Alessandro Rauerij's Collection of Canzoni Per Sonare (Venice, 1608) Volume I Historical and Analytical Study Leland Earl Bartholomew Fort Hays State University
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Fort Hays State University FHSU Scholars Repository Fort Hays Studies Series 1965 Alessandro Rauerij's Collection of Canzoni per Sonare (Venice, 1608) Volume I Historical and Analytical Study Leland Earl Bartholomew Fort Hays State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.fhsu.edu/fort_hays_studies_series Part of the Music Education Commons Recommended Citation Bartholomew, Leland Earl, "Alessandro Rauerij's Collection of Canzoni per Sonare (Venice, 1608) Volume I Historical and Analytical Study" (1965). Fort Hays Studies Series. 43. https://scholars.fhsu.edu/fort_hays_studies_series/43 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by FHSU Scholars Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fort Hays Studies Series by an authorized administrator of FHSU Scholars Repository. \ \ I Leland Earl Bartholomew Alessandro Rauerij' s Collection of Canzoni per Sonare ( Venice, 1608 ) Volume I Historical and Analytical Study fort hays studies-new series music series no. 1 december 1965 Fort Hays Kansas State College Hays, Kansas Fort Hays Studies Committee THORNS, JOHN C., JR. MARC T. CAMPBELL, chairman STOUT, ROBERTA C. WALKER, M. V. TOW, TED C. Copyright 1965 by Fort Hays Kansas State College Library of Congress Card Catalog No. 65-64774 ii Dr. Leland Earl Bartholomew Biographical Sketch of the Author Dr. Leland Earl Bartholomew has specialized for several years in the study of Italian instrumental ensemble music in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. He received his advanced training in musicology at the University of Michigan, where he was granted a Ph. D. in music in 1963. He has been associated with Fort Hays Kansas State College since 1954 and now is Professor of Music, with teaching responsibilities that include music history, French horn, trumpet, and Brass Choir. Dr. Bartholomew has made numerous editions of old music and has been active in organizing performances of early music at this College and elsewhere. iii Alessandro Rauerij's Collection of Canzoni per Sonare ( Venice, 1608 ) Volume I Historical and Analytical Study iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF PLATES ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC IN VENICE AND FERRARA 15 Italy in the Sixteenth Century . 15 Venice . 18 Historical Background . 18 Political and Social Structure . 19 Venetian Splendor around 1600 . 21 Church and State . 24 San Marco and Its Music . 25 Instrumental Music at Other Churches . 33 The Scuole . 35 Public Celebrations and Ceremonies . 37 Private Music-making ............ , . 50 Ferrara. 54 The Este . 54 Humanism and Literature in Ferrara . 56 Musicians at the Este Court . 57 Instrumental Music at the Court of the Este . 62 The Academies and Convents . 70 Public Festivals . 72 V CHAPTER Page II. ITALIAN INSTRUMENTAL ENSEMBLE MUSIC IN THE SIXTEENTH AND EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES 75 The Performing Media . 75 Vocal versus Instrumental Music . • . • . 75 Instrumental Solo versus Ensemble . 78 Forms of Instrumental Ensemble Music 85 Ricercar . .. 89 Fantasia . • . • . • . • . • . 106 Capriccio . • . • . • • . • . • • . 112 Sonata . • • • . • . • . • . • . 119 Concerto • . • . • • • • . • . • .. • .. 152 Sinfonia . • . • • . • . • • . 157 Dance Music . • • . • • • • • • • . • . • • . • . 169 The Canzona before Rauerij's Collection . • • . • • • • • . • . 178 The French chanson • . • • . • . 179 Vocal forms as instrumental music . 189 The transition to the canzona . • . 193 Early canzonas for ensembles . • . .. 200 Maschera's Libro primo de canzoni . .. 202 The canzona from Maschera to Giovanni Gabriell . 212 The canzonas in Giovanni Gabrieli' s Sacrae symphoniae • • . 218 The instrumental canzona in Italian culture during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . • . 235 ill. THE CANZONI PER SONARE OF 1608 . 242 The Publisher . • . • • . • • . 242 The Publication . .. .. • . • . 245 vi CHAPTER Page The Original Edition . .. • • . 246 Editorial Problems • . .. • . • . .. 263 IV. MUSICAL FORM AND STYLE . • . • • 271 Structures .. • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . 271 Melody . • • • • • . • . • . • . • . 274 Meter and Rhythm . • • . • . • • 277 Modality and Harmony . • . • . • . • .. • . 286 Tone Color .. • . • . • . • . • . 294 Contrapuntal Style . • . • . • . • • • • . 302 V. THE COMPOSERS AND THEIR CANZONAS • • . • 311 Florentio Maschera . • . • . • . • . • . 312 Claudio Merulo ... • . • . • • • • • . • . • • • . • • . 317 Luzzasco Luzzaschi • . • • • • • . • • • • • • . • . 338 Gioseffo Guami . • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • . • .. 344 Tiburtio Massaino . • .. • . • • • • • . • • • . .. 357 Giovanni Gabriell . • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • . • . 367 Costanzo Antegnati .. • • • • . • . • . • • . • •. 401 Giovanni Battista Grillo . • . • • . .. • • • . • • . • . .. 409 Bastiano Chilese . • . • . • . • . • 419 Pietro Lappi . • . • . • 428 Orindio Bartolini .. • . • . 437 Girolamo Frescobaldi . • • . • • • . • . • .. 442 VI. CONCLUSION • . • . • . .. 461 The Canzona after Rauerij's Collection . 461 Summary . • • . • • . • . .. • . .. 468 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................. ., . • . • . • . 470 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Contents of Rauerij's Canzoni per sonare . • . • • • • . • . 251 2. Contents of Rauerij's Canzoni per sonare listed according to composer .. • . •. • . • .. • • • • . • . • . • • . .. 252 viii LIST OF PLATES PLATE Page I. Title-page of Rauerij's Canzoni per sonare ..... 247 IL Dedication of Rauerij's Canzoni per sonare ...••. 248 Ill Page of notation from Rauerij's Canzoni per sonare .. • • . • • . • • • • . • • • • • • . • • . .. 249 IV. Tavola of Rauerij's Canzoni per sonare .•• ., .... 250 ix INTRODUCTION The crowning musical achievements of the Renaissance lay chiefly within the realm of vocal music. The masters of the six- teenth century brought to supreme climax the development of Mass and motet, chanson and madrigal; yet the Renaissance also wit- nessed a flowering of instrumental music, destined ultimately to supplant in importance the older, vocal art. Most of the instrumental music of the Renaissance was pub- lished in the second half of the sixteenth century, a period during which France and the Low Countries surrendered to Italy their dominant position on the musical scene. The Italian masters no longer were overshadowed by immigrant musicians from the North, and to them fell the role of leadership in the first important era of instrumental music. Throughout the Renaissance, instruments were used wherever there was music-ma.king, but up to the last half of the sixteenth cen- tury, the forms and style of instrumental repertory were chiefly those of vocal music. The rise of instrumental music was accom- panied by the progressive appearance of a body of music composed 1 2 specifically to be played rather than sung. The Italians found the models for their instrumental compositions in vocal forms, where the craftsmanship and refinement were commensurate with the de- mands of the new instrumental medium. Among the sixteenty-century vocal forms, some proved more valuable than others as models for instrumental composition. Madrigals, the musical arch-manifestation of the Renaissance, generally depended too heavily on expression and depiction of their texts to serve well as instrumental music. The French polyphonic chanson, popular in Italy throughout the six- teenth century, and the motet offered the best prototypes since they were deeply indebted to the abstract qualities of imitative counter- point. Near midcentury the motet-like ricercar made its appearance. The canzona, modeled on the French chanson, came later. Among the publications cited by Claudio Sartori in his Bibliografia della musica strumentale italiana stampata in Italia fino al 1700 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1952), the Italian term for French chanson most 1 often found is canzon francese (pl. canzoni francesi) . The in- strumental canzonas are called canzoni alla francese ("canzonas 1 Subsequent citations of Sartori in this study refer to the Bibliografia except where specified otherwise. 3 in the French style"), canzoni da sonare, or canzoni per sonare 1 ("canzonas to be played"). Canzonas for ensembles of instruments were first published in the 1570's (Sartori, 1572 and 1579). They increased steadily in popularity, and by the end of the sixteenth century they were more numerous than compositions in any other form in Italian instrumental music. The canzonas became ever more independent of their vocal prototype although the chanson continued to exert significant stylistic influence. After the first two decades of the seventeenth century, the importance of the canzona waned and was replaced by that of the baroque sonata, which relied upon the canzona for its stylistic point of departure. In 1608, the Venetian music printer Alessandro Rauerij published a collection of Canzoni per sonare con ogni sorte di 2 stromenti ("canzonas to be played on any kind of instruments"). Rauerij 's collection presents a comprehensive picture of the can- zona for instrumental ensembles in what might be considered the classical stage of the form. It contains thirty-six compositions by twelve composers, including some of the most celebrated musicians 1 Several variants of the term canzon (canzoni) are found, including canzone (pl . canzoni) and canzona (pl. canzone). 2 The title-page of the original publication is reproduced here as Plate I, page 247. 4 of the age. Among the masters represented were Giovanni Gabriel!, Claudio Merulo, Gioseffo Guami, and Luzzasco Luzzaschi, who in- spired torrents of praise