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Keunikan Rumah Tradisional Jepang Minka Kiryoku, Volume 3 No 4 2019 e-ISSN: 2581-0960 p-ISSN: 2599-0497 Tersedia online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/kiryoku Keunikan Rumah Tradisional Jepang Minka Budi Mulyadi Universitas Diponegoro [email protected] Abstrak Penelitian ini berjudul Keunikan Rumah Tradisional Jepang Minka. Tujuan utama penelitian ini untuk mengetahui seluk beluk rumah tradisional Jepang yang disebut minka serta mengetahui keunikannya. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kombinasi antara penelitian studi pustaka dengan penelitian lapangan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah meliputi observasi, klasifikasi, analisa, interpretasi sintesa dan deskripsi. Dari hasil penelitian secara garis besar dapat digambarkan bahwa rumah tradisional minka mempunyai sejarah yang sangat panjang dalam perkembangannya serta memiliki keunikan yang menggambarkan kebudayaan Jepang yang pekat dengan unsur alam dan unsur religi. Kata kunci : minka; keunikan; tradisional; rumah Abstract (Title: The uniqueness of Japanese traditional house minka). The main goal of this research is to know everything about the Japanese traditional house minka and it's uniqueness. This research is a combination of library research and field research. The step method used in this research is observation, classification, analysis, interpretation and description. From the result of this paper, in general, can be described that the Japanese traditional house minka has a long story of development and has a uniqueness which describes the Japanese culture which is concentrated with natural and religious elements. Keywords : minka; uniquenese;traditional; house PENDAHULUAN sudah ada sebelum akhir tahun 1800 an Setiap negara mempunyai ciri khas dan bisa ditemukan di seluruh wilayah dalam arsitektur rumah baik rumah Jepang dan mempunyai ciri khas yang tradisional maupun rumah modern. berbeda dari masing-masing daerah. Arsitektur rumah tersebut menggambarkan Sebagai rumah tradisional Jepang, adat tradisi serta budaya hidup sehari-hari minka mempunyai konsep yang kuat dari masyarakat setempat. Arsitektur juga dengan sentuhan alam. Rumah tradisional menyesuaikan dengan kondisi geografis, Jepang mempunyai arsitek yang bisa cuaca serta lingkungan di sekitarnya. dilihat sebagai satu kesatuan utuh dari cara Jepang sebagai negara yang kaya pikir dan pandangan masyarakat Jepang dengan adat istiadat dan kebudayaan terhadap lingkungan alam sekitarnya. mempunyai rumah tradisional yang disebut Masyarakat tradisional Jepang pada dengan minka. Minka merupakan sebutan umumnya adalah masyarakat petani yang untuk rumah tradisional Jepang dan berpusat pada aktifitas yang berhubungan merupakan hunian untuk rakyat biasa dengan menanam padi. Sikap kerja sama khusunya para petani. Rumah-rumah ini dan harmoni berkembang antara Copyright @2019, KIRYOKU, e-ISSN: 2581-0960 p-ISSN: 2599-0497 239 Kiryoku, Volume 3 No 4 2019 e-ISSN: 2581-0960 p-ISSN: 2599-0497 Tersedia online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/kiryoku masyarakat Jepang dengan lingkungan 2.METODE PENELITIAN alam yang mengitarinya. Mereka tidak Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian berusaha untuk memunculkan sikap gabungan antara penelitian studi pustaka melawan atau tunduk terhadap alam tetapi dengan penelitian lapangan pada saat mereka berusaha menyesuaikan diri penulis mendapat kesempatan training ke dengan alam sekitarnya. Hal ini bisa dilihat Jepang Studi pustaka digunakan untuk dari arsitektur rumah tradisional Jepang membuat analisa terhadap masalah yang dimana adaptasi dengan alam menjadi dikaji. Sedangkan penelitian lapangan fondasi utama dalam penciptaannya. dilaksanakan untuk mendapatkan data Rumah tradisisonal Jepang dibangun primer dari orang Berikut ini beberapa menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan langkah metode yang dipergunakan alam, iklim dan kondisi geografi daerah sekitar ( Nihon Jiten, 1998: 622). 1. Observasi: metode ini digunakan Setiap jenis bangunan di dunia ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran mempunyai ciri khas masing-masing. kehidupan orang dan masyarakat Begitu pula dengan rumah tradisional Jepang. Gambaran yang diperoleh Jepang minka. Ciri khas inilah yang merupakan bahan /data primer yang menjadi keunikan dan daya tarik dari akan ditelaah. rumah minka. Selama ini orang-orang di 2. Klasifikasi: setelah diperoleh bahan seluruh dunia menegetahui sejumlah yang cukup dilakukan klasifikasi kebudayaan unik drai Jepang seperti bahan baik dari segi urgenitas budaya melipat kertas origami, upacara maupun dari segi jenis bahan/data. minum teh Jepang chanoyu, seni 3. Analisa: dilakukan analisa merangkai bunga ikebana, budaya kuliner dilakukan atas bahan yang sudah Jepang seperti sushi dan sashimi. Ternyata diperoleh dan diperkuat keunikan dan