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Dokhman G. I., 1967: Samobytnost' Lesostepi. ?Rudy Cen-Tralno

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Dokhman G. I., 1967: Samobytnost' Lesostepi. ?Rudy Cen-Tralno Acta Geographica Silesiana, 15. WNoZ UŚ, Sosnowiec, 2014 s. 5–12 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Alexandr A. Chernyshev, Stanislav G. Kazakov Kursk State University, Natural-Geographic faculty, Radischeva 33, 305000 Kursk, Russia; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] THE CURRENT STATE AND PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN CENTRAL FOREST-STEPPE WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS Czernyszew A. A., Kazakow S. G. Współczesny stan i problemy ekosystemów wodno-bagiennych w Centralnej Stre- fie Lasostepowej Rosji. Artykuł traktuje o obszarach wodno-bagiennych Centralnej Strefy Lasostepowej Rosji, które należą do najbardziej niestabilnymi typów ekosystemów. Ich rozwój zachodzi pod wpływem złożonych i oddziałują- cych na siebie czynników naturalnych i antropogenicznych. Badano stopień zależności różnorodnych ekosystemów wodno-bagiennych od stanu tworzących je rzek i potoków, analizowano podstawowe charakterystyki hydrologiczne rzek oraz dane klimatyczne za okres 1936–2012. Wyróżniono kilka grup czynników antropogenicznych, negatywnie wpływających na zasilanie rzek, które razem z ciepłą i suchą fazą klimatyczną, jaka pojawiła się na przełomie wieków, potęgują degradację praktycznie wszystkich współczesnych typów ekosystemów wodno-błotnych na obszarze la- sostepów. Чернышев А. А., Казаков С. Г. Современное состояние и проблемы водно-болотных экосистем Централь- ной лесостепи России. Статья посвящена водно-болотным угодьям Центральной лесостепи России, которые являются наиболее неустойчивыми типами экосистем. Их формирование проходит под влиянием сложной вза- имосвязанной совокупности естественных и антропогенных факторов. Были исследованы степень зависимости состояния различных водно-болотных угодий от состояния сформировавших их водотоков, основные гидро- логические характеристики водотоков за временной период с 1936 по 2012 год и климатические характеристики за тот же временной период. Выявлено нескольких групп антропогенных факторов, отрицательно влияющих на питание рек, которые вместе с наступившей межвековой тепло-засушливой климатической фазой усиливают деградацию практически всех типов сегодняшних водно-болотных угодий лесостепи. Key words: wetlands, Russian Central Forest-Steppe, Kursk region, climate change Słowa kluczowe: ekosystemy wodno-bagienne, Centralna Strefa Lasostepowa Rosji, obwód kurski, zmiany klimatu Ключевые слова: водно-болотные угодья, Центральная лесостепь России, Курская область, изменение климата Abstract INTRODUCTION Article focuses on the Russian Central Forest-steppe Wet- The forest-steppe zone of European Russia is a part lands which are the most unsustainable ecosystem ty- of Central Russia, located in Central Russian Upland, pes. Their formation takes place under the influence of which is mostly situated within the Russian Platform. a complex set of interrelated natural and anthropoge- A forest-steppe is regarded to be a type of natu- nic factors. Authors investigated the degree of dependen- ral biome, which is characterized by the primeval ce on the state of various wetlands on the water courses state interchange of closed, mainly leafy forests on which formed them, the main hydrological characte- the grey forest soils and forb steppes on the black ristics of streams in the time period from 1936 to 2012 earth soils. The originality of the forest-steppe and its and climatic characteristics for the same time period. identification as a separate type of the natural zone, The combination of several groups of anthropogenic which was formed during the Neogene and replaced factors, having a bad effect on rivers nourishment with the set-in intercentury warm-dry climatic phase, enhan- savannahs, were corroborated by a number of scien- ces the degradation of virtually all the types of the pre- tists, who suggested several independent theories sent day forest-steppe wetlands. (BERG, 1947; DOKHMAN, 1967; МILKOV, 1977 et al.). The special feature of the forest-steppe as the type of natural biome is unstable relationship between 5 forest and steppificated formations, caused by the and flood swamps) or created by people (impoun- changeable radiative dryness index (photo 1). ded bodies, quarries, tailing dumps, basin-coolers) in these physiographic regions refer. Photo 1. The typical