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Transformación Genética De Plantas Para Resistencia a Virus 5

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Transformación Genética De Plantas Para Resistencia a Virus 5 HODSON DE JARAMILLO, E.: TRANSFORMACIÓN GENÉTICA DE PLANTAS PARA RESISTENCIA A VIRUS 5 BIOTECNOLOGÍA TRANSFORMACIÓN GENÉTICA DE PLANTAS PARA RESISTENCIA A VIRUS por Elizabeth Hodson de Jaramillo * Resumen Hodson de Jaramillo, E.: Transformación genética de plantas para resistencia a virus. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 29 (110): 5-24, 2005. ISSN: 0370-3908. El desarrollo de técnicas de manipulación genética constituye un valioso apoyo a los sistemas de mejoramiento convencional, principalmente en aquellas situaciones en las cuales el acceso a genes de interés se encuentra limitado. La utilización de cultivos transgénicos comerciales se ha expandido en el mundo en forma acelerada desde cuando se aprobó su uso en 1994, y son numerosos los beneficios que se han determinado para el agricultor y para el ambiente. El presente artículo presenta el contexto general de la manipulación genética de cultivos, un ejemplo de desarrollos en Colombia, relativos a la transformación genética de Passiflora edulis para darle resistencia a virus y también hace referencia a aspectos de bioseguridad. Palabras clave: Plantas transgénicas, transformación genética, Passiflora edulis, bioseguridad. Abstract The development of genetic manipulation techniques has become an important tool for conventional crop breeding programs, especially where the required genes for breeding are limited. The commercialization and worldwide use of transgenic plants has been expanding since their approval for liberation in 1994, showing several benefits for the farmers as well as for the environment. This paper presents the general context of crop genetic manipulation, an example of developments in Colombia in genetic transformation of Passiflora edulis for virus resistance, and finally it refers to Biosafety issues. Key words: Transgenic plants, genetic transformation, Passiflora edulis, Biosafety. * Profesor Titular Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Directora Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, P.U.J. e-mail: [email protected] 6 REV. ACAD. COLOMB. CIENC.: VOLUMEN XXIX, NÚMERO 110-MARZO DE 2005 Introducción ción, y a intercambios genéticos entre especies relaciona- das. Estos cambios dependían de la variación genética Este artículo se presenta en tres secciones: la primera disponible en las poblaciones, y de la estabilidad de los ofrece un contexto general sobre el mejoramiento de cul- mismos, de su transferencia a las siguientes generaciones tivos mediante técnicas de manipulación genética, sus (Chrispeels & Sadava, 2003). Desde su inicio, el mejora- principales conceptos y principios, así como una visión miento de cultivos, ha buscado responder a requerimien- global sobre el tema. La segunda sección presenta un ejem- tos de producción, tales como el manejo de plagas y plo de experiencias en Colombia: la transformación enfermedades, rendimiento y calidad del producto cose- genética de Passiflora edulis para obtener resistencia a chado, respuesta a insumos, características para el proce- los virus. La tercera sección, relacionada con aspectos samiento del producto, arquitectura de la planta y generales de bioseguridad, plantea la importancia del for- tolerancia a factores abióticos, entre otros. talecimiento en este campo para una adecuada y segura aplicación de los desarrollos biotecnológicos. La selección y mejoramiento de cultivos, así como las prácticas agrícolas convencionales, durante más de 10.000 I.- Mejoramiento de cultivos y manipulación genética años, han ocasionado una serie de impactos ambientales entre los cuales la erosión genética es uno de los que está Agricultura y mejoramiento de cultivos causando mayor preocupación. Los fitomejoradores han visto limitadas las posibilidades de mejoramiento median- La selección y el mejoramiento de cultivos se iniciaron te las técnicas convencionales, debido a la reducción del desde que la humanidad, hace más de 10.000 años, dejó de acervo genético de las especies cultivadas y de sus pa- ser nómada para establecerse en zonas o regiones en donde rientes silvestres (Dale et al., 2002). La tecnología de se encontraban alimentos y condiciones adecuadas para su genes, que permite transferir o modificar genes de interés, bienestar. El cambio de los hábitos de caza, pesca y de representa un apoyo muy valioso para el mejoramiento recolección de plantas al de cultivos agrícolas se conside- de cultivos con el uso de plantas genéticamente modifi- ró tan importante que se denominó la revolución cadas (plantas GM). El desarrollo de las técnicas de mani- neolítica. La era neolítica fue una etapa de la evolución pulación genética permite la introducción de genes de de la humanidad