive electromechanical to simulate firing of air-borne capable of showing real-time text and graphics on targets oscilloscope screen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO ● Control knob to position CRT Beam within a time limit connected to an ● One of the first games: oscilloscope » 1952 Graphical Tic Tac Toe by AS Douglas to – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube_amusement_device demonstrate human computer interaction. ● TV History: » OXO http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/ » EDSAC computer, player competed against a Television_Time.htm computer. » (1831 electronic communication, 1862 first transmission of a ● Hard to pinpoint first ever video game created, so still image, 1880 Bell & Edison - Photophone to transmit sound will focus on standouts. (and image), 1900 “television”, 1924 first moving silhouette » Standouts … Tennis for 2… next

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First Video Games … The First/Early Video Games

● William Higginbotham’s Tennis for Two ● Steve Russell and Spacewar » Created in 1958 for the Brookhaven National » Created in 1961 at MIT for the DEC PDP-1 computer Laboratorys annual visitor day » 2 players, maneuver spaceship while trying to shoot other player with torpedoes » Display was an oscilloscope (side view) » Switches to control game » Game ran on an analog computer » Hugely popular within MIT » Sound effects were a side-effect of the relays » Vector Display that made the game run » Required prohibitively expensive equipment » No one realized its significance – mini-computer ($120K), converted to using a TTL. » Knob for trajectory & button for » Eventually shipped as a diagnostic program with PDP-1s » http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rmvb4Hktv7U » gravity controlled ball. » http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bzWnaH-0sg (PDP) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2E9iSQfGdg (2 mins) 9 10 Maria Hybinette, UGA Maria Hybinette, UGA

Arcades: Games for the Games for the Masses Masses

● The Advent of Home Video Games: Ralph Baer ● Breaking Into the Amusement Business: and the Magnavox Odyssey and » 1966, initial idea for a game machine that would » Engineering major at the University of Utah work on home TVs (prototyped). . » Background in coin-operated amusement » Created a shooting game (Chase) incorporating the devices Light Gun, ice hockey game, and others. » Tried to bring Spacewar to arcades as » 1969 Ping Computer War http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LsRGUODHlQ » Sold to Magnavox in 1972 » http://www.ralphbaer.com/how_video_games.htm » More: http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/baer.html

Maria Hybinette, UGA 11 Maria Hybinette, UGA 12 Games for the Masses The Console Kings

● Bringing Games to the ● Recall - Magnavox Odyssey (Ralph Masses Baer) » World's first commercial home video » Atari founded by Nolan game console. (1972: April Demoed, Bushnell in 1972 October Release). » Brought Pong to arcades » Light Gun Add On. » Sued by Baer and » 3 years ahead of Atari’s Home Pong. Magnavox » Paid a one-time license fee of $700,000

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The Console Kings The Console Kings n Atari and the 2600 ● (card game ) n Atari VCS released in 1977, and Shigeru Miyamoto 9 Games (renamed to 2600) » Released arcade n Not quite the first cartridge-based home system (Magnavox Odyssey) machine in 1981 n 1978 Game Release: Space » Released Nintendo Invaders at Home (First Video Game Entertainment System in 1985 Killer App). » During late 80s Nintendo n Open architecture allowed easy development owned 90% of the market n First to introduce licensing of a » http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ system History_of_Nintendo n http://atariage.com/2600/ » http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Mario_Bros. (Arcade) 16

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The Console Kings The Console Kings

● ● s PlayStation » Created in 1952 in Japan to sell amusement games on US army » Created out of an aborted bases (Service Games) attempt to launch a CD-ROM » 1983 SubRoc 3D, first 3D game based system with Nintendo (Arcade). » Released PlayStation in 1994 » Alex Kidd (86), Sonic Hedgehog » PlayStation 2 released in 2000, (91) maintaining backwards » Released the popular Sega Genesis compatibility with hugely in 1990 (their third generation popular PS1 home console) » PS3 and PSP current » Final game console was their 1999s Sega » (ATARI Jaguar (1993) cartridges, stick in CD into cartridge Maria Hybinette, UGA 17 Maria Hybinette, UGA 18 The Console Kings Home Computers

