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The Rise and Fall of Democracies in Third World Societies DOCUMENT RESUME ED 271 367 SO 017 296 AUTHOR Sutlive, Vinson H. Ed.; And Others TITLE The Rise and Fall of Democracies in Third World Societies. Studies in Third World Societies. Publication Number Twenty-Seven. INSTITUTION College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Dept. of Anthropology. PUB DATE Mar 84 NOTE 269p.; For other studies in this series, see ED 251 334, SO 017 268, and SO 017 295-297. AVAILABLE FROM Studies in Third World Societies, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185 ($20.00). PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Conflict Resolution; *Democracy; Devftloped Nations; *Developing Nations; *Dissent; *Foreign Policy; Global Approach; Industrializztion; Marxism; Modernization; Poverty; *Revolution; Terrorism; War; World Problems IDENTIFIERS Afghanistan; Africa; Central America; Iran; Latin America; Pakistan; Philippines; Turkey ABSTRACT Topics concerned with the experiments and problems of self-rule in Third World societies are presented in nine essays. The essays are:(1) "Democracy in Iran: The Untenable Dream" (John D. Stempel); (2) "Afghanistan's Struggle for National Liberation" (Hafizullah Emadi); (3) "Turkey's Experience with Political Democracy" (Paul J. Magnarella); (4) "Reasons for the Failure of Democracy in African Countries Which Have Become Independent Since 1960" (Roland Cartigny); (5) "The Establishment of Democracy in Pakistan" (Sirdar Shaukat Hyat Khan);(6) "Cosmic Rev,lutions: Indonesian Perspectives of Social Upheaval" (Ronald Provencher); (7) "Militarization in the Philippines" (P. N. Abinales); (8) "Latin American Democracy in the 1980s: Facade or Reality" (Judith Ewell); and (9) "United States Foreign Policy in Central America" (Donna Becker). (BZ) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** STUDIES IN THIRD WORLD SOCIETIES is devoted to the study of cultures and societies of the Third World. Each publication contains papers dealing with a single theme or area, addressed both to scholars and laymen as well as to teacher s, students, and practi- tioners of socialscience; the papers should be of value also to applied social scientists, planners, demographers, community development workers, and other students of human cultures and societies. COPYRIGHT 1986 by THE EDITORS Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:84-071659 Communications concerning editorial matters,including requests to reprint or translate, and correspondence about subscriptions, change of address, circulation, and payments should be addressed to: The Editors STUDIES IN THIRD WORLD SOCIETIES Department of Anthropology College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia23185 U.S.A. Phone: (8014) 253-4522 i 3 EDI TORS VINSON H. SUTLIVE NATHAN ALTSHULER MARIO D. ZAMORA VIRGINIA KERNS PUBLISHER DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Williamsburg, Virginia231851.).S.A. International Editorial Advisory Board Teodoro Agoncillo (University of the Philippines), Carlos H. Aguilar (University of Costa Rica), Muhammad All (University of Malaya), Jacques Amyot (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand), Ghaus Ansari (Kuwait University), George N. Appell (Brandeis University),Harold Barclay (University of Alberta, Canada), Etta Becher-Donner (Museum fur Volkerkunde, Vienna, Austria), Harumi Befu (Stanford University),Ignacio Be.-nal (Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico), Ronald M. Berndt (University of Western Australia), cernando Camara (Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e I-1!storia,Mexico), Paulo de Carvalho-Neto (Sao Paulo, Brazil), S. Chandra- sekhar (California State University),K.C. Chang (Harvard University), Chen Chi-lu (National Taiwan University, China), Hackeny Choe (Seoul National University, Korea), George Coelho (NationalInstitute of Mental Health, Maryland), Ronald Cohen (Ahmado Pello University, Niger- ia),Ronald Crocombe (University of the Pacific,Fiji Island), May N. Diaz (University of California, Berkeley), K.O. Dike (Harvard University),Fred Eggan (University of Chicago), S.C. Dube (India Institute of Advanced Study, India),S.N. Eisenstadt (Hebrew University,Israel), Gabriel Escobar M. (Pennsylvania State University and Lima, Peru), Claudio Esteva Fabregat (University of Barcelona, Spain),Orlando Fals Borda (Bogota, Colombia), Muhammad Favyaz (Punjab University, Pakistan, and Queens University, Canada), C. Dean Freudenberger (School of ii 4 Theology, Claremont, California), Morton H. Fried (Colum- bia University),lsao Fujimoto (University of California, Davis), C. von Furer-Haimendorf (London School of Oriental and African Studies, England), Dante