The Rise and Fall of Democracies in Third World Societies
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Pashtunistan: Pakistan's Shifting Strategy
AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN PASHTUN ETHNIC GROUP PASHTUNISTAN: P AKISTAN ’ S S HIFTING S TRATEGY ? Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER May 2012 Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? P ASHTUNISTAN : P AKISTAN ’ S S HIFTING S TRATEGY ? Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER About Tribal Analysis Center Tribal Analysis Center, 6610-M Mooretown Road, Box 159. Williamsburg, VA, 23188 Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? The Pashtun tribes have yearned for a “tribal homeland” in a manner much like the Kurds in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. And as in those coun- tries, the creation of a new national entity would have a destabilizing impact on the countries from which territory would be drawn. In the case of Pashtunistan, the previous Afghan governments have used this desire for a national homeland as a political instrument against Pakistan. Here again, a border drawn by colonial authorities – the Durand Line – divided the world’s largest tribe, the Pashtuns, into two the complexity of separate nation-states, Afghanistan and Pakistan, where they compete with other ethnic groups for primacy. Afghanistan’s governments have not recog- nized the incorporation of many Pashtun areas into Pakistan, particularly Waziristan, and only Pakistan originally stood to lose territory through the creation of the new entity, Pashtunistan. This is the foundation of Pakistan’s policies toward Afghanistan and the reason Pakistan’s politicians and PASHTUNISTAN military developed a strategy intended to split the Pashtuns into opposing groups and have maintained this approach to the Pashtunistan problem for decades. Pakistan’s Pashtuns may be attempting to maneuver the whole country in an entirely new direction and in the process gain primacy within the country’s most powerful constituency, the military. -
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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation. -
Afghan Internationalism and the Question of Afghanistan's Political Legitimacy
This is a repository copy of Afghan internationalism and the question of Afghanistan's political legitimacy. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/126847/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Leake, E orcid.org/0000-0003-1277-580X (2018) Afghan internationalism and the question of Afghanistan's political legitimacy. Afghanistan, 1 (1). pp. 68-94. ISSN 2399-357X https://doi.org/10.3366/afg.2018.0006 This article is protected by copyright. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Edinburgh University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Afghanistan Studies in "Afghanistan". Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Afghan internationalism and the question of Afghanistan’s political legitimacy1 Abstract This article uses Afghan engagement with twentieth-century international politics to reflect on the fluctuating nature of Afghan statehood and citizenship, with a particular focus on Afghanistan’s political ‘revolutions’ in 1973 and 1978. -
FR-1995-02-28.Pdf
2±28±95 Tuesday Vol. 60 No. 39 February 28, 1995 Pages 10789±11016 Briefings on How To Use the Federal Register For information on briefings in Washington, DC, and Dallas, TX, see announcement on the inside cover of this issue. federal register 1 II Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 39 / Tuesday, February 28, 1995 SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES PUBLIC Subscriptions: Paper or fiche 202±512±1800 FEDERAL REGISTER Published daily, Monday through Friday, Assistance with public subscriptions 512±1806 (not published on Saturdays, Sundays, or on official holidays), by Online: the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Telnet swais.access.gpo.gov, login as newuser <enter>, no Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register > Act (49 Stat. 500, as amended; 44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the password <enter ; or use a modem to call (202) 512±1661, login as swais, no password <enter>, at the second login as regulations of the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register > > (1 CFR Ch. I). Distribution is made only by the Superintendent of newuser <enter , no password <enter . Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC Assistance with online subscriptions 202±512±1530 20402. Single copies/back copies: The Federal Register provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 512±1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 512±1803 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and Executive Orders and Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress and other Federal agency documents of public interest. -