kekhasan budaya Jepang bahan/informasi dari buku yang juga bisa dilihat dari seni arsitektur rumah sudah ada. tradisional minka. Diharapkan dengan 4. Interpretasi: metode ini digunakan ditulisnya paper tentang rumah tradisional dengan melakukan interpretasi Jepang minka ini orang-orang akan untuk mendapatkan pemahamnan menjadi tahu dan paham bahwa negara yang tepat terhadap bahan kajian, Jepang juga mempunyai budaya yang untuk mendapatkan ide-ide dasar sangat menarik rumah tradisional yang dari bahan kajian, dan gambaran didalamnya terkandung filosofi yang bagaimana bentuk penerapannya mencerminkan kearifan budaya lokal secara aktual 5. Sintesa: dari hasil kajian beberapa mereka. Untuk mengetahui lebih jauh tentang aspek yang sudah diteliti dan dikaji rumah tradisional minka Jepang ini dengan menguunakan logika dilakukan penelitian dengan rumusan deduktif diperoleh siatu sintesa. masalah yaitu apa keunikan rumah Sintesa ini merupakan suatu tradisional Jepang dilihat dari segi sebagai kesimpulan yang menjawab arsitekturnya serta elemen-elemen khasnya. permasalahan yang diajukan Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini 6. Deskripsi: semua bahan penelitian, adalah untuk mendeskripsikan keunikan kajian ilmiah, dan ujicoba rumah tradisional minka Jepang dilihat dari penerapan , sampai pada kesimpulan akhir dideskripsikan arsitekturnya serta dari elemen-elemen pendukungnya. dengan mempertahankankan prinsip koherensi. 240 Copyright @2019, KIRYOKU, e-ISSN: 2581-0960 p-ISSN: 2599-0497 Kiryoku, Volume 3 No 4 2019 e-ISSN: 2581-0960 p-ISSN: 2599-0497 Tersedia online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/kiryoku 3. PEMBAHASAN 3.1. Sejarah Minka Diperkirakan Rumah tradisional Minka sudah dibangun oleh orang Jepang sebelum akhir tahun 1800. Rumah-rumah tersebut dapat ditemukan di seluruh wilayah di Jepang dengan ciri khas masing-masing Gambar 1. Rumah minka Jepang Utara dari daerah tersebut. Arsitek rumah minka dipengaruhi 2. Minka di Jepang Selatan oleh tiga jenis gaya arsitek rumah yang berevolusi pada masa periode Heian yaitu Wilayah Jepang bagian Selatan tidak shinden Zukuri, Shoin Zukuri, dan Sukiya memiliki musim dingin yang panjang serta Zukuri. curah salju sebanyak di wilayah Utara sehingga arsitek rumah Minka di Selatan 3.2. Jenis Rumah Minka berdasarkan berbeda dengan yang di Utara. Rumah Wilayah minka di daerah selatan pada umumnya terdiri dari sekelompok rumah yang relatif Minka memiliki keanekaragaman lebih kecil, rendah dengan lantai yang gaya arsitektur bangunan berdasarkan letak ditinggikan agar memperoleh ventilasi geografis sehingga setiap daerah di Jepang yang maksimal dan mengurangi bahaya memiliki gaya bangunan yang khas.Secara tiupan angin taifun. Rumah ini dirancang garis besar rumah minka di Jepang dibagi untuk meredam goncangan gempa. ke dalam dua jenis wilayah yaitu minka di Wilayah Selatan Jepang sering dilanda Jepang Utara dan Minka di Jepang Selatan. taifun dan gempa bumi sehingga arsitek Berikut penjelasannya rumah minka di wilayah Selatan disesuaikan dengan kondisi alamnya. 1.Minka di Jepang Utara Rumah minka di wilyah selatan Jepang banyak yang buat panggung dengan alasan Daerah utara Jepang merupakan keamana pada saat terjadi gempa bumi. daerah yang beriklim yang sangat dingin di musim dingin dengan curahan salju yang Berikut deskripsi rumah panggung minka melimpah setiap tahunnya sehingga arsitek di wilayah Selatan Jepang rumah minka disesuaikan dengan kondisi iklim tersebut. Ciri khas dari rumah minka di Jepang utara adalah dibangunnya bumbungan terjal beratap jerami serta jendela kecil yang hanya ada dibubungan tersebut. Bumbungan terjal dibangun agar salju tidak menumpuk di atap rumah, hal ini merupakan penyesuaian dengan iklim di Jepang Utara yang mempunyai musim Gambar 2 dingin yang panjang dan curah salju yang banyak. Berikut adalah gambar rumah Rumah minka Jepang Selatan minka yang ada di Jepang Utara. 2.3. Jenis rumah Minka berdasarkan tipenya. Berdasarkan tipenya secara umum runah minka dibagi dua jenis. Kiryoku, Volume 3 No 4 2019 e-ISSN: 2581-0960 p-ISSN: 2599-0497 Tersedia online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/kiryoku 1. Nouka ( rumah petani ) dengan omoya. Di Belakang ruang Tipe rumah petani Jepang yang utama omoya tersebut dibangun disebut dengan Nouka ini ruang untuk menyimpan harta mempunyai ciri khas pada benda milik keluarga (douzo/kura). denahnya dimana denah standar Selain itu untuk menyimpan harta rumah nouka ini mempunyai empat benda keluarga mereka juga ruang disamping ruang utama yang membangun zashiki yang diletakan disebut dengan douma. Pengaturan terpisah dari ruangan utama. Untuk empat ruang ini disebut dengan memasuki ruangan ini dibuatkan yamadori (pengaturan empat ruang). pintu pada ruang doma menuju ke Di rumah nouka ini terdapat pintu pekarangan belakang. kayu sorong besar yang disebut Ciri khas
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