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Wasia Aquifer Chapter 13 Sakaka-Rutba Wasia-Biyadh- Aruma Aquifer System (North) INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA (ONLINE VERSION) How to cite UN-ESCWA and BGR (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). 2013. Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia. Beirut. CHAPTER 13 - WASIA-BIYADH-ARUMA AQUIFER SYSTEM (NORTH): SAKAKA-RUTBA Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System (North) Sakaka-Rutba EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BASIN FACTS The Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System RIPARIAN COUNTRIES Iraq, Saudi Arabia (North) lies on a high plain (400-800 m) that Iraq: Rutba-Ms’ad-Hartha-Tayarat extends across the western Rutba High in Iraq ALTERNATIVE NAMES and the Widyan Plain in Saudi Arabia. Also Saudi Arabia: Wasia Group Sakaka-Aruma referred to as Sakaka-Rutba, the Wasia-Biyadh- RENEWABILITY Very low to low (0-20 mm/yr) Aruma Aquifer System (North) constitutes an important aquifer system in the area with HYDRAULIC LINKAGE Weak freshwater flowing through six aquiferous WITH SURFACE WATER units (Rutba-Ms’ad-Hartha-Tayarat in Iraq and Sakaka-Aruma in Saudi Arabia). Exploitation ROCK TYPE Mixed depth ranges between 200 and 400 m bgl. Unconfined at/near outcrop areas AQUIFER TYPE Confined further away The use of this aquifer system is currently limited due to its remoteness and the harsh EXTENT ~112,000 km2 environment in the area but the towns of Ar’ar AGE Mesozoic (Middle to Late Cretaceous) and Sakaka in Saudi Arabia and Rutba in Iraq presumably rely on the aquifer system for their Sandstones, locally calcareous or LITHOLOGY water supply. The Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer argillaceous System (North) is a promising aquifer system Iraq: 250 m that could be used to encourage agricultural THICKNESS development in this pediment region, especially Saudi Arabia: 400 m around the wadi areas where soils are fertile. AVERAGE ANNUAL ≥ 30-35 MCM ABSTRACTION STORAGE .. Fresh to slightly brackish WATER QUALITY (400-3,000 mg/L TDS) WATER USE Domestic and irrigation AGREEMENTS - SUSTAINABILITY - 352 INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA - PART 2 OVERVIEW MAP 39°E 42°E 45°E Homs Al Bukamal Lake Lake Samarra HaDitha Tharthar Tigris Syria Al Tanf Euphrates Pre-Cretaceous Lake Fallujah !HBaghdad ium o u t c r o p s or Habbaniyeh lin ic BounDary of Rutba Depositional Basin nt A Rutba Tigris 33°N n Lake 33°N ra Razzaza Jebel al Arab-Sirhan Basalt Basin au Rutba Uplift WaDi RuwayshiD H Euphrates Basin Karbala' Jordan NukhaibGraben WaDi UbayyiD Najaf Azraq Turaif Nukhaib A' Qurayyat Ar'ar m u WaDi Sirhan Depression i r o n i l c i t n A Iraq a b t Sakaka u R - l i 30°N ' 30°N a H Turkey Turkey Syria Iran Lebanon Iraq A n N a f u D D e s e r t Palestine A IsraelJordan Kuwait Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Ha'il 0 75 150 300 km Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System (North): Sakaka-Rutba !H Capital Sakaka/Rutba-Ms'ad outcrop Selected city, town Aruma/Hartha-Tayarat-Digma outcrop Inventory of Shared Water International boundary Wasia-Biyadh outcrop Resources in Western Asia River Approximate subsurface extent of the aquifer formations Disclaimer The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Intermittent river, wadi Approximate extent of exploitable area the United Nations. Canal Direction of groundwater flow Saltwater lake Zone of agricultural development (selection) Freshwater lake Graben A A' Geological cross-section Anticline F © UN-ESCWA - BGR Beirut 2013 353 CHAPTER 13 - WASIA-BIYADH-ARUMA AQUIFER SYSTEM (NORTH): SAKAKA-RUTBA CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 356 Location 357 Area 357 Climate 357 Population 357 Other aquifers in the area 357 Information sources 357 HYDROGEOLOGY - AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS 358 Aquifer configuration 358 Stratigraphy 359 Aquifer thickness 359 Aquifer type 359 Aquifer parameters 359 HYDROGEOLOGY - GROUNDWATER 360 Recharge 360 Flow regime 360 Storage 360 Discharge 360 Water quality 361 Exploitability 361 GROUNDWATER USE 362 Groundwater abstraction and use 362 Groundwater quality issues 362 Sustainability issues 362 AGREEMENTS, COOPERATION & OUTLOOK 363 Agreements 363 Cooperation 363 Outlook 363 NOTES 364 BIBLIOGRAPHY 365 354 INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA - PART 2 FIGURES Generalized lithostratigraphic cross-section of the Widyan and FIGURE 1. 358 Tabuk Basins Lithostratigraphic correlation of the formations in the FIGURE 2. 359 Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System (North) TABLES Lithology of the formation units in the Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer TABLE 1. 