REPORT to the CHURCH
REPORT to the CHURCH All Saints’ Day 2011 Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society TABLE of CONTENTS Introduction 4 Office of the Presiding Bishop 5 President of the House of Deputies 6 Chief Operating Officer 7 Mission Department 8 Diversity, Social, and Environmental Ministries Team 9 Office of Asiamerican Ministries 10 Office of Black Ministries 11 Office of Economic and Environmental Affairs 12 Office of Social and Economic Justice 13 Office of Latino/Hispanic Ministries 14 Office of Native American and Indigenous Ministries 15 Diocesan and Congregational Ministries Team 16 Office of Transition Ministry 17 Church Planting, Ministry Redevelopment, 18 and Fresh Expressions of Ministry Office of Congregational Vitality 19 Office of Stewardship 20 Office of Congregational Research 21 Office of Global Partnerships 22 Partnership Office for Africa 23 Partnership Office for Asia and the Pacific 24 Partnership Office for Latin America and the Caribbean 25 Partnership Office for the Middle East 26 Partnership Office for Province IX 27 United Thank Offering 28 Office of Mission Personnel 29 Office of Global Relations 30 Office of Global Networking 31 Office of Ecumenical and Interreligious Relationships 32 Formation and Vocation Team 33 Office of Youth Ministries 34 Office of Lifelong Christian Formation 35 Office of Campus Ministries 36 Office of Young Adult Ministries 37 Office of Government Relations 38 Episcopal Migration Ministries 39 Grants and Scholarships 40 Office of Mission Funding 41 2 Office of Pastoral Development 42 Office of Armed Services and Federal Ministries 43 Archives of the Episcopal Church 44 Office of Communication 45 Information Technology 46 Office of Finance 47 Human Resources 48 Building Services 49 Office of the General Convention 50 3 We, the staff of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society, working from New York City and 15 other locations in the United States and abroad, are pleased to offer this report to the church we are privileged to serve. -
Methods and Philosophies of Managing American Presidential Scandals
Public Disgrace: Methods and Philosophies of Managing American Presidential Scandals Travis Pritchett Pritchett !1 Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................................................................................2 Corruption and Indiscretion: the Election of 1884........................................................................7 "Corrupt Bargain": A Phantom Scandal.......................................................................................11 Scandals of Abraham Lincoln: Insufficiently White Supremacist...............................................15 Scandals of Richard Nixon: Funding and Watergate...................................................................19 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................24 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................27 Pritchett !2 The study of political science is often seen as a study of political movements and mechanisms; more concerned with the patterns and statistics of human activity than with the basic human elements. But, ultimately, politics is a human construction, and any human construction is shaped by the human beings who created it and participate in it. Nowhere, perhaps, is this more apparent than in the idea of scandal, of a political secret whose potential to destabilize or alter politics at large comes entirely -
Asian Spirituality of Christian Stewardship (Keynote Address of the Rev
Asian Spirituality of Christian Stewardship (Keynote Address of the Rev. Dr. Winfred B. Vergara, Missioner for Asiamerica Ministry of the Episcopal Church Center at the diocesan EAM Consultation of the Diocese of California, held in Christ Episcopal Church, Alameda, California on June 10-11, 2011) Introduction This gathering today, here in this Diocese of California has a triple significance for me: first, it is here, in this diocese where the first national Episcopal Asiamerica Ministry Consultation was held in 1974; second, it is here, in this Diocese, where I was installed as the second missioner for Asiamerica Ministry in 2004; and third, it is here now, in this Diocese that this first diocesan-wide EAM Consultation is ever held. The end of all exploring,” wrote the English poet, T. S. Eliot, “will be to arrive where you started and know the place for the first time.” Or as one Chinese proverb says, “If you just stay in the same place for as long as you can, you will finally see the world coming back to you.” So I feel like, today, it is “dejavu” – all coming back again, as if, for the first time. You‟ve assigned me to speak on “Asian Spirituality of Christian Stewardship.” Let me arranged this theme on three chapters: first, what is spirituality; second, what is Asian; and third, what is Christian stewardship. Then, I will sum up on how we can arrive at a contextual teaching on Christian Stewardship. First, what is Spirituality? A story is told of a parrot which was fond of speaking bad words. -
