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Conservación Y Utilización Sostenible De Las Hortalizas Nativas De México

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Conservación Y Utilización Sostenible De Las Hortalizas Nativas De México SNICS Conservación y utilización sostenible de las Hortalizas Nativas de México Dirección MACRO RED HORTALIZAS Av. Presidente Juárez No. 13, Col. El Cortijo C.P. 54000 Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México Teléfono: (55) 3622-0667 al 69 Email: [email protected] www.gob.mx/sagarpa • snics.sagarpa.gob.mx SNICSsagarpa Recursos Fitogeneticos Sagarpa @snics_sagarpa SAGARPA MACRO RED HORTALIZAS Conservación y utilización sostenible de las Hortalizas Nativas de México PRESENTACIÓN CONSERVACIÓN Y UTILIZACIÓN SOSTENIBLE DE LAS HORTALIZAS NATIVAS DE MÉXICO El Servicio Nacional de Inspección y Certificación de Autores-Compiladores: Semillas, presenta los avances logrados en relación con Karina Sandibel Vera-Sánchez la conservación y el aprovechamiento sostenible de las Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez hortalizas nativas en México. Luis Latournerie-Moreno José Francisco Santiaguillo-Hernández Aarón Rodríguez-Contreras Las acciones efectuadas por las Redes que integran Francisco Alberto Basurto-Peña la Macro Red Hortalizas es producto del trabajo Delia Castro-Lara interinstitucional de investigadores, académicos, Eduardo Rodríguez-Guzmán Porfirio López-López agricultores, estudiantes y público en general, con el Ernesto Rios-Santos objetivo de asegurar la conservación y disponibilidad de la agrodiversidad de hortalizas nativas para las presentes Coordinación Técnica: Rosalinda González Santos y futuras generaciones, que coadyuve con el desarrollo y bienestar de México. Revisores: Oscar Gámez Montiel Los resultados alcanzados por las redes, sin duda alguna Rosalinda González Santos contribuyen con evitar la pérdida de genes, tradiciones, Fotografía: Ana María Sánchez Maldonado conocimiento tradicional e identidad cultural, así como Diseño: G. Antonio Luna Avila en mejorar la calidad de vida de los poseedores de dichos ISBN: 978-607-7668-91-6 recursos. Sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer los esfuerzos DR © 2016 Servicio Nacional de Inspección y Certificación de Semillas en conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible, a través Av. Presidente Juárez 13, El Cortijo, Tlalnepantla, 54000, Estado de México de la coordinación, organización y unión de sinergias, para snics.sagarpa.gob.mx consolidar las acciones de alto impacto que se presentan Impreso en México / Printed in Mexico en esta obra. Forma correcta de citar Vera-Sánchez, KS., Cadena-Iñiguez, J., Latournerie-Moreno, L., Santiaguillo- Hernández, J.F., Rodríguez- Dr. Manuel Rafael Villa Issa Contreras, A., Basurto-Pena, F.A., Castro-Lara, D., Rodríguez–Guzmán, E., López- López, P., Ríos-Santos, E. (2016). Director General del SNICS Conservación y utilización sostenible de las Hortalizas Nativas de México. Servicio Nacional de Inspección y Certificación de Semillas, México. 132p INSTANCIAS PARTICIPANTES EN LA MACRO RED HORTALIZAS CONTENIDO Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla iii Presentación 2 Introduccion Centro de Investigaciones del Noroeste S.C. 4 Antecedentes de la Macro Red Hortalizas Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos Universidad Veracruzana PRINCIPALES RESULTADOS Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo 7 CONSERVACIÓN Y MANEJO IN SITU Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Puebla 9 Línea 1. Estudio e inventario de los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura Colegio de Postgraduados Campus San Luis Potosí 17 Línea 2. Apoyo al manejo y mejoramiento en los sistemas tradicionales de los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura Universidad de Guadalajara 21 Línea 3. Asistencia a los agricultores en casos de catástrofe para restablecer los sistemas de cultivo Grupo Interdisciplinario de Investigación en Sechium edule en México, A.C. 25 Línea 4. Promoción de la conservación y manejo in situ de las especies silvestres afines de las cultivadas y las plantas silvestres comestibles Escuela Mexicana de Cocina Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias 27 CONSERVACIÓN EX SITU Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación 29 Línea 5. Apoyo a la recolección selectiva de recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Michoacán 39 Línea 6. Mantenimiento y ampliación de la conservación ex situ de germoplasma 43 Línea 7. Regeneración y multiplicación de las muestras ex situ Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca 47 UTILIZACIÓN SOSTENIBLE Instituto Tecnológico-Ciudad Serdán 49 Línea 8. Incremento de la caracterización y evaluación y mayor desarrollo de Instituto Tecnológico-Conkal subconjuntos específicos de colecciones para facilitar el uso 73 Línea 9. Apoyo al fitomejoramiento, la potenciación genética y las actividades de ampliación de la base Instituto Tecnológico-Tlajomulco 79 Línea 10. Promoción de la diversificación de la producción y aumento de la Instituto Tecnológico-Altiplano de Tlaxcala diversidad de los cultivos para una agricultura sostenible. 