caracterizada por el desarrollo de nuevas especies no relacionadas filogenéticamente, es decir, per- herramientas y métodos de supervivencia. El sedentarismo mite superar las distancias entre los acervos genéticos, eventualmente ocasionó un incremento en el crecimiento manifestadas en barreras biológicas de reproducción de la población y las sociedades desarrollaron sistemas de sexual, las cuales impiden en condiciones naturales el organización jerárquica. Como componente de este proce- intercambio de genes de interés agrícola (N.U., 2003). so, se inició la domesticación de cultivos y animales diri- gida a satisfacer las necesidades del cultivador y del usuario, Transformación genética de plantas lo cual condujo a cambios en la composición genética de los organismos domesticados. A partir de ese momento la El fitomejoramiento convencional, que entre otros humanidad empezó a reducir el número de especies de las métodos utiliza hibridización, es lento, y se limita a un cuales procuraba alimento, utilizando preferencialmente número reducido de genomas y a la restricción de las ba- aquéllas que le permitían obtener mejores productos o rreras naturales de cruzamiento entre especies. Los avan- mayores rendimientos. Por otra parte, los viajes de explo- ces en biotecnología vegetal han permitido sobrepasar ración modificaron considerablemente la agricultura mun- estas barreras y hacen posible transferir genes específicos dial. El intercambio intercontinental de especies vegetales a las plantas. La posibilidad de introducción e integra- alteró en forma sustancial la distribución y abundancia de ción estable de genes foráneos en el genoma vegetal es muchas especies de uso agrícola. Plantas domesticadas en una herramienta muy útil en el fitomejoramiento (Birch, una región del mundo, con frecuencia encontraban en otro 1997). La transformación genética de plantas no reempla- sitio condiciones similares, o aún más ventajosas para su za al fitomejoramiento convencional. Se trata simplemente desarrollo. de una herramienta adicional que puede facilitar y contri- buir al mejoramiento de cultivos (N.U., 2003). Una vez se El mejoramiento y la manipulación genética se inicia- obtiene una planta transgénica en el laboratorio, se re- ron, desde cuando se originó la agricultura; entonces el quieren varios años de mejoramiento, con el fin de, por hombre empezó a cruzar plantas o animales para que ex- un lado asegurar que la nueva planta presente realmente presaran características particulares. Durante mucho tiem- los caracteres deseados y, en forma complementaria, mul- po esta manipulación se limitó a la selección artificial de tiplicar las semillas o propágulos para su distribución características deseadas en los individuos de una pobla- comercial. HODSON DE JARAMILLO, E.: TRANSFORMACIÓN GENÉTICA DE PLANTAS PARA RESISTENCIA A VIRUS 7 La tecnología de genes presenta varias ventajas sobre bacterias, ocurrido en la década de 1970 (Chrispeels & los sistemas convencionales de fitomejoramiento. La prin- Sadava, 2003). Las enzimas de restricción y los plásmidos cipal es que se trata de una metodología específica, dado bacterianos son, actualmente, algunas de las herramien- que se están transfiriendo o modificando en una planta, de tas que facilitan la manipulación de los genes en el labo- genoma conocido, solamente unos pocos genes. Adi- ratorio. Dado que el DNA de todos los organismos presenta cionalmente, es una técnica más rápida que el mejoramien- la misma estructura, se puede fragmentar en segmentos, y to convencional (Vasil, 1999). A diferencia de los sistemas los segmentos pueden ser unidos de nuevo en múltiples de selección y cruzamiento, la transformación genética combinaciones y, en forma complementaria, utilizar la ca- vegetal permite al mejorador introducir cualquier gen de pacidad que tienen algunos plásmidos bacterianos de cualquier organismo en un cultivo (ABSP, 2004). En la poder ser transferidos de uno a otro organismo. práctica, los investigadores obtienen un gran número de líneas transformadas para un gen específico, y efectúan El procedimiento corriente utilizado para la transfor- análisis convencionales para asegurar que la nueva línea mación genética de plantas de cultivo incluye varias eta- presente exactamente las mismas características de la línea pas. Generalmente, a partir de la definición de un problema parental a excepción de la nueva característica introduci- o limitante de producción, y el aislamiento y disponibili- da. La tecnología de genes no elimina el mejoramiento dad de un gen de interés a partir de cualquier organismo convencional, sino que lo complementa como cualquier (que permita enfrentar el problema), se realiza la transfe- otro método de laboratorio. rencia y la integración estable de ese gen al genoma de las células vegetales mediante la preparación de un vector Un aspecto importante por considerar
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