Sample File Heavily on Patriotism and National Identity
Empire Builder Kit Preface ............................................................ 2 Government Type Credits & Legal ................................................ 2 An empire has it rulers. The type of ruler can How to Use ..................................................... 2 often determine the character of a nation. Are Government Types ......................................... 3 they a democratic society that follows the will Simple Ruler Type ....................................... 3 of the people, or are they ruled by a harsh dictator who demand everyone caters to their Expanded Ruler Type .................................. 4 every whim. They could even be ruled by a Also Available ................................................ 10 group of industrialists whose main goal is the acquisition of wealth. Coming Soon ................................................. 10 This part of the Empire Builder kit outlines some of the more common, and not so common, types of ruler or government your empire or country may possess. Although designed with fantasy settings in mind, most of the entries can be used in a sci-fi or other genre of story or game. There are two tables in this publication. One for simple and quick governments and A small disclaimer – A random generator will another that is expanded. Use the first table never be as good as your imagination. Use for when you want a common government this to jump start your own ideas or when you type or a broad description, such as need to fill in the blank. democracy or monarchy. Use the second/expanded table for when you want something that is rare or you want more Sample details,file such as what type of democracy etc. If you need to randomly decide between the two tables, then roll a d20. If you get 1 – 18 then use the simple table, otherwise use the expanded one. -
Comparing Camels in Afghanistan and Australia: Industry and Nationalism During the Long Nineteenth Century
Comparing camels in Afghanistan and Australia: Industry and nationalism during the Long Nineteenth Century Shah Mahmoud Hanifi [James Madison University, Virginia, USA] Abstract: This paper compares the roles of camels and their handlers in state building projects in Afghanistan and Australia during the global ascendance of industrial production. Beginning in the mid-1880s the Afghan state-sponsored industrial project known as the mashin khana or Kabul workshops had significant consequences for camel-based commercial transport in and between Afghanistan and colonial India. Primary effects include the carriage of new commodities, new forms of financing and taxation, re- routing, and markedly increased state surveillance over camel caravans. In Australia the trans-continental railway and telegraph, and other projects involving intra-continental exploration and mining, generated a series of in-migrations of Afghan camels and cameleers between the 1830s and 1890s. The port of Adelaide was the urban center most affected by Afghan camels and cameleers, and a set of new interior markets and settlements originate from these in-migrations. The contributions of Afghan camels and their handlers to state-building projects in nineteenth-century Afghanistan and Australia highlight their vital roles in helping to establish industrial enterprises, and the equally important point that once operational these industrial projects became agents in the economic marginalization of camels and the social stigmatization of the human labour associated with them. __________________________________________________________________ Introduction: camels, political economy and national identities The movement of camels through the Hindu Kush mountain passes was greatly transformed beginning in 1893. That year the Durrani Amir of Kabul Abd al-Rahman signed an agreement with the British Indian colonial official Sir Henry Mortimer Durand acknowledging there would be formal demarcation of the border between their respective vastly unequal powers, one being a patron and the other a client. -
MEI Report Sunni Deobandi-Shi`I Sectarian Violence in Pakistan Explaining the Resurgence Since 2007 Arif Ra!Q
