www.jogh.org 2 1 Asiyah Sheikh pandemic measures intheCOVID-19 compliance withlockdown Novel approachestoestimate Medicalstudent,UniversityofEdinburgh, Edinburgh, UK UsherInstitute,UniversityofEdinburgh, Edinburgh, UK tancing measures. timate compliancewithphysicaldis public transportdatacanbeusedtoes Mobile phone,trafficcongestionand • doi:10.7189/jogh.10.010348 China, SouthKorea, Taiwan) [5 sess compliance with physical distancing measures, trace contacts and enforce quarantine orders (eg, aly) [5 monitoring ofcompliancewith physicaldistancingatthepopulationlevel(eg,Austria, GermanyandIt- havebeenprovidedA numberofgovernments anonymous aggregated mobilephoneGPSdataallowing Global positioningsystem (GPS)dataprovided bymobilephonecarriers COMPLIANCE WITHLOCKDOWN NOVEL APPROACHESTOESTIMATING PHYSICAL DISTANCING AND priate, deployingsimilarapproaches. ing attentiontothesemeasures, otherpartsoftheworld mayalsoconsider, where feasibleandappro- physical distancingmeasures inthecontextofCOVID-19pandemic.Itisourhopethat,bydraw- lights three novelapproaches thatare nowbeingdeployedinsomecountriestoassesscompliancewith effectiveness and for accurate modelling of the future course of the pandemic. This viewpoint high schools [4]. Estimating compliance of policies encouraging physical distancing is crucial to assess their ganization (UNESCO),188(96%)countrieshavebyApril2020implementednationwideclosure of measures [3].Forexample,according totheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOr and the resulting failure to contain the virus has led to widespread adoption of physical distancing The lackofanyeffective forCOVID-19orvaccineagainstSARS-CoV-2 pharmaceuticalinterventions schools orworkplaces)[1]. al (eg,tosupportself-isolationofconfirmedorsuspectedcases)populationlevelsclosing range ofphysicaldistancingmeasures, whichcanbebroadly categorisedasoperatingattheindividu- tact whichisoftenstillpossiblethrough telephoneandvideocalls,socialmedia[2].There are a isonlytoreducetancing tohighlightthattheaimofthisintervention physicalcontact,notsocialcon- World Health Organization hasencourageduseoftheterm‘physicaldistancing’insteadsocialdis- 1 , ZakariyaSheikh ]. Incontrast,othercountries are usingmore invasivetechniques,usingdata onindividuals,toas- 1 - - , AzizSheikh ].
A to protect vulnerable groups. In the contextofCOVID-19, to minimisethepotentialforsurges inhealthcare utilisationand tempt toreduce and/ordelaythepeakofanepidemic/pandemic, [1]. Socialdistancingmeasures are typicallyintroduced inanat- 1 in order toreduce transmissionofacommunicabledisease minimise physicalcontactbetweenindividualsandgroups thataimsto lockdown isasocialdistancingintervention 2 June 2020 •Vol. 10 No. 1•010348 - -
VIEWPOINTS VIEWPOINTS June 2020 •Vol. 10 No. 1•010348 globally. en toscalinguptheiruse sideration should be giv nority ofcountries;con only beingusedinami These data are currently shaping regional andnationalpublichealthmessaging. of the effectiveness of physical distancing policies to be drawn, which can prove useful in the context of data at national, state and county levels (Figure 1) 9 [ ate adailyupdatedinteractivescoreboard for“socialdistancingactivity”theUnitedStatesthat gives Similarly, Unacasthasrepurposed locationand movementdatathattheycollectviamobilephonestocre- mobility indexbycomparing typicalandcurrent usageofitsnavigationapp[12 ]. plied by the navigation apps, Waze & Moovit (Figure 2) [10, a publicCOVID-19dashboard forLatinAmerican andCaribbeancountriesincludingtraffic datasup- GPS, road sensors). Forexample,theInter-American DevelopmentBankandIDBInvesthavedeveloped tion andpublictransport,which are oftenroutinely collectedthrough variousmeans(eg,mobilephone proxyAlternative measurements forphysicaldistancing compliance include use ofdataon traffic conges- Traffic congestionandpublictransportusage Figure 1. Screenshot ofUnacastSocialDistancingScoreboard asofthe22 - - -
