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The Historical Evolution of the Water Resources Development in the Jordan River Basin in Jordan

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The Historical Evolution of the Water Resources Development in the Jordan River Basin in Jordan The Historical Evolution of the Water Resources Development in the Jordan River Basin in Jordan Rebhieh Suleiman Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), SE- 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: [email protected] Rebhieh Suleiman JRBJ-Study Report, June, 2003 Foreword This study is being carried out within the scope of the overall River basin comparative study of the historical development of the nine selected River Basins around the World, which is considered as apart of an international research program titled “The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture”. The research program aim to improve the rural development through agricultural water uses strategies in developing countries. The aim of the River basin comparative study is to derive generic understanding on how societies manage water resources under growing population and basin closure, which problems were forced, and which range of solutions are available for a given physical and social context. It will also focus on both the historical development and the present state of each basin. The study is also expected to provide in-depth basin studies synthesized along the same methodological lines in order to be comparable and to be used as a knowledge base for multidisciplinary researchers. The Jordan River basin was one of the selected basins for the study, which represent the situation of arid and semi arid catchments suffering from sever water shortage. The pressure on water resources in this basin is very high and the competition between water users is tough. Furthermore, this basin lies in a very political tense region where conflict over scarce water resources is internationally recognized. This study is being carried out by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in cooperation with the MREA, the Regional French Mission for Water and Agriculture based in Amman. The French mission’s activities consists mainly the provision of the technical assistance to farmers in order to improve on-farm water management and the water distribution network in the northern Jordan valley and to optimize water use efficiency in agriculture. The French Mission leads the project of Irrigation and Optimization in the Jordan Valley, (IOJOV) in cooperation with the Jordan Valley Authority. Acknowledgement I wish to thank the International Water Mangement Institute for giving me the opportunity to contribute in their research program and to extend my sincere gratitude to Francosi Molle for his guideness and being easy to communicate with. The research study was for a short and, indeed, exhausted period but nevertheless fulfilling of professional and personal development. I would like to express my warm thanks to the French Embassy, the agriculture division (Ambassadede France Régionale Eau et Agriculture, MREA) for receiving me as a guest researcher at their offices, Amman. Special thank is addressed to Mr. REMY COURCIER for being a constructive discussant on my research work and for his valuable comments. I would like to mention also my thankfulness to the MREA staff for their collegial support. Lastly, but not least, I would like to thank all the engineers from the professional or the academic field whom I interviewed during the conduct of my study for their valuable input, cooperation and positive responsiveness. 1 The Historical Evolution of the Water Resources Development in the Jordan River Basin in Jordan Methodology and study approach limitations The main approach to carry out the study has relied mainly on the intensive review of the existing literatures dealing with several aspects that have contributed to the development process of the basin such as historical, political, socio-economic, water management, agricultural activities and water uses allocation aspects. A complementary approach to accomplish the work has been to arrange interviews with officers in charge or some times researchers that are involved in this subject area. My internship in this study has been to complement and develop the initial work that was done by my colleague Aida Jridi one year ago and to verify figures and data that are documented in the initial report of the study. However, the validation of the figures has been more complicated and the needed effort and time is more than I have thought. Although, data are available, they are most of the time not consistent for different reasons and vary significantly within even the same data source (Appendix 5). There are no standardized references for most of the data. In addition, data are available on the national level and extraction the figures that are only related to the basin under study has been not easy. The political context of water resources and related figures contribute to the difficulty of the process of which the answers to inquires about verification of data were most of the times pragmatic. Data analysis and interpretation by comparison with other data sources needs both effort and time, which is restricted by the short duration of the study. However, Data was validated through data source triangulation as shown in tables enclosed in the study. The National Water Master Plan report (1977) and the book that was written by Salameh and Bannayan (1993) are may be the only sources that present an integrated and consistent hydrological data with in the same source, but not within the context of other sources, at least from the literatures that I have read to date. In brief, I have tried to do the best that I can to produce a good quality report within the time of the study and hopefully I have approached it successfully. Nevertheless, further investigation is to be done if more accurate data is required, especially for the present situation. The National Water Master Plan, which is still under process and will be issued on August, is expected to provide such integrated picture of the present situation of the basin. I would also recommend an interview with Professor Elias Salameh to investigate the relation between the surface waters and groundwater for the basins to avoid the possible double accounting of the groundwater when it also constitute a base flow of some wadis. 2 Rebhieh Suleiman JRBJ-Study Report, June, 2003 Table of Content FOREWORD................................................................................................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................ 1 METHODOLOGY AND STUDY APPROACH LIMITATIONS ........................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................3 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF APPENDIXES............................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 7 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... 8 JORDAN: GENERAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................. 9 1. THE JORDAN RIVER BASIN CHARACTERISTICS...................................................... 11 1.1 PHYSICAL SETTING ............................................................................................................... 11 1.2 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE JRBJ .......................................................................... 12 1.3 TOPOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.5 MAIN GEOLOGICAL FEATURES.............................................................................................. 17 1.6 LAND FORM AND SUITABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE................................................................ 17 1.7 WATER RESOURCES IN THE BASIN......................................................................................... 18 1.8 HYDROLOGY SCHEME AND WATER BALANCE (~1900) ........................................................ 25 2. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND WATER ADMINISTRATION .................. 29 3. THE JORDAN RIVER BASIN TRAJECTORY: HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 30 3.2 AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................... 32 4. THE WATER RESOURCES PRE-EXPLOITATION PHASE: 1800-1950 ..................... 34 4.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT......................................................................... 34 4.1.1 The nineteenth century ................................................................................................. 34 4.1.2 The Twentieth century .................................................................................................
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