MEI Report Sunni Deobandi-Shi`i Sectarian Violence in Pakistan Explaining the Resurgence Since 2007 Arif Ra!q Photo Credit: AP Photo/B.K. Bangash December 2014 ! Sunni Deobandi-Shi‘i Sectarian Violence in Pakistan Explaining the Resurgence since 2007 Arif Rafiq! DECEMBER 2014 1 ! ! Contents ! ! I. Summary ................................................................................. 3! II. Acronyms ............................................................................... 5! III. The Author ............................................................................ 8! IV. Introduction .......................................................................... 9! V. Historic Roots of Sunni Deobandi-Shi‘i Conflict in Pakistan ...... 10! VI. Sectarian Violence Surges since 2007: How and Why? ............ 32! VII. Current Trends: Sectarianism Growing .................................. 91! VIII. Policy Recommendations .................................................. 105! IX. Bibliography ..................................................................... 110! X. Notes ................................................................................ 114! ! 2 I. Summary • Sectarian violence between Sunni Deobandi and Shi‘i Muslims in Pakistan has resurged since 2007, resulting in approximately 2,300 deaths in Pakistan’s four main provinces from 2007 to 2013 and an estimated 1,500 deaths in the Kurram Agency from 2007 to 2011. • Baluchistan and Karachi are now the two most active zones of violence between Sunni Deobandis and Shi‘a, -
The Law Relating to Officers in the Army
F .. ----·······-_-·--·------·--~ F· r· J-, Jf J3f f. i i ] udge ftdvooaie 9u,..L-l._ U.S. flnny. I · 1 ~-~P. ......~ THE LAW RELATING TO OFFICERS IN THE ARMY, q. 9l~.. THE LA "\V RELATING TO OFFICERS IN THE AR~IY. BY HARRIS PRENDERGAST, OF LINCOLN'S INN, ESQ., BARRISTER-AT-LAW. REVISE!) EPITION. LONDON: PARKER, FURNIV ALL, AND PARKER, MILITARY LIBRARY, WHITEHALL. MDCCCLV. LONDON': PRINTED BY GEORGE PHIPPS, RA..~ELJ.GH STREET, EATON SQUARE, PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. THE preparation of the following Work was sug gested by my brother, Lieutenant William Grant Prendergast, of the 8th Bengal Cavalry*, Persian Interpreter on the Staff of Lord Gough, Commander in-chief in India ; and from the same quarter much valuable assistance was originally derived, both as to the selection of topics, and the mode of treating them. Without the help of such military guidance, a mere civilian would have laboured under great disadvantages; and the merit, if any, of the Work, is therefore attributable to my coadjutor alone. For the composition, however, I am alone responsible. Officers in the Army are subject to a variety of special laws and legal· principles, which deeply affect their professional and private rights; and it is hoped that a Work, which endeavours to develope these subjects in a connected and untechnical form, will not be deemed a superfluous contribution to military literature. With this view, the following pages are by no means so much addressed to lawyers, as to a class of readers whose opportunities of access to legal publications are necessarily very limited; and care has been taken, in all · cases of importance, to set • Now Brevet-1\lfaj~r, and Acting Brigadier on the frontier of the Punjab. -
Kobe University Repository : Thesis
Kobe University Repository : Thesis Alternative Description of Afghanistan's Development Failure: Ethnoreligious barriers to evolution of good governance and 学位論文題目 knowledge accumulation (therefore,to economic development) both in Title prewar and postwar Afghanistan(アフガニスタンの開発失敗に関する 代替的記述 戦前と戦後のアフガニスタンにおける良質な統治と知識蓄 積（すなわち、経済発展）の進展に対する民族的な障壁) 氏名 HASAN AGHA JAVID Author 専攻分野 博士（経済学） Degree 学位授与の日付 2018-09-25 Date of Degree 公開日 2019-09-01 Date of Publication 資源タイプ Thesis or Dissertation / 学位論文 Resource Type 報告番号 甲第7269号 Report Number 権利 Rights JaLCDOI URL http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/D1007269 ※当コンテンツは神戸大学の学術成果です。無断複製・不正使用等を禁じます。著作権法で認められている範囲内で、適切にご利用ください。 PDF issue: 2021-10-02 Alternative Description of Afghanistan’s Development Failure Ethnoreligious barriers to evolution of good governance and knowledge accumulation (therefore, to economic development) both in prewar and postwar Afghanistan 平成30年07月 神戸大学大学院経済学研究科 経済学専攻 指導教員奥西孝至 Hasan Agha Javid Abstract: Institutional development theory asserts that institutions play a primary role in economic development (North D. , 1990), (Acemoglu, 2003), and (Kuran, Aoki, & Roland, 2012) and development failure in many poor countries is the failure of their institutions (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012). This is a bigger problem in ethnically-diverse countries with weak institutions (Easterly W. , 2001). Empirical studies produced similar results, showing a negative and significant relationship between ethnic diversity and economic growth when institutions are poor (Alesina & Ferrara, 2005) and (Easterly W. , 2001). Despite the broad agreement on the significance of institutions, they do not entirely agree on how ethnic diversity effects institutions and economic growth, the channels through which diversity impacts growth, according to them are underinvestment in public goods (this paper studies education in detail), lower redistribution, rise of powerful elites and their manipulation of institutions, corruption, and ‘social exclusion’ or discrimination.