Levan Gordeziani (Tbilisi)
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ERZURUM İLİ PALANDÖKEN İLÇESİ HÖYÜK VE YERLEŞMELERİ the Mounds and Settlements in Palandöken District of Erzurum Province
Cilt:5, Sayı:1, Haziran 2020, 98-120 Gönderim Tarihi: 27.12.2019 Kabul Tarihi:30.05.2020 ERZURUM İLİ PALANDÖKEN İLÇESİ HÖYÜK VE YERLEŞMELERİ The Mounds And Settlements In Palandöken District Of Erzurum Province Ayşe Nur MORKOÇ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü [email protected] ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9931-2159 Çalışmanın Türü: Araştırma Öz Erzurum, Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde stratejik bir konumda bulunmaktadır. Kafkaslardan Anadolu’ya geçiş güzergâhında olan Erzurum, Paleolitik Çağ’da insanların yerleşmeye başladığı bir bölge olmuştur. Ancak yoğun şekilde yerleşim Kalkolitik Çağ sonlarında başlamış ve İlk Tunç Çağı’nda bu yoğunluk daha da artmıştır. Erzurum ve çevresi Eski Çağ Tarihi’nde birçok kültüre ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bölgede yaptığımız yüzey araştırmaları, özellikle Karaz Kültürü, Diauehi Devleti/Beyliği ve Urartu kültürlerinin izlerinin takip edilmesi ve bu kültürlerle ilgili yeni verilerin ortaya koyulması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Erzurum ili Palandöken ilçesinde yapılan yüzey araştırmaları değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erzurum, Palandöken, Karaz Kültürü, İlk Tunç Çağı,Diauehi,Urartu. Abstract Erzurum takes place in a strategic location in the Northeast Anatolia Region. Erzurum, which is on the transition route from the Caucasus to Anatolia, has been a region where people started to settle in the Paleolithic Age. However, the settlement started intensely at the end of the Chalcolithic Age and this density increased even more during the Early Bronze Age. Erzurum and its surroundings hosted various cultures in Ancient History. The surface surveys we have done in the region are especially important in terms of following the traces of Karaz Culture, Diauehi State/Principality and Urartu cultures and revealing new data about these cultures. -
Georgia/Abkhazia
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARMS PROJECT HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/HELSINKI March 1995 Vol. 7, No. 7 GEORGIA/ABKHAZIA: VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR AND RUSSIA'S ROLE IN THE CONFLICT CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................5 EVOLUTION OF THE WAR.......................................................................................................................................6 The Role of the Russian Federation in the Conflict.........................................................................................7 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Republic of Georgia ..............................................................................................8 To the Commanders of the Abkhaz Forces .....................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Russian Federation................................................................................................8 To the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus...........................................................................9 To the United Nations .....................................................................................................................................9 To the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe..........................................................................9 -
Analyzing the Russian Way of War Evidence from the 2008 Conflict with Georgia
Analyzing the Russian Way of War Evidence from the 2008 Conflict with Georgia Lionel Beehner A Contemporary Battlefield Assessment Liam Collins by the Modern War Institute Steve Ferenzi Robert Person Aaron Brantly March 20, 2018 Analyzing the Russian Way of War: Evidence from the 2008 Conflict with Georgia Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter I – History of Bad Blood ................................................................................................................ 13 Rose-Colored Glasses .............................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter II – Russian Grand Strategy in Context of the 2008 Russia-Georgia War ................................... 21 Russia’s Ends ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Russia’s Means ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Russia’s Ways ......................................................................................................................................... -
Annexation of Georgia in Russian Empire
1 George Anchabadze HISTORY OF GEORGIA SHORT SKETCH Caucasian House TBILISI 2005 2 George Anchabadze. History of Georgia. Short sketch Above-mentioned work is a research-popular sketch. There are key moments of the history of country since ancient times until the present moment. While working on the sketch the author based on the historical sources of Georgia and the research works of Georgian scientists (including himself). The work is focused on a wide circle of the readers. გიორგი ანჩაბაძე. საქართველოს ისტორია. მოკლე ნარკვევი წინამდებარე ნაშრომი წარმოადგენს საქართველოს ისტორიის სამეცნიერ-პოპულარულ ნარკვევს. მასში მოკლედაა გადმოცემული ქვეყნის ისტორიის ძირითადი მომენტები უძველესი ხანიდან ჩვენს დრომდე. ნარკვევზე მუშაობისას ავტორი ეყრდნობოდა საქართველოს ისტორიის წყაროებსა და ქართველ მეცნიერთა (მათ შორის საკუთარ) გამოკვლევებს. ნაშრომი განკუთვნილია მკითხველთა ფართო წრისათვის. ISBN99928-71-59-8 © George Anchabadze, 2005 © გიორგი ანჩაბაძე, 2005 3 Early Ancient Georgia (till the end of the IV cen. B.C.) Existence of ancient human being on Georgian territory is confirmed from the early stages of anthropogenesis. Nearby Dmanisi valley (80 km south-west of Tbilisi) the remnants of homo erectus are found, age of them is about 1,8 million years old. At present it is the oldest trace in Euro-Asia. Later on the Stone Age a man took the whole territory of Georgia. Former settlements of Ashel period (400–100 thousand years ago) are discovered as on the coast of the Black Sea as in the regions within highland Georgia. Approximately 6–7 thousands years ago people on the territory of Georgia began to use as the instruments not only the stone but the metals as well. -
Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia
The Churches of Mtskheta: Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia Samantha Johnson Senior Art History Thesis December 14, 2017 The small town of Mtskheta, located near Tbilisi, the capital of the Republic of Georgia, is the seat of the Georgian Orthodox Church and is the heart of Christianity in the country. This town, one of the oldest in the nation, was once the capital and has been a key player throughout Georgia’s tumultuous history, witnessing not only the nation’s conversion to Christianity, but also the devastation of foreign invasions. It also contains three churches that are national symbols and represent the two major waves of church building in the seventh and eleventh centuries. Georgia is, above all, a Christian nation and religion is central to its national identity. This paper examines the interaction between incoming foreign cultures and deeply-rooted local traditions that have shaped art and architecture in Transcaucasia.1 Nestled among the Caucasus Mountains, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, present-day Georgia contains fewer than four million people and has its own unique alphabet and language as well as a long, complex history. In fact, historians cannot agree on how Georgia got its English exonym, because in the native tongue, kartulad, the country is called Sakartvelo, or “land of the karvelians.”2 They know that the name “Sakartvelo” first appeared in texts around 800 AD as another name for the eastern kingdom of Kartli in Transcaucasia. It then evolved to signify the unified eastern and western kingdoms in 1008.3 Most scholars agree that the name “Georgia” did not stem from the nation’s patron saint, George, as is commonly thought, but actually comes 1 This research addresses the multitude of influences that have contributed to the development of Georgia’s ecclesiastical architecture. -
Georgian Country and Culture Guide
Georgian Country and Culture Guide მშვიდობის კორპუსი საქართველოში Peace Corps Georgia 2017 Forward What you have in your hands right now is the collaborate effort of numerous Peace Corps Volunteers and staff, who researched, wrote and edited the entire book. The process began in the fall of 2011, when the Language and Cross-Culture component of Peace Corps Georgia launched a Georgian Country and Culture Guide project and PCVs from different regions volunteered to do research and gather information on their specific areas. After the initial information was gathered, the arduous process of merging the researched information began. Extensive editing followed and this is the end result. The book is accompanied by a CD with Georgian music and dance audio and video files. We hope that this book is both informative and useful for you during your service. Sincerely, The Culture Book Team Initial Researchers/Writers Culture Sara Bushman (Director Programming and Training, PC Staff, 2010-11) History Jack Brands (G11), Samantha Oliver (G10) Adjara Jen Geerlings (G10), Emily New (G10) Guria Michelle Anderl (G11), Goodloe Harman (G11), Conor Hartnett (G11), Kaitlin Schaefer (G10) Imereti Caitlin Lowery (G11) Kakheti Jack Brands (G11), Jana Price (G11), Danielle Roe (G10) Kvemo Kartli Anastasia Skoybedo (G11), Chase Johnson (G11) Samstkhe-Javakheti Sam Harris (G10) Tbilisi Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Workplace Culture Kimberly Tramel (G11), Shannon Knudsen (G11), Tami Timmer (G11), Connie Ross (G11) Compilers/Final Editors Jack Brands (G11) Caitlin Lowery (G11) Conor Hartnett (G11) Emily New (G10) Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Compilers of Audio and Video Files Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Irakli Elizbarashvili (IT Specialist, PC Staff) Revised and updated by Tea Sakvarelidze (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator) and Kakha Gordadze (Training Manager). -
The Spread of Christianity in the Eastern Black Sea Littoral (Written and Archaeological Sources)*
9863-07_AncientW&E_09 07-11-2007 16:04 Pagina 177 doi: 10.2143/AWE.6.0.2022799 AWE 6 (2007) 177-219 THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE EASTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL (WRITTEN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES)* L.G. KHRUSHKOVA Abstract This article presents a brief summary of the literary and archaeological evidence for the spread and consolidation of Christianity in the eastern Black Sea littoral during the early Christian era (4th-7th centuries AD). Colchis is one of the regions of the late antique world for which the archaeological evidence of Christianisation is greater and more varied than the literary. Developments during the past decade in the field of early Christian archaeology now enable this process to be described in considerably greater detail The eastern Black Sea littoral–ancient Colchis–comprises (from north to south) part of the Sochi district of the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation as far as the River Psou, then Abkhazia as far as the River Ingur (Engur), and, further south, the western provinces of Georgia: Megrelia (Samegrelo), Guria, Imereti and Adzhara (Fig. 1). This article provides a summary of the literary and archaeological evidence for the spread and consolidation of Christianity in the region during the early Christ- ian era (4th-7th centuries AD).1 Colchis is one of the regions of late antiquity for which the archaeological evidence of Christianisation is greater and more varied than the literary. Progress during the past decade in the field of early Christian archaeology now enables this process to be described in considerably greater detail.2 The many early Christian monuments of Colchis are found in ancient cities and fortresses that are familiar through the written sources.3 These include Pityus (modern Pitsunda, Abkhazian Mzakhara, Georgian Bichvinta); Nitike (modern Gagra); Trakheia, which is surely Anakopiya (modern Novyi Afon, Abkhazian Psyrtskha); Dioscuria/ * Translated from Russian by Brent Davis. -
Prof. Mehmet IŞIKLI
Prof. Mehmet IŞIKLI Personal Information AWdedbr:e hstst:p sA:t/a/taüvreks Üisn.aivtaeurnsiit.edsiu, .Etrd/embiysiaktl iFakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü NO:19 EDodcutocraatteio, Ant aItnürfko Ürmnivaetrisoitnesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Protohistorya Ve Önasya Arkeolojisi , Turkey 1998 - 2005 TPuorsktgerya 1d9u9at4e ,- E1g9e9 Ü8niversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi , Arkeoloji Bölümü/Protohistorya Ve Önasya Arkeolojisi Anabilim Dalı, 1U9n9d2ergraduate, Ege Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi , Arkeoloji Bölümü/Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Turkey 1988 - FEnogrliesihg, nB2 L Uapnpgeru Iangteersmediate Doisctsoerratea, tDioOĞnUs ANADOLU ERKEN TRANSKAFKASYA KÜLTÜRÜNÜN KARAZ, PULUR VE GÜZELOVA MALZEMESİ PIŞrIoĞtIoNhDisAto TrEyKa RVAeR Ö DnaEsĞyEaR ALrEkNeoDlİoRjiİsLiM, 2E0S0İ5, Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı / ÜPonsivtgerasidteusait, eS, oYseynail ABsiluimr Dleör nEenmstii'tnüdseü ,A Asrukre Doelovjlie Atin'naibni lkimuz Deya lyı,a 1y9ıl9ım8ı ve bu yayılımın siyasi ve ekonomik nedenleri, Ege RSoecsiael aSrcicehnc Aesr aenads Humanities, Archaelogy and History of Art, Archaeology APrcoafedsesomr,i Act aTtiutrlke Us n/iv Terassitky,s Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji, 2016 - Continues Assiosctaiantte PPrrooffeessssoorr, , AAttaattuurrkk UUnniivveerrssiittyy, , EEddeebbiiyyaatt FFaakküülltteessii, , AArrkkeeoolloojjii, , 22000172 -- 22001126 AHecaadd oefm Deicp aarntmde nAt,d Amtatiunriks Utrnaivteirvseit yE, Exdpeebriyiaetn Fcaekültesi, Arkeoloji, 2012 - Continues Courses FErsikgi vÇea ğL yMdiima aUryisgia, rPloığsıt, -
Axes in the Ancient and Early Middle Ages in Iberia-Colchis Irakli Anchabadze
