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BBC Bitesize: Nd After Themselves HISTORY HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: Economic downturn and recovery 1. The Wall Street Crash 5. Roosevelt and the New Deal • Black Tuesday happened 29 October 1929, when 16.5 million shares were sold. 1. Relief – Helped the millions who were unemployed and homeless. • By the end of 1929, there were about 2.5 million unemployed in the USA – Black people sacked 2. Recovery – Policies to rebuild the economy. first. 3. Reform – Legislation and laws to create a fairer society. • Factories and businesses began to close down. • The Emergency Banking Act closed all banks for 10 days. • Hoovervilles popped up. • CCC - A department to help people to employ unemployed men between 18 and 25 to work in • Farmers were unable to sell produce. forests, in special camps. • Colorado, New Mexico and Kansas were hit by drought - known as the ‘dust bowl.’ • FERA- this gave $500m to the states to spend on food and shelter. • AAA - encouraged farmers to produce less by paying them not to produce in the hope that prices 2. The effects of the Great Depression on family life would rise. • Marriages fell from 1.23 million in 1929 to 982,000 in 1932. The birth rate also fell. • TVA - Built dams to produce hydroelectricity, providing work for thousands of people and • The suicide rate rose dramatically from 12.6 suicides per 1000 people in 1926 to 17.4 per 1000 at its peak in 1932. bringing electrical power to the area. • In some states, schools were closed down for 10 months. 6. Successes of the New Deal • 1932 about 25% of the population was receiving no income. • Unemployment reduced from 24.9 million in 1933 to 14.3 million in 1937. • As a result of the AAA, farmers‟ money doubled between 1932 and 1939. 3. The Bonus Army / Marchers • WW1 veterans who had been promised a bonus, payable in 1945, Marched on the Whitehouse to support a • The TVA improved the lives of 7 million people. Bill which would allow the bonus to be paid early. • The CCC created work for 2.75 million people • The government didn't pass the bill as it would have cost $2.3 million. 7. Opposition to the New Deal • Most of the marchers went home after this, but about 5,000 stayed. • Dr Francis Townsend argued that Roosevelt had not done enough to help the elderly. He wanted • Hoover sent in the army to clear them out. • 2 veterans were killed. a pension of $200 per month for everyone over 60. • Huey Long claimed that Roosevelt failed to share out the nation’s wealth fairly. 4. Early Republican attempts to deal with the depression (1930s) • Hoover believed in Laissez-faire and Rugged individualism. • The Republicans hated the New Deal as it went against Laissez-faire and rugged individualism. • Hoover passed the Hawley – Smoot Tariff Act in 1930. This protected US farmers by increasing import • Other thought the New Deal was a waste of money. duties on foreign goods. • The Supreme Court opposed the New Deal. • Hoover set up relief agencies. • Hoover cut taxes by $130 million. 8. Criticisms of the New Deal • Hoover’s measures failed. • It was WW2 which ultimately ended the Great Depression. • The Supreme Court announced that the AAA and NRA were unconstitutional. Essential Vocabulary Key dates • The AAA paid farmers not to produce food. Hoovervilles Slum like houses made of tin, wood and cardboard and 1929 Wall Street Crash • Many argued that Roosevelt's projects were a short-term solution. had no running water. May/June Bonus March • Many of the Alphabet Agencies discriminated against black Americans and women. Hobos People who travelled the country looking for work. 1932 • Some felt that the New Deal did not do enough. Veterans Ex-soldiers – at this times from WW1 Key Individuals Hoover 31st president Laissez-faire A government that thought that people should look Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize: nd after themselves. Roosevelt 32 president https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7 HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The economic impact of WWII and post-war developments The Impact of the Second World War (1940s) The development of the affluent society: Life in suburbia The Second World War started in 1939 and America was selling goods to other • In 1952 Eisenhower became President. He continued with the New Deal and countries. In 1941 America joined the war and this brought the Depression to the Fair Deal. He encouraged economic growth and looked after the middle an end. classes. • 1941 onwards – Factories and farms focussed on helping America in the war • By the end of the 1950s the USA was producing half the worlds by producing goods and weapons (some of these were sold abroad too). manufactured goods. • Industrial production doubled between 1942-45 - America produced 50% of • As many as 19 million Americans moved from the cities to live in the suburbs the