Riqueza Y Distribución De La Familia Solanaceae En El Estado De Aguascalientes, México

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Riqueza Y Distribución De La Familia Solanaceae En El Estado De Aguascalientes, México Botanical Sciences 93 (1): 97-117, 2015 TAXONOMÍA Y FLORÍSTICA DOI: 10.17129/botsci.63 RIQUEZA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA FAMILIA SOLANACEAE EN EL ESTADO DE AGUASCALIENTES, MÉXICO JOSÉ CARLOS SIERRA-MUÑOZ1, MARÍA ELENA SIQUEIROS-DELGADO, ERNESTO FLORES-ANCIRA, ONÉSIMO MORENO-RICO Y JOSÉ LUIS ARREDONDO-FIGUEROA Herbario HUAA, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México 1Autor para la correspondencia: [email protected] Resumen: Solanaceae es una de las familias económicamente más importantes a nivel mundial y México es reconocido como uno de sus centros de diversifi cación. Sin embargo, los trabajos taxonómicos y los reportes de diversidad generados en distintos estados de la República no son sufi cientes para tener una visión general acerca del número de especies y su distribución en el territorio nacional. El objetivo del presente estudio fue contribuir al conocimiento de la familia Solanaceae en México, dando a conocer la riqueza y distribución de las especies que se desarrollan en el estado de Aguascalientes. Los datos se obtuvieron de colectas y del análisis de 862 ejemplares de herbario. La familia Solanaceae en Aguascalientes está representada por 55 especies (16 nuevos registros) agrupadas en 12 géneros. Los géneros mejor representados son Solanum (23 especies) y Physalis (14), seguidos por Nicotiana y Datura (4), Bouchetia y Lycianthes (2), y Cestrum, Chamaesaracha, Jaltomata, Nicandra, Nierembergia y Petunia están representados por una especie cada uno. Solanaceae presenta una amplia distribución en el estado, desde los 1,600 a los 3,000 m de altitud. Está presente en todas las comunidades vegetales, destacan el matorral semiárido (32 especies), matorral subtropical (30), bosque de encino (28), la vegetación hidrófi la (21) y el pastizal desértico (20). Gran cantidad de especies se desarrollan como malezas, por lo que es común encontrarlas en áreas con diversos grados de disturbio. Solanaceae representa la quinta familia más rica en especies del estado de Aguascalientes. Palabras clave: distribución, fl ora, matorral semiárido, México, riqueza. Abstract: Solanaceae is one of the most economically important families worldwide. Mexico is recognized as a center of diver- sifi cation. However, so far we do not have an overview on the current state of the family in the country. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the Solanaceae in Mexico, by providing data on the richness and distribution of the species growing in the state of Aguascalientes. Derived of the study of 862 herbarium specimens and collections of Solanaceae from Aguascalientes, 55 species (16 new records) in 12 genera were recorded. The largest genera are Solanum (23 species) and Physalis (14), followed by Nicotiana and Datura (4), Bouchetia and Lycianthes (2), and Cestrum, Chamaesaracha, Jaltomata, Nicandra, Nierembergia, and Petunia with one species each. Solanaceae is widely distributed in the state from 1,600 to 3,000 m altitude. It is present in all plant communities, highlighting the semiarid scrub (32 species), subtropical scrub (30), oak forest (28), hydrophilic vegetation (21) and desert grassland (20). Many species grow as weeds, so they are commonly found in perturbed areas. Solana- ceae represents the fi fth family with more richness of species in the state of Aguascalientes. Key words: distribution, fl ora, semiarid scrub, Mexico, richness. a familia Solanaceae se encuentra asignada al orden gran variedad de formas vegetativas y reproductivas, por lo L Solanales, junto con Convolvulaceae, Hydroleaceae, que tiene la capacidad de colonizar distintos tipos de há- Montiniaceae y Sphenocleaceae (Eckart, 2008). Contiene bitats. Se caracteriza por presentar fl ores hermafroditas y aproximadamente 96 géneros y 2,300 especies (Cuevas- actinomorfas, en general pentámeras y con gran variación Arias et al., 2008). Presenta distribución cosmopolita, con en tamaño; ovario súpero, esencialmente bilocular y fruto mayor frecuencia en regiones tropicales, subtropicales y generalmente en forma de una baya o cápsula. También es templadas, en un intervalo altitudinal de 0 a 4,000 m. Tiene notable por producir, en la mayoría de sus órganos, alca- 97 BBol93_1ol93_1 9977 224/02/154/02/15 117:297:29 JOSÉ CARLOS SIERRA-MUÑOZ ET AL. loides tóxicos como la nicotina, la atropina y la solanaína; la Cerda, 2011). La división política consta de once muni- además de ciertos esteroides conocidos como glicoalcaloi- cipios: Aguascalientes, Asientos, Calvillo, Cosío, El Lla- des, usados como precursores de hormonas (Nee, 1986). no, Jesús María, Pabellón de Arteaga, Rincón de Romos, Asimismo, incluye especies de gran importancia: alimen- San Francisco de los Romo, San José de Gracia y Tepezalá ticia (papa, jitomate, tomate, berenjena y chile); industrial (Figura 1). Está ubicado entre tres provincias geológicas: (tabaco); ornamental (petunias, fl oripondio, copa de oro y Sierra Madre Occidental, Mesa Central y Faja Volcánica huele de noche) y medicinal (toloache y belladona). Transmexicana, con elevaciones que van de los 1,540 a De acuerdo a Cuevas-Arias et al. (2008), los géneros con los 3,050 m. Las rocas que predominan en la entidad son mayor número de especies son: Solanum (1,000), Lycian- las ígneas extrusivas ácidas: riolitas y tobas. Le siguen en thes (200), Cestrum (175), Nicotiana (95), Physalis (80) y importancia las rocas sedimentarias de origen continental: Lycium (75). Aunque la mayoría de los especialistas en la areniscas y conglomerados del Terciario. En el territorio familia opinan que su centro de origen se ubica en América existen trece de los 25 tipos de suelos reconocidos a nivel del Sur (Long, 2001), algunos de sus géneros se desarro- mundial. Los más importantes por su extensión son los Feo- llaron ampliamente en otros países, de manera que actual- zems, Litosoles, Planosoles y Xerosoles, que en conjunto mente se mencionan varios centros de diversifi cación, entre abarcan casi el 80% de la superfi cie estatal (CONABIO, ellos Australia, los Himalaya y México. 2008). Queda comprendido dentro de dos regiones hidroló- Debido a su ubicación geográfi ca, compleja historia geo- gicas: Lerma-Chapala-Santiago, que abarca la mayor parte lógica y combinación de condiciones climáticas, México es del estado, y El Salado, constituido por una serie de cuen- el tercer país con mayor diversidad biológica del mundo (To- cas cerradas de diferentes dimensiones (de la Cerda, 2011). ledo y Ordóñez, 1993) y su riqueza fl orística se estima en al- En general el clima puede considerarse dentro del grupo de rededor de 26,500 especies (Encina-Domínguez et al., 2007). los semisecos (BS), con varios subtipos: semiseco templa- Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia biológica, económica do (BS1Kw(w)) y semiseco semicálido (BS-1hw), con una y cultural, se conoce poco la diversidad y distribución de va- temperatura media anual que fl uctúa entre 18 y 20 °C, y una rias familias que habitan en el territorio nacional; entre ellas precipitación media de 526 mm, con un régimen de lluvias Solanaceae, debido probablemente a la complejidad morfoló- en verano (Franco et al., 2012). gica del grupo, al número de especies que contiene y a la di- La vegetación en el estado de Aguascalientes presenta versidad de hábitats que coloniza. Aunado a que los trabajos aproximadamente un 38% de condición primaria y el res- taxonómicos y los reportes de diversidad que se han generado tante 62% se considera en condición secundaria. De acuerdo en diversos estados de la República no son sufi cientes para a Rodríguez-Ávalos (2014), en el estado se pueden encon- tener una visión general en torno a la riqueza y distribución trar diez tipos de vegetación con diferentes grados de pertur- que presenta la familia Solanaceae en México. bación (Figura 2). (1) Bosque de encino: constituye el tipo En el estado de Aguascalientes se han realizado diver- de bosque más extendido en el estado, se localiza principal- sos estudios fl orísticos (de la Cerda, 1982, 1996, 1999a, b, mente en laderas bajas, al pie de las sierras, y se ubica en- 2004, 2011; García, 1998, 2004, 2005; González-Adame, tre los 1,800 y 2,500 m de altitud. (2) Bosque de coníferas: 2004; Siqueiros, 1996, 1999; Siqueiros y González, 2006; se caracteriza por la presencia de pinos (Pinus spp.), ciprés Siqueiros et al., 2011), los cuales ubican a la familia Sola- naceae en el cuarto lugar en cuanto al número de especies, después de Asteraceae, Poaceae y Fabaceae. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se ha llevado a cabo un estudio exhaustivo de la familia Solanaceae en el estado de Aguascalientes. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue contribuir al conocimiento de la familia Solanaceae en México, dando a conocer la riqueza y distribución de las especies que se desarrollan en el estado de Aguascalientes. Materiales y métodos Región de estudio. El estado de Aguascalientes se localiza en el centro de México (Figura 1), en la región geográfi ca del Altiplano Mexicano. Comprende una superfi cie aproxi- mada de 5,471 km2 y se ubica entre los 21° 38’ 03’’ y 22° 27 ’06’’ de latitud norte y entre los 101° 53’ 09’’ y los 103° 00’ 51’’ de longitud oeste. Limita al norte, este y oeste con Figura 1. Ubicación geográfi ca y división política del estado de el estado de Zacatecas y al sur con el estado de Jalisco (de Aguascalientes. 98 Botanical Sciences 93 (1): 97-117, 2015 BBol93_1ol93_1 9988 224/02/154/02/15 117:297:29 SOLANACEAE EN AGUASCALIENTES, MÉXICO Figura 2. Tipos de vegetación presentes en el estado de Aguascalientes. (Cupressus lusitanica), o más frecuentemente por juníperos pronunciadas, generalmente son comunidades secundarias (Juniperus spp.); se localiza en las partes montañosas más producto de la degradación del bosque tropical, en altitudes elevadas del estado de los 2,500 a los 3,000 m. (3) Bosque que van de los 1,600 a los 2,200 m.
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