n Apple Computer ● and the n Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Mike Markkula in 1976 » Xbox released in 2001 n Apple II was released in 1977 n Revolutionized the market » Based on a PC-like architecture n Commodore » Initially significant money lost on n Commodore Vic-20 Released in 1981 each console sold n Low price and shrewd marketing lead to success n Commodore 64, released in 1982, became selling computer – Foothold in living rooms in history world wide n IBM » Halo and Halo 2 are its most n IBM PC introduced in 1981 popular games n Moderate pricing helped it gain a foothold in the business world n BIOS licensing model backfired on them, allowing cheap clones to enter the market

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The Designers The Designers

● Maxis and Will Wright ● MicroProse and Sid Meier » SimCity released in 1989 » Founded by Sid Meier and » Other Sim games Wild Bill Stealey followed (SimAnt, » Concentrated on strategic SimCopter) simulations in early years » Maxis becomes part of » Sid Meiers Pirates! in Electronic Arts 1987 was Sids first signature game » Released The Sims in 2000 http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/ » Genre-defining Railroad will_wright_makes_toys_that_make_worlds Tycoon and Civilization » The Sims has sold more .html followed than 6 million copies so far Maria Hybinette, UGA 21 Maria Hybinette, UGA 22

The Designers The Designers

● Sierra and Ken and Roberta Williams ● Origin Systems and » Created first graphical Richard Garriott , Mystery » Created the Ultima series House in 1980 » In 1997 created Ultima » Great success followed with Online, one of the first Kings Quest series, Police Massively Multi-Player Quest series, and Leisure Online Role-Playing Suit Larry series Games » Published Half- » Studios disbanded in 2000 by EA

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Maria Hybinette, UGA 23 Maria Hybinette, UGA 24 The Phenomenons The Phenomenons

● ● The Tangled History of Tetris » Introduced to the US in 1978 » Created by Russian programmer Alexy Pajitnov » First big Japanese success in 1985 » Introduced the High Score list » Became a pop culture sensation to video games » Helped drive the success of Nintendos Game Boy ● Pac-Man ● and Resident Evil » American debut in 1981 » Capcom founded in 1979 » Attempt to create a completely » Created , Mega Man and Resident non-violent game Evil » Generated $100 million in sales » Resident Evil has spawned 15 variations and during its lifetime sequels as well as two Hollywood movies

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The Phenomenons The Phenomenons

● Pokémon n Square and Final Fantasy n In 1987 released Final Fantasy as a last-ditch effort to » Created by Japanese video game enthusiast Satoshi stave off bankruptcy Tajiri n 15 games have been released since then, selling more » Pokémon Red and Green released for Nintendo Game than 40 million copies Boy in 1996 n Computer-animated Hollywood movie released in 2001 » Movies, TV series and multiple sequels have followed n Cyan and Myst ● The Rise and Fall of the Video Game Mascot n Created by Rand and Robyn Miller » Early mascots helped sell game systems n Released in 1993 on the Apple » Mascots are seemingly less popular now n Helped popularize the CD-ROM drive » Over-exposure and an aging audience may be explanations for this trend

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The Studios The Studios

● Activision and Infocom ● Electronic Arts (EA) » Activision founded by former Atari » Created by Trip Hawkins in programmers 1982 » Lawsuit by Atari created » Revolutionary business plan the royalties system still did three things employed by console – Creative talent treated like artists makers today – Creation of in-house tools to aid cross-platform development » Merged with Infocom and – Handle own distribution gutted it » Now the largest game » Still a strong player today company in the world

Maria Hybinette, UGA 29 Maria Hybinette, UGA 30 The Studios The Studios

● LucasArts » Formed in 1982 as ● Interplay an offshoot of » Formed in 1983 LucasFilm Ltd. » First big hit was The Bards Tale in 1985 » Released Maniac » Famous for their CRPGs, including Wasteland, Mansion in 1987 Fallout, Baldurs Gate, Baldurs Gate II: Shadows » Created strong of Amn history of » Since de-listed from the NASDAQ adventure games and Star Wars universe games