press conference [8 transport usetoinformdecisionmaking,andhaveshared someoftheseinarecent larly updated[7 parks andhome)for131countriesatnationallocallevels,whichwillberegu- formation onchangesinmobilityforsixcategoriesoflocation(eg,retail &recreation, UK) [6 Medicine, whichhasplayedamajorrole indevelopingCOVID-19modelsforthe Prevention Mapshavebeenshared withtheLondonSchoolofHygiene&Tropical andhealthproviders with academicinstitutions,governments (eg,FacebookDisease A number of othertechnology companies (eg,IBM,Uber)are also sharing GPS data Mobile phoneGPSdataprovided byothertechnologycompanies ]. Recently, Googlehaspublishedcommunitymobilityreports containingin- ]. The UK Government isusingthesedatasource ]. TheUKGovernment aswelldataon ]. 2 ]. As this data is hyperlocal it allows comparisons ]. As this data is hyperlocal it allows comparisons 11]. Similarly, CityMapper has created a nd ofApril2020[9 www.jogh.org • doi:10.7189/jogh.10.010348 ]. www.jogh.org • doi:10.7189/jogh.10.010348 as ofthe22 Photo: From thecollectionofMateusz Glogowski(usedwithpermission). Figure 2. Screenshot ofpartInter-American DevelopmentBankandIDBInvestCoronavirus ImpactDashboard nd April2020[10]. 3 June 2020 •Vol. 10 No. 1•010348
VIEWPOINTS VIEWPOINTS June 2020 •Vol. 10 No. 1•010348 REFERENCES
12 11 10 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Adlhoch C,BakaA,CiottiM,DiasJG,KinsmanJ,LeitmeyerK,etal.Considerationsrelating tosocialdistancingmea Citymapper MobilityIndex.Citymapper.com. 2020.Available: https://citymapper.com/cmi. Accessed:31March 2020. idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=EZSHARE-1350314980-529. Accessed:31March 2020. The IDBandInvestCoronavirus ImpactDashboard MethodologicalNote.Idbdocs.iadb.org. 2020.Available: http:// effectiveness-improving-lives/coronavirus-impact-dashboard. Accessed:22April2020. IDB andInvestCoronavirus ImpactDashboard |IADB. Iadb.org. 2020.Available: https://www.iadb.org/en/topics- the-unacast-social-distancing-scoreboard. Accessed:22April2020. The Unacast Social Distancing Scoreboard — Unacast. Unacast.com. 2020. Available: https://www.unacast.com/post/ Conference_Slides_-_03_04_2020.pdf. Accessed:8April2020. sets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/878046/COVID-19_Press_ COVID-19 Press CabinetOffice Conference -03/04/2020.UKGovernment. BriefingRoom; 2020.Available: https://as www.blog.google/technology/health/covid-19-community-mobility-reports. Accessed:8April2020. Fitzpatrick J,DeSalvoK.Helpingpublichealthofficials combatCOVID-19. Google.Google;2020.Available: https:// com/2019/05/20/facebook-public-health-maps/. Accessed:8April2020. Abril D.Facebooktakesonepidemicswithnewdiseaseprevention maps.Fortune.2019.Available: https://fortune. ta-for-coronavirus-fight-idUSKBN2152C2. Accessed:8April2020. Available: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-telecoms/european-mobile-operators-share-da Pollina E,BusvineD.European mobileoperatorsshare dataforcoronavirus fight.Reuters.ThomsonReuters;2020. education-emergencies/coronavirus-school-closures. Accessed:6April2020. UNESCO.2020.Available:COVID-19 EducationalDisruptionandResponse[Internet]. https://en.unesco.org/themes/ 2020; pii:S1473-3099(20)30190-0.Medline:32213329doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30190-0 Lewnard againstCOVID-19.LancetInfectDis. JA,LoN.Scientificandethicalbasisforsocial-distancinginterventions audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-20mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=1eafbff_0. Accessed:31March 2020. World HealthOrganization. 2020.Available: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who- sures inresponse toCOVID-19–secondupdate.European Centre forDiseasePrevention andControl Report. Group. Theseviewsshouldnotinanywaybeseenasrepresenting Theau theviewsofScottishGovernment. COVID-19ChiefMedicalOfficer’sConflicts ofinterest: AzSisamemberoftheScottishGovernment Advisory critically onseveraldraftsofthemanuscript.Allauthorsapproved thefinaltestofmanuscript. Authorship contributions:AsSandZSjointlydraftedthemanuscript.AzSconceivedthispapercommented Funding: AzSissupportedbyHealthDataResearch UK. quest from thecorresponding author)anddeclare nocompetinginterests. thors havecompletedtheUnifiedCompetingInterest formatwww.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (availableonre is substantialopportunitytoscaleupuseoftheseapproaches globally. in thecontextofCOVID-19pandemic.Althoughcurrently usedinasmallminorityofcountries,there marised three keyapproaches thatare currently beingusedtohelpestimatecompliancewithlockdowns ing iscrucialtoinformmodellingdeliberationsandenableevidence-basedpolicymaking.We havesum- modify thecourseofpandemicandmitigateitseffects. Measuringcompliancewithphysicaldistanc- COVID-19 hasresulted in the introduction of lockdowns on an unprecedented scale in an attempt to CONCLUSION
4 [email protected] UK Edinburgh EH89YL Old College,SouthBridge University ofEdinburgh Zakariya Sheikh Correspondence to: www.jogh.org • doi:10.7189/jogh.10.010348
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