The Effects of Sexism on American Women: The Role of Norms vs. Discrimination∗ Kerwin Kofi Charlesy Jonathan Guryanz Jessica Panx June 4, 2019 Abstract We examine the extent and channels through which reported sexism affects American women. Using a sample of internal migrants and an IV approach, we show that higher prevailing sexism where a woman currently lives (residential sexism) as well as where she was born (background sexism) adversely affect her labor market outcomes relative to men, increases marriage, and reduces childbearing age. The pattern of whose sexism (men vs. women, and specific percentiles) matters for which set of outcomes suggest that residential sexism primarily affects labor market outcomes through prejudice-based discrimination, and non-labor market outcomes through the influence of current norms. ∗We are grateful to Rebecca Diamond, Raquel Fernandez, Nicole Fortin, and Claudia Goldin, Daniel Rees, and seminar participants at Yale University, University of Chicago, Northwestern University, University of Oxford, Univer- sity College London, NBER, ASSA Meetings, University of Chicago, UC-Berkeley, Iowa State University, American University, Princeton University, Purdue University, University of Michigan, University of Naples, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland for helpful comments and discussions. yUniversity of Chicago and NBER.
[email protected] zNorthwestern University and NBER.
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[email protected] 1 Introduction The average American woman's socioeconomic outcomes have changed dramatically over the past fifty years. In the labor market, her wages and probability of employment have risen substantially compared to the average man's (Blau and Kahn, 2017); at every age, she is less likely to have ever been married (Isen and Stevenson, 2008); and she has fewer children over her lifetime and is older when she bears her first (Bailey et al., 2014).