© 2019 Melissa Bobe ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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© 2019 Melissa Bobe ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SPECTACULAR TRANSIENTS: TRAUMATIC CHILDHOOD AND THE FANTASTIC by MELISSA BOBE A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in English Written under the direction of Michelle A. Stephens And approved by _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey JANUARY 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Spectacular Transients: Traumatic Childhood and the Fantastic By MELISSA BOBE Dissertation Director: Michelle A. Stephens This dissertation considers narrative representations of the child as it exists in contexts of conflict. The project looks specifically at contemporary speculative fiction in order to conduct this examination: Guillermo del Toro's El laberinto del fauno, Tarsem Singh's The Fall, Benh Zeitlin's Beasts of the Southern Wild, Rosario Ferré's "La muñeca menor," Octavia Butler's Kindred, Phyllis Alesia Perry's Stigmata, Yvonne Vera's Under the Tongue, Bessie Head's A Question of Power, and Helen Oyeyemi's White Is for Witching. Bringing together theories of the gothic and the fantastic, psychoanalysis and trauma theory, and visual and memory studies, the dissertation proves that speculative narrative functions as a unique genre where that which resists representation is imagined, articulated, and explored. Furthermore, the project contends that the relationship between childhood, trauma, and the fantastic is one of shared imaginative space and experience within the pages and frames of these narratives. The dissertation first argues that trauma- inducing events posit children at the margins of their fictional worlds, where they inevitably encounter the also-marginalized fantastic. Then, the project demonstrates how trauma that children inherit from parents who have survived catastrophe alters the quotidian nature of their day-to-day such that it becomes fantastic. Subsequently, the ii dissertation asserts that in the face of mass trauma that unites entire collectives, descendants are haunted by the experience of those generations that precede them, and their experience of time and everyday life are violently disrupted by a restless traumatic past. Ultimately, the dissertation finds that the traumatic imaginary of these contemporary fictions propels fantastic narrative into a new period, one that finds the horrors of traumatic pasts and the potential of fantastic emergence in response to trauma contained within the interior of the narrative self. The children of the new millennium, unlike their predecessors, do not fear gothic monsters or feel the need to go out in search of the fantastic; they find within themselves those monstrosities that echo back the call of the unsettled and unsettling as it continues to haunt their narrative realities. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The warmest of thanks to Michelle Stephens for the years of consistent support, feedback, advice, and lovely conversation. I’m so grateful to have learned from you and gotten to know you through this process, and I appreciate all of the time and energy you put in with me over these last several years. Thanks also to Evie Shockley, Stéphane Robolin, and Rebekah Sheldon for serving as the committee on this project, and for your collective guidance on revising the document over the last few crucial months of the process. A note of gratitude to Abena Busia, as well, who along with Michelle, Evie, and Stéphane helped me prepare to begin writing the dissertation during my exams. The project would never have taken shape without the four of you and that rigorous year of growth, for which I continue to be grateful. There are many people at Rutgers to whom I am grateful. A huge thank you to Paul Bielecki and Ann Jurecic for their years of guidance in teaching—my students and I are the better for you and the time and care you gave in helping me grow as a teacher. Thanks also to Richard Miller, Lynda Dexheimer, and Trinyan Mariano for wonderful contributions to my teaching at Rutgers and beyond. Gratitude to Marianne DeKoven and Cheryl Wall for consistent mentorship and support, especially during coursework years. So many thanks to the English graduate office, particularly Courtney Borack, who saved me in this process repeatedly (thanks to Charlotte, too, as I know she helps inspire the work you do, Courtney!). Gratitude to my peers in Lynn Festa’s dissertation workshop, and to Lynn herself—I learned so much from everyone and was glad for the chance to write and grow together. Also, many thanks to Lyn Di Iorio and my classmates at the iv Graduate Center for a fruitful change