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The Studios The Studios

● Blizzard » Started in 1991 by ● id Software Michael Morhaime, Allen Adham, and Frank » Formed on February 1, 1991 Pearce. » Successfully utilized Apogees shareware » Released one of the seminal Real-Time Strategy formula games, Warcraft, in 1994 » Created the defining first-person shooter » Their latest release, the MMORPG World of with DOOM Warcraft, has become the fastest selling PC game in history

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Genres A Genres

● Adventure ● Action-Adventure » Sub-genres include text-based adventure and » Adventure games with action elements graphical adventure » The Legend of Zelda was first break-out hit » Zork by Infocom » Jak 3, Metroid Prime 2 Echoes, and Resident » Kings Quest by Sierra Evil 4 are modern examples of the genre ● Action ● Platformer » Superset of all other action-oriented genres » Typified by a character running and jumping » Typified by fast-paced combat and movement in a side- playing field » Spacewar, Pong, and Space Invaders helped » Super Mario Bros., Sonic the Hedgehog, define the genre Pitfall! and Super Mario 64 are examples

Maria Hybinette, UGA 35 Maria Hybinette, UGA 36 Genres Genres

● Real-Time Strategy (RTS) ● Fighting » Typically, a game in which the goal is to » Players typically fight other players or the computer collect resources, build an army and combat using swordplay or martial arts the other player or computer » is an example of a side-scrolling » Popularized by Westwoods Dune 2 and fighter Command and Conquer and Blizzards » , , and Street Fighter are Warcraft examples of versus fighters, where the players fight each other ● Turn-Based Strategy ● First-Person Shooter » Like real-time strategy games, but turn- » where player is behind the eyes of the based game character in a first-person perspective » Civilization, X-COM, Master of Orion, and » id Software s Wolfenstein 3D and DOOM are the37 Jagged Alliance are standouts of the genre Mariaearliest Hybinette, UGA popular examples 37 Maria Hybinette, UGA 38

Genres Genres

● Role-Playing Game (RPG) n Stealth » The video game counterpart to pen and pencil games like Dungeons and Dragons n Characterized by a focus on subterfuge and planned-out, deliberate play » Final Fantasy, Baldurs Gate and Wasteland are some popular examples of the genre n Metal Gear in 1987 was one the first n Popular modern series include Metal Gear, ● Massively Multiplayer Role-Playing Game Splinter Cell, and Thief (MMORPG) n » An RPG set in a persistent virtual world populated by thousands of other players n An action-adventure or first-person shooter where survival elements and a » Ultima Online in 1997 was the first popular one fight against the undead are stressed » World of Warcraft is currently the most popular one n Resident Evil is easily the most popular series in this genre

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Genres Genres

● Racing » Games that involve competing in a race in a ● Simulation vehicle » Based on the simulation of a system » Typically try to re-create a real-world activity » SimCity and The Sims are example of God » was first popular simulations where you control the lives of a town or a family ● Sports » Wing Commander and X-Wing are popular » Games that simulate the sporting experience space combat simulation games » Breakouts include John Madden Football and Tiger Woods Golf

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● Puzzle » Games that combine pattern matching, ● Rhythm logic, strategy and luck with a timed » Gauge players success based on the ability element to trigger the controls in time to the beat of » Tetris is the breakout hit of this genre music ● Mini-Games » Sometimes require specialized controllers » Short, simple games that exist within the such as dance pads or bongo drums context of a larger game » s is the » Mario Party and Wario Ware are popular pre-eminent title of the genre examples of this genre » Rock Band & Guitar Hero

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Genres Genres

n Traditional n Computerized versions of board, word, and card games ● Serious n Battle Chess and the Hoyle series are standouts of this » A game designed to teach real-world events genre or processes to adults n Educational » Most are privately funded n Games designed to teach grade-school concepts to » Popular with the US children and young adults Government and the n Oregon Trail was the first popular game in this genre medical field n The Carmen Sandiego series and Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing are more modern popular examples

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Why Do People Play Video Games?