Germino (University of Virginia), Walter Goldschmidt (University of Califor- nia, Los Angeles), Nancie L. Gonzalez (Boston University), W.W. Howells (Harvard University), Francis L.K. Hsu (Northwestern University), Charles C. Hughes (University of Utah Medical Center), Erwin H. Johnson (State Univer- sity of New York, Buffalo), Victor T. King (University of Hull), Koentjaraningrat (University of Indonesia), T.A. Lambo (World Health Organization, Switzerland), Gottfried 0. Lang (University of Colorado), Peter Lawrence (Sydney University, Australia), Diane K. Lewis (University of California, Santa Cruz), Dapen Liang (Asiamerica Research Institute, California), Abdoulaye Ly (University of Dakar, Senegal), Robert A. Manners (Brandeis Univer- sity),Jamshed Mavalwala (University of Toronto, Canada), Eugenio Fernandez Mendez (Universiciad de Puerto Rico), Alfredo T. Morales (National Research andDevelopment Centre for Teacher Education,University of the Philip- pines), Gananath Obeyesekere (Princeton University,N.J. ), Gottfried Oosterwal (Andrews University), Morris E.Op ler (University of Oklahoma), Alfonso Ortiz (Princeton University), Akin Rabibhadana (Thammasat University, Thailand), V.J. Ram (United Nations, Beirut, Lebanon), M.S.A. Rao (University of Delhi,India), J.B. Romain (CRESHS, Haiti), Renato I. Rosaldo (Stanford University), Irving Rouse (Yale University), Miguel AcostaSaignes (Caracas, Venezuela),Kernial S. Sandhu (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore), Spiegal-Rosing (Rhur-Universitat Bochum, Germany), Rodolfo Stavenhagen (El Colegio de Mexico), Akira Takahashi (Universityof Tokyo, Japan), Reina Torres de Arauz (InstituteNacional de Cultura y Deportes, Panama), Donald Tugby (Queensland University, Australia), Victor C. UchPndu (Universityof Illinois and Kampala, Uganda),Lionel Vallee (University of Montreal, Canada), Mario C. Vasquez (NationalOffice of Agrarian Reform, Peru), L.P. Vidyarthi (Ranchi University, India), B.M. Villanueva (United Nations,New York City), Hiroshi Wagatsuma (University of California, Los Angeles), Wong Soon Kai (Kuching, Sarawak), Inger Wulff (Danish National Museum). iii 5 DEDICATED TO BENIGNO AQUINO AND SIRDAR SHAUKAT HYAT KHAN 6 CONTENTS Publication Number Twenty-Seven March 1984 The Rise and Fall of Democracies in Third World Societies Page Introduction. vii Dr. Jo!In D. Stempel Democracy in Iran:The Untenable Dream 1 Hafizullah Erradi Afghanistan's Struggle for National Liberation 17 Paul J. Magnarella Turkey's Experience with Political Democracy 43 Roland Cartigny Reasons for the Failure of Democracy in African Countries Which Have Become Independent Since 1960 61 Sirdar Shaukat Hyat Khan The Establishment of Democracy in Pakistan 77 Ronald Provencher Cosmic Revolutions: Indonesian Perspectives of Social Upheaval 87 P. N. Abinales Militarization in the Philippines 129 Judith Ewell Latin American Democracy in the 1980s: Facade or Reality 175 Donna Becker United States Foreign Policy in Central AmF .a 191 Notes on the Contributors 251 vi INTRODUCTION NIIiN:L'ON H. SUTLIVE, JR. The CollEge of William and Mary . In stepping toward civilizationman has stepped away from liberty,equality, and frater- nity. Leslie White . The theory that the armed forcesare the military arm of the civiliangovernment sounds suspiciously like doctrinaire EnglishWhiggism. In most of the world and formost of the world's history,it would be nearer the truth tosay that government was the civilian arm of the military. Geoffrey Barraclough The titleof this issue was chosen to emphasize experiments and problems with self-rule.Although there is the popular notion that "democracy"is a product of the American and French revolutions in the18th century, it is in fact apolitical process which has beenused by numerous societies in a variety of times and places. It vii is not of a single form nor doesit derive from a single source or set of events. This issue itselfis the climax of several events which happened close upon one another in 1983.First, we received aletter from Hafizullah Emadi, an Afghan emigrant, prop-sing publication of a manuscript on the Russian invasion of Afghanistan.Then, on August 21, the late Senator Benigno Aquino was assassinated in Manila. Aquino had been a guest in our college and, in his address to the International Circle, had predicted his murder if he returned to the Philippines.Finally, the day follow- ing Aquino's death, the Pathan leader, Sirdar Shaukat Hyat Khan described the political situationin South Asia at a luncheon arranged by Robert Clifford.His summary of the issues and their obvious commonalities with the other events impelled us tosolicit and publish papers on efforts towards and against
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