of scenery during that time I was at CUNY and Rutgers simultaneously: it was a magical semester in so many ways. I thank friends whose presence at Rutgers brightened my time there: Nadia Alahmed, Luc Barton, Suzanne Boswell, Megan Brovan, Miya Carey, Lauren Choplin, Corey Clawson, Isaac Cowell, Emily Coyle, Phedra Deonarine, Adebe DeRango-Adem, Bakary Diaby, Mark DiGiacomo, Kathryn Goldstein, Elizabeth Greeniaus, Alina Gregorian, Jason Gulya, Alexis Haynie, Dan Herbert, Jessica Herbert, Beth Hightower, Stephanie Hunt, Christina Jen, Melanie Kelliher, Carrie Kholi, Becky Makulowich, Ariel Martino, Julie McIsaac, Bernie Mendoza, Tasia Milton, Nina Narang, Lizzie Oldfather, Amadi Ozier, Andrew Pankratz, Caro Pirri, Nimanthi Rajasingham, Donavan Ramon, Charlotte Rose, Mike Sobieski, Elliott Souder, Jamison Standridge, JD Thomas, Carolyn Ureña, and Dara Walker. The conversations over coffee and piles of student papers were more meaningful than many of you know. To Robert Palmer and Erik Wade: thanks for the time in the tunnelbridge. I couldn’t ask for better friends or memories. To those friends in academia at large whose continued support helped see me through to the end, I offer gratitude for midnight texts and regular doses of sanity. Kate Schnur and Omari Weekes, I hope you know how much I appreciate the love: I never would have made it without the two of you. Also much gratitude to Jonathan Alexandratos, Rachel Altvater, Tracy Bealer, Emily Berliner, Cesar Bustamante, Kelly Centrelli, Samantha Chiu, Dalia Davoudi, Barbara Emanuele, Jason Fischedick, Mary Ellen Holden, Jess Iannuzzo, Sharon Jackson, Susan Jacobowitz, Panagiota Lilikaki, Camille Lofters, Emily Macchia, Nadia Misir, Rajiv Mohabir, Andrés Montoya-Castillo, Aaron Muller, Tristan Naraine, Ilaria Papini, Megan Pindling, Ann Podracky, Anne Posten, Sadia Rahman, v John Rice, Cheryl Spinner, Rani Srinivasan, and Chana Tropp for their glowing friendship, a happy reminder of what the wider world of the academy can look like. Thanks also to my teachers and mentors from Queens College who continued to support me long after I’d left their classrooms: Jeff Cassvan, Hugh English, Richard Pisciotta, Veronica Schanoes, John Troynaski, and John Weir, thank you for always welcoming me back whenever I needed to visit my roots. A note to my students: as skillfully as some of you manage to stalk your faculty on social media, I doubt that any of you will find your way here. That said, in case one of you does and is reading this now, you should know that the opportunity to teach you and learn from you was easily the best thing about my experience in the academy, and I’m grateful for every moment I had with all of you in the many classrooms I’ve taught in. To my friends and family, I’m grateful for endless love and lifelines that extend well beyond the years in this program. Some of you I’ve already thanked above; those I haven’t named yet include: Maureen, Jen, Marissa, Cat, Emily, Jess, Shifa, Ginalysse, and Kristen. I’m privileged beyond belief to have a family of friends who have been there for me no matter what; your support and friendship has meant everything. Eva and Sara, this is the one book I won’t ask you to read, but you should know that like the others, it wouldn’t have happened without the two of you and the magic for which I am grateful every single day. Thanks for the inspiration, the wisdom, and the faith; I am honored to write alongside you and to call you my dear friends. Mom and Dad, you’ve already demanded a copy, and so I hope it makes you smile when you open to this page and see me say that I count myself as exceptionally lucky to have the two of you as lifelong support that made every achievement to this point vi possible. You are the greatest teachers I’ve ever known, and it is your example that led me to my most important accomplishments. You taught me not only how to be a teacher, but also why teaching matters, and I hope that I have honored what is now a family tradition that I am incredibly proud of. Thank you for giving me the most important gifts I have. Danny, my love, it has been with excitement, anticipation, and pure joy that I’ve watched you also turn towards that family tradition. You tell me every day that you are proud of me; I hope that you know that every day, it’s you who I see shining a light into the world that truly makes it better. You are already an incredible teacher, and once you’ve reached your “on-paper” goals, I know that the path you’re working so hard to forge right now will open up into a wide and beautiful future. I’m grateful to get to travel forward with the best person I know; here’s to many more years of us kicking down the doors and shining the light with all our hearts. vii TABLE