358 System (North) 355 CHAPTER 13 - WASIA-BIYADH-ARUMA AQUIFER SYSTEM (NORTH): SAKAKA-RUTBA INTRODUCTION The Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System in this Inventory The Wasia, Biyadh and Aruma Formations extend across the form a thick sandstone unit, known as the Cretaceous Sands,3 Arabian Peninsula over a distance of about 2,400 km from which extends to the Yemeni border. The stratigraphically north-eastern Iraq to the southern coast of the peninsula, correlatable sandstones across the border are known as with a width that varies between 350 km and 1,450 km and the Tawila Group in Yemen.4 This section is presented in covering a total area of about 1,923,000 km2 (see ‘Overview Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System (South) Tawila-Mahra/ and Methodology: Groundwater’ chapter, Map 1). Cretaceous Sands (see Chap. 12). The large geographical extent and the lithostratigraphic variations within the formations suggest that they can be In the central section, both the Wasia and Biyadh divided into three sections, as described below: Formations are present and constitute one aquifer system inside Saudi Arabia, which may extend as far east as the In the northern section, the Biyadh Formation western boundary of the Shu’aiba Formation. Beyond that, the disappears completely, while the Wasia (known in this area two aquifers are separated by the well-developed dolomitic 5 as the Sakaka)1 forms an aquifer system with the overlying limestone of the Shu’aiba. The Wasia Aquifer extends to Aruma Formation that continues across the border into the Bahrain where it is currently not used due to high salinity and Rutba area in Iraq (see current chapter).2 excessive depth. Hence, while the central section of the Wasia- Biyadh is a major aquifer system inside Saudi Arabia, it is not In the southern section near Wadi Dawasir, the sandstones considered a shared aquifer. of the Biyadh and Wasia grade together with the Aruma to The Tuwaiq Escarpment, An Nafud Desert, Saudi Arabia, 2006. Source: Marcel Baptiste. 356 INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA - PART 2 Introduction LOCATION The Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System Average temperatures in the Rutba district (North) lies beneath a high plain across the in Iraq drop to 2°C in winter and reach 38°C north-western border between Iraq and Saudi in summer.10 In the Saudi part of the basin, Arabia (the Widyan Plains-Rutba Uplift). The temperatures range between 8°C in winter and general location of the aquifer system is defined 41°C in summer time.11 by the boundary of the Rutba depositional basin in the east, the Jebel al Arab-Sirhan Basalt Plateau in the west, the An Nafud Desert in POPULATION the south, and the Pre-Cretaceous outcrops in the vicinity of the Hauran Anticlinorium, which This aquifer system lies in one of the least limits the northern extension of the aquifer (See populated areas in Western Asia with population Overview Map). densities ranging from 2-5 inhab./km2 in Saudi Arabia to 6-25 inhab./km2 in Iraq.12 Total population within the delineated area is AREA estimated at around 420,000 people. The three main towns are Rutba (55,000 inhabitants) in This chapter focuses only on the small area Iraq,13 and Sakaka (197,000 inhabitants) and in the northern section of the aquifer system Ar’ar (165,000 inhabitants) in Saudi Arabia.14 In that is considered to be shared. The aquifer addition, a few thousand nomads move freely system was delineated on the basis of available across the borders and are mostly based in the information, resulting in an area of around Al Ruwayshid15 area in Jordan. 112,000 km2, of which 49,000 km2 lies in Iraq and 63,000 km2 in Saudi Arabia. This area extends along the arid western part of the Iraqi-Saudi OTHER AQUIFERS IN THE AREA border, which consists of a pediment plain (serir)6 known as the Widyan7 Plain in Saudi Fractured limestones and sandstones of Arabia and the Western (Rutba) Desert in Iraq. Paleozoic to Mesozoic age (Muhaiwir, Mulussa, South of the border, this high plain, which is and Ga’ara Formations in Iraq; Jawf and Juba between 400-800 m asl, dips gently north- Formations in Saudi Arabia) are exploited in eastwards with a gradient of 10-20 m/km from the northern and southern parts of this area the great An Nafud Desert into south-central respectively. These formations are exploited as Iraq towards the Euphrates River at an elevation local aquifers around the towns of Sakaka16 and of 100-200 m asl.8 Rutba17 but there is no information that suggests that they extend in between to constitute a shared aquifer system. CLIMATE The Western Desert along the Iraqi-Saudi INFORMATION SOURCES border is characterized by low precipitation (50-100 mm/yr) and very high surface Most of the hydrogeological information used in evaporation (2,500-3,000 mm/yr).9 Precipitation this chapter comes from Iraq, while no recent is extremely variable in time and space, and may sources were available in Saudi Arabia. Hardly sometimes exceed 40 mm in 24 hours. any information is available on water use from The maximum daily recorded precipitation the Wasia-Biyadh-Aruma Aquifer System at some stations exceeds the total recorded (North).
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