● Goals ● Stages Games and Society ● Real-Time Interaction ● Facilitating Community

Maria Hybinette, UGA 47 Maria Hybinette, UGA 48 Audience and Demographics: Audience and Demographics ESA 2003 Survey Results

● What good are demographics? ● Provides broad brushstrokes ● Are they always accurate? ● Snapshots of a particular place and period of time ● What information stands out? » 50% of all Americans play games

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Audience and Demographics: Audience and Demographics: ESRB ESRB 2003 Statistics

● EC (Early Childhood) ● 57% of games received an E rating ● E (Everyone) ● 32% of games received a T rating ● E10+ (Everyone 10+) ● 10% of games received an M rating ● T (Teen) ● 1% received an EC rating

● M (Mature) ● AO (Adults Only) ● 32 different Content Descriptors

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Audience and Demographics: ESRB 2003 Statistics (2) Societal Reaction to Games

● 70% of best-selling console games ● Misleading perception of games as were E or T rated being childs play ● 90% of best-selling PC games were ● Violence in video games drawing E or T rated parental attention

● Buying habits or development habits?

Maria Hybinette, UGA 53 Maria Hybinette, UGA 54 Societal Reaction to Games Societal Reaction to Games

● Legal Issues: Night Trap (1992) ● Legal Issues: Mortal Kombat » Undue attention given quality of (1992) the game » Featured quasi-realistic violence » Content comparable to a B-grade » Virtual gouts of blood slasher movie » Home release drew attention » Misleading press reports about the where the arcade release was players role largely ignored

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Societal Reaction to Games Societal Reaction to Games

● Legal Issues: 1993 Senate hearings ● Legal Issues: Doom (1994) and the » Industry was called to the carpet 1999 Columbine Massacre » Threatened with government regulation » Shooters were known to play Doom » Created a 12-point plan for self- » Lawsuits were initiated against the regulation industry, but eventually dropped » Birth of the ESRB

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Societal Reaction to Games Societal Reaction to Games

● Legal Issues: Grand Theft Auto: Vice ● Legal Issues: St. Louis County City Ordinance » Haitian-American Rights Groups protest » Ordinance was passed regulating game game content, launch Federal case access » Rockstar Games changes game content » Lawsuit filed by the ESA » Lawsuit moved to Florida courts in hopes » Judge upheld ordinance specifying that of a stringent ruling video games did not contain speech » Ruling was over-turned

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● Games and Youth Violence ● Root of All Evil, or Good, Old- » Current studies on games and youth Fashioned Fun? violence are not flawed and not » Games are seen as meaningless fun definitive » Games are also seen as a troubling » How does one define violence in the source of youth violence context of video games? » Are these views contradictory?

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Cultural Issues: Cultural Issues Foreign Diplomacy

● Worst…Stereotype…Ever ● Germany » Shadow Warrior (1997) lampooned » The Index – List of banned games Asian cultures and stereotypes » Partial list of controversial elements – Nazi Iconography » Japanese-American community wasnt – Red Blood amused – Extreme violence » Risk of offending market

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Cultural Issues: Cultural Issues: Foreign Diplomacy Foreign Diplomacy

● Japan ● China » Controversial elements » Controversial elements – Sex – Changing Historical Facts – Violence – Recognizing the sovereignty of » Surprisingly, not controversial disputed territories – EAs Medal of Honor: Rising Sun, a game that depicted the Pacific campaign in WWII

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● The Good ● The rules are . . . there are no rules » Everquest Weddings » Violence and sex may lead to a game ● The Bad being banned » Addictive properties » . . . Or they may not » Online rivalries becoming offline rivalries » Past bans may be the only accurate » Can games contribute to erratic offline predictor of what game types are truly behaviors? objectionable to a specific culture ● The Ugly » Disinhibition and deindividuation occur because of perceived anonymity. » Crimes

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Society Within Games

● Tools » Moderators » Communication tools » Fan sites to discuss and community outside of the game

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