Russian Central Forest-Steppe (phot. by A. A. Chernyshev) Fot. 1. Typowy widok Centralnej Strefy Lasostepowej Rosji (fot. A. A. Czernyszew) Fig. 1. The location of Russian Central Forest-Steppe: F. N. MILKOV (Fiziko-geograficheskoe rayonirova- 1 – East European Forest-Steppe, 2 – Russian Central nie..., 1961) distinguishes nine physiographic re- Forest-Steppe, 3 – state border of Russia gions in the territory of the forest-steppe province Rys. 2. Lokalizacja Centralnej Strefy Lasostepowej Rosji: of the dissected Central Russian Upland, six of which 1 – strefa lasostepowa Wschodniej Europy, 2 – Centralna refer to a typical forest-steppe. Administratively the- Strefa Lasostepowa Rosji, 3 – granica państwowa Rosji se physiographic regions occupy a part of the Orel region, the whole Kursk region, parts of the Belgorod, Besides water areas of permanent and tempo- Lipetsk and Voronezh regions. This land area is al- rary water bodies the whole floodplain type of lo- so called the Central Forest-Steppe (fig. 1). The majo- cality should be referred to wetlands as habitats of rity of this area is occupied by the physiographic re- living organisms, because short-time presence of gions, catchments of which refer to the rivers of the aquatic medium on the floodplain is enough for the Dnieper River Basin, the most significant of which necessary development of many types of both ani- are the Seym river1 and the Psyol river2, running in mals and plants (photo 2). Kursk region and forming the main types of wet- lands. The wetlands of the Central Forest-Steppe are the least stable types of ecosystems, that are formed under the influence of the interrelated complex of natural and antropogenic factors. The combination of these factors determines the main hydrologic cha- racteristics of water bodies themselves, to which per- manent and temporary streams as well as pieces of water formed by streams (floodplain lakes, floodplain 1The Seym river, the left tributary of the Desna river. The overall length is 748 km, average water discharge in the mouth is about 100 m3/s. The river basin area is 27, 5 ths. km2. The length within Photo 2. Wetlands in the forest-steppe (the place of two ri- 2 Kursk region is 490 km, the river basin area is up to 20 ths. km . Ave- vers confluence and floodplains) (phot. by A. A. Chernyshev) rage water discharge in summer-time at the town of Rylsk is 30 m3/s. Fot. 2. Tereny wodno-bagienne na obszarze lasostepu 2The Psyol river, the left tributary of the Dnieper river. The overall (rzeki i terasy zalewowe) (fot. A. A. Czernyszew) length is 717 km, average water discharge in the mouth is 55 m3/s. The total river basin area is 22,8 ths. km2. The length within Kursk In the hierarchy of the wetlands and aquatic region is about 170 km, with about 5 ths. km2 of the river basin ecosystems backbone relations the avifauna plays area. Average water discharge at the village Krupets in summer- an important role. Birds are characterized by mobi- 3 time is about 6 m /s. lity and their inherent nest conservatism at the same 6 time, which determines particular species and groups total population density of birds; population densi- fidelity to specific habitats. This allows to use the ty of each species of birds; the participation quota in avifauna as a model bioindication group in the stu- the population of each species of birds, obligatorily ta- dies of the forest-steppe zone wetland ecosystems king into account a mathematical error; population state. density and participation quota in the population So far, the main living organisms of the forest- of the birds of each ecological-faunistic group. steppe zone wetlands have been quite sufficiently studied, their quantitative and qualitative characte- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STREAMS FOR ristics have been defined (RAVKIN, 2003), their va- THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT riation tendencies in accordance with the dynamics OF WETLANDS of the wetlands principal characteristics have also been revealed (КRIVENKO, 1991; ZYKOV, ULITIN, 2000; Almost the whole area of natural and the most part АVILOVA, 2008; CHERNYSHEV, 2010 et al.). of antropogenic wetlands of the typical central fo- Therefore the main objective of the research was rest-steppe landscapes is formed by streams activi- to determine the significance of separate factors, de- ty, first of all due to flood and spring flood time. fining water bodies hydrological regime, as well as The most significant is
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