world's weapons by 1944. (outskirts of towns with bigger houses). It was possible for them to do this • Many found work in the factories – unemployment fell from 9.5 million in because they could buy cars, the standard of roads was better and the 1939 to 670,000 in 1945. interest on mortgages was low. • Conscription – Around 15 million 18-45 year old men were forced to join the • Between 1945-60 the number of people who had a car rose from 25 million army. to 62 million. Cars like the Cadillac were popular. By 1960, 25 per cent of the • People were encouraged to create „victory gardens‟ – to grow their own American people lived in suburbs. These people had a television, a record vegetables. player, swimming pools and cars. • Life improved for farmers – there was more demand for their produce and • People bought on credit – this increased 800 per cent between 1945 and so they were making more money. 1957. • Huge migration happened in the USA – Around 27 million moved around Essential Vocabulary Key Individuals between 1941-45. They moved to look for work - to California especially to Poverty When you are poor and cannot afford the Roosevelt 32nd president basics of life. find work in armament factories. Truman 33rd president Plenty/Affluence When you are rich and can afford luxuries Negative aspects of post WW2 – ‘Poverty in the midst of plenty.’ Eisenhower 34th president Suburbanisation The process of moving families out of the • Black people were still victimised. They served in Jim Crow regiments where Key dates cities and into the countryside in newly build only black people could be in them. 1941 USA joins WW2 suburbs like Levittown • Around 112,000 Japanese Americans were imprisoned and many of them Consumerism The desire to buy and have more and more 1945 End of WW2 lost their homes and businesses. Around a 1000 were sent back to Japan. products such as T.V.s, radios, washing • Women and black factory workers were not always treated the same as the machines white male employees Conscription Forcing people to join the army. Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize: https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7 HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The issue of civil rights, 1941-70 (1) 1. The contribution of black Americans during WW2 4. Little Rock, Arkansas 1957 • Black Americans joined segregated units (Jim Crow Army) and were given • 9 black students tried to go to the all-white high school to prove that the most dangerous jobs schools were still segregated • The US air force would not accept black pilots • The governor used the National Guard to stop the Black students • Black soldiers could only have ‘black blood’ and be treated by black nurses • President Eisenhower had to send 1000 US Paratroopers (Federal troops) • The Tuskegee airmen won great acclaim acting as fighter escorts for US to protect bombers • Schools reopened in 1959 after the Supreme Court rules that schools must 2. Progress made by black Americans during WW2 integrate • General Eisenhower integrated combat units 5. James Meredith case 1962 • By the end of WW2 600 black pilots had been trained and 58 black sailors • Supreme Court forced Mississippi University to accept the black student had become officers James Meredith • In 1946 the navy was desegregated and by 1948 all the armed services • Kennedy sent 320 federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campus were desegregated • There were riots; 2 people were killed and 210 wounded • 2 million black Americans were working in industry but were still • Kennedy then sent 2,000 troops to restore order discrimination • 300 soldiers remained on campus to protect Meredith until he completed • The Double V campaign - Victory against racism at home and abroad his degree • NAACP membership rose from 50,000 to 450,000 during the war 6. The Montgomery Bus Boycott December 1955 3. Brown vs Topeka case (Kansas 1954) • Rosa Parks, refused to move seats, was arrested and fined $10 • Linda Brown had to walk 20 blocks to school even though there was a • Black community staged a boycott of the buses for 13 months until the bus school for white people just two blocks away company gave in • The NAACP took Topeka Board of Education to court • Martin Luther King showed that violence was not needed and that the • Court declared that segregated schools was illegal Black community was united • However there was no date by which schools had to desegregate • Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was illegal • By 1957, 300,000 black children were attending desegregated schools. However 2.4 million black children were still in segregated schools Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize: https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7 HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The issue of civil rights, 1941-70 (2) 7.
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