83 Línea 11. Promoción del desarrollo y comercialización de todas las variedades, principalmente las Instituto Tecnológico-Valle de Oaxaca variedades de los agricultores/variedades nativas y las especies infrautilizadas Universidad Autónoma Chapingo 95 Línea 12. Apoyo a la producción y distribución de semillas Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes 97 CREACIÓN DE UNA CAPACIDAD INSTITUCIONAL Y HUMANA SOSTENIBLE Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit 99 Línea 13. Creación y fortalecimiento de programas nacionales Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León 101 Línea 14. Promoción y fortalecimiento de redes sobre los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa 105 Línea 15. Creación y fortalecimiento de sistemas amplios de información Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas sobre los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura 107 Línea 16. Elaboración y fortalecimiento de sistemas de vigilancia de la diversidad genética Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco y reducción al mínimo de la erosión de los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 109 Línea 17. Creación y fortalecimiento de capacidad en materia de recursos humanos 113 Línea 18. Fomento y fortalecimiento de la sensibilización de la opinión pública sobre la importancia de los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura 119 Anexo I. Publicaciones generadas 129 Anexo II. Participantes en la Macro Red Hortalizas Período 2002-2015 132 Literatura Consultada Introducción Las hortalizas en el mundo y en México 1 Acciones 2002 - 2015 Macro Red Hortalizas 2 Acciones 2002 - 2015 Macro Red Hortalizas 3 Introducción Cuadro 1. Principales estados productores de hortalizas en México en el año 2014 (SIAP, 2015). Cultivo Principales estados productores Por sus cualidades nutritivas las hortalizas juegan un papel empresas transnacionales. Solo en chile, tomate y chayote Calabacita (Cucurbita pepo) Sonora, Puebla, Sinaloa (30)† trascendental en el equilibrio de la dieta de la población hay participación de instituciones nacionales (Cuadro 2). Calabaza (Cucurbita sp.) Sonora (18) mundial. Tiene un alto contenido de agua, fibra, vitaminas Calabaza (semilla) o chihua (Cucurbita sp.) Guerrero, Campeche (15) y antioxidantes. Poseen una baja densidad calórica y No obstante, la mayor diversidad está representada en las carecen de grasas. En la dieta de los mexicanos, por lo variedades locales, que poseen los pequeños agricultores, Calabacita semilla (Cucurbita pepo) Baja California (1) menos un tipo de hortaliza es identificada en cada comida. y de las cuales se carecen de estadísticas oficiales. Esta Camote (Ipomoea batatas) Guanajuato, Michoacán (26) Las hortalizas son consideradas por la FAO como el agrodiversidad representa la fuente de genes para la Chayote (Sechium edule) Veracruz (10) séptimo producto con mayor producción, con más de 275 obtención de nuevas variedades, y que permitan conducir millones de toneladas anuales (FAOSTAT, 2015). a avances en la medicina o en la industria, así como a Chilacayote (Cucurbita ficifolia) Estado de México (3) mejoras agrícolas por medio de la investigación científica y Chile habanero (Capsicum chinense) Tabasco, Yucatán (15) México es centro de origen y/o domesticación y/o tecnológica. Chile seco (Capsicum sp.) Jalisco (5) diversificación de diferentes hortalizas con importancia Chile verde (Capsicum sp.) Chihuahua, Sinaloa (32) nacional e internacional, destacando el chile, jitomate, Es por ello, que la presente publicación tiene como objetivo papa, tomate de cáscara, calabaza y chayote. De acuerdo dar a conocer los resultados obtenidos por las redes que Chile verde morrón (Capsicum annuum) Jalisco, Tamaulipas (10) al SIAP (2015), estas hortalizas han presentado un integran la Macro Red Hortalizas en materia de conservación Chile verde semilla (Capsicum sp.) Baja California (1) incremento en la producción en los últimos 13 años (Figura y aprovechamiento sostenible en las variedades locales de Otras hortalizas Sinaloa (7) 1). Las regiones del Noroeste y del Bajío del país son las calabaza, camote, chayote, chile, jitomate, papa y tomate principales productoras de hortalizas, en donde destacan de cáscara, estos resultados han sido posibles gracias a Papa (Solanum tuberosum) Sonora, Sinaloa (22) los estados de Sinaloa, Sonora y Guanajuato (Cuadro 1). la colaboración interinstitucional e interdisciplinaria de Papa semilla (Solanum tuberosum) Chihuahua (3) diferentes instancias del país y que ha permitido
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