Axes in the Ancient and Early Middle Ages in Iberia-Colchis Irakli Anchabadze An Axe belongs to the type of offensive weapons, which was used in fierce battles. This weapon was used in metal-paved wooden handle for agricultural purposes as well, so it is often difficult to separate between combat and economic axes. Based on the Archaeological data, we can argue that after spear the axe was the most massive weapon in the ancient Colchis-Iberia. In Transcaucasia the iron axes appeared around VIII century BC. Initially they co-existed with Colchis-Koban type bronze axes and repeat them in form. It seems that at this time they mainly had a military purpose; however, it is also possible that they had some religious function as well, as an evidenced we can talk about the many miniature axes discovered in tombs. The bronze and iron axes are usually found in the tombs in the complex of other weapons (most often spearheads). The number of iron axes significantly increases in the monuments of the VII-VI centuries BC and from VI BC only metal samples are to be found [Esaian.., 1985: 79]. At this time similarities with the bronze axes fall apart and the iron axes develop in their own, peculiar forms. The starting point for the classification of Axes is the parts of the shape, width and proportions. For example, the head may be asymmetrical, which means that the head unequally expands from the haft/handle. A symmetrical axe is when it expands evenly on both sides of the haft/handle. -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Bülent Genç -A Review of Zernaki Tepe.Pdf
Urartians: A Civilization in the Eastern Anatolia The Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium held at İstanbul in 13-15 October, 2014. © RHM, 2014 1st Edition, April 2018, Printed 1000 copies This book has been prepared for the "Urartians: A Civilization in the Eastern SYMPOSIUM I Anatolia The Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium" held at Rezan Has Museum on 13-15 October, 2014. ISBN:……………………. © Rezan Has Museum, Kadir Has Cad., Cibali, 34083 www.rhm.org.tr Texts Prof. Dr. Kemalettin Köroğlu Doç. Dr. Rafet Çavuşoğlu URARTIANS Mehmet Ayrancı A CIVILIZATION IN THE EASTERN ANATOLIA Coordinator Zeynep Çulha Restoration and Conservation Team Editors: Mehmet Ayrancı Altan Çilingiroğlu-Kemalettin Köroğlu Irmak Güneş Yüceil Zeynep Çulha-Günşıl Öncü Dilek Dil Translation Günşıl Öncü The Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium held at İstanbul Photographs 13-15 October, 2014 Reyhan Ekşi (www. randsagency.net) Ulaş Tosun Hamidiye Mah. Soğuksu Cad. No. 3 Photography Assistant 34408, Kağıthane-İstanbul İzzet Akgün (Sertifika no. Certificate no. ??????) Color Separation Mustafa Güldağ Graphic Design and Coordination Selen Baycan Patır (kalembiti d&e) Fatih Gül (We Creative) Color Separation and Printing MAS Matbaacılık A.Ş. Contents New Evaluations on the Superstructure of the Urartian Fortification Walls: The Ayanis Case Mahmut Bilge Baştürk 125 The Kingdom of Diauehi and the Urartians in Northeast Anatolia in Light of New Findings Alpaslan Ceylan 137 Introduction A Unique Female Belt from the Van Museum of Archaeology Ahu Has -
Civil Wars in Georgia: Corruption Breeds Violence Pavel K
7 Civil wars in Georgia: corruption breeds violence Pavel K. Baev Introduction incredibly rich and uniquely complicated case for the analysis of modern civil wars. It is a newly independent state that appeared Gwith the collapse of the USSR, but it also has a long history of statehood. It is a relatively small state, but it occupies a key geopolitical crossroads which has acquired strategic importance with the new development of hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian area. Its population is small and declining but the ethnic composition, cultural and religious traditions are extremely diverse. From the moment that Georgia restored its independence, it has found itself engulfed by political violence organised along several separate but criss-crossing tracks, with destabilising impulses spreading unchecked. In 1992–93, Georgia came breath- takingly close to collapsing as yet another ‘failed state’, however, all major violent clashes had terminated by the end of 1993. Despite serious international efforts to assist peace processes and internal reforms, to date none of the conflicts has been resolved, generating occasional skirmishes and, more importantly, significant uncertainty regarding Georgia’s ability to survive as an independent state. It is obvious that the civil wars in Georgia in 1990–93 erupted as a conse- quence of the break-up of the USSR;1 however, in most Soviet constituent repub- lics the inevitable destabilisation resulting from that cataclysm did not take such violent forms. Many regions in Central Asia (the Fergana valley), in the North Caucasus (Dagestan, see Chapter 6 in this volume) and in Georgia itself (Ajariya) had explosive combinations of risk